Roger Blench
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780197264782
- eISBN:
- 9780191754012
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264782.003.0016
- Subject:
- History, World Early Modern History
Although slavery had long existed in Nigeria, the nineteenth century undoubtedly saw a major expansion of long-distance slave raiding fuelled by the rise of the Hausa states. This had significant ...
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Although slavery had long existed in Nigeria, the nineteenth century undoubtedly saw a major expansion of long-distance slave raiding fuelled by the rise of the Hausa states. This had significant negative consequences for the minority populations of the Middle Belt, impacting on their settlement patterns, interethnic relations, trade, and religion. During the colonial era, the strong support given to Hausa‐Islamic culture through the system of Indirect Rule had the consequence of suppressing minority views about this era. However, since independence, greater access to education and thus to local political power has dramatically reversed relations between the Muslim north and the Middle Belt. This chapter considers how local, Middle Belt publications are now attempting to reverse the narrative currents of the colonial era, by reframing the history of the slaving period.Less
Although slavery had long existed in Nigeria, the nineteenth century undoubtedly saw a major expansion of long-distance slave raiding fuelled by the rise of the Hausa states. This had significant negative consequences for the minority populations of the Middle Belt, impacting on their settlement patterns, interethnic relations, trade, and religion. During the colonial era, the strong support given to Hausa‐Islamic culture through the system of Indirect Rule had the consequence of suppressing minority views about this era. However, since independence, greater access to education and thus to local political power has dramatically reversed relations between the Muslim north and the Middle Belt. This chapter considers how local, Middle Belt publications are now attempting to reverse the narrative currents of the colonial era, by reframing the history of the slaving period.
Ngũgĩ Wa Thiongʼo
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198183907
- eISBN:
- 9780191674136
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198183907.003.0004
- Subject:
- Literature, World Literature, Film, Media, and Cultural Studies
This chapter looks at the role of the intellectual as an interpreter. It examines the genealogy and types of modern African interpreter in the colonial and post-colonial era: the interpreter as a ...
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This chapter looks at the role of the intellectual as an interpreter. It examines the genealogy and types of modern African interpreter in the colonial and post-colonial era: the interpreter as a foreign agent and messenger, as a double agent, and as a people's scout and guide to the stars of freedom. Plato's allegory of the cave is used to examine the relationship between intellectuals, the state, and the control of psychic space in a post-colonial society.Less
This chapter looks at the role of the intellectual as an interpreter. It examines the genealogy and types of modern African interpreter in the colonial and post-colonial era: the interpreter as a foreign agent and messenger, as a double agent, and as a people's scout and guide to the stars of freedom. Plato's allegory of the cave is used to examine the relationship between intellectuals, the state, and the control of psychic space in a post-colonial society.
Sarah Washbrook
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780197264973
- eISBN:
- 9780191754128
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264973.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This chapter analyzes the political, economic, and social relations in Chiapas during the colonial era in order to better understand the nature and impact of the modernizing reforms enacted by ...
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This chapter analyzes the political, economic, and social relations in Chiapas during the colonial era in order to better understand the nature and impact of the modernizing reforms enacted by liberal regimes after independence. The first section presents an overview of the conquest of the region from 1528 to around 1550. The second section examines the institutions of state rule and how they changed over time, emphasizing the break between Habsburg and Bourbon rule after 1750. The third section analyzes the history and structure of the Indian community or república de indios and underscores its important political, economic, and ideological role in colonial society. The next two sections look at controlled markets in commerce and labour (repartimientos), which constituted important means by which surplus labour and produce were extracted from the Indian population. The next section considers the history of the Church in Chiapas, which like the Spanish Crown extracted taxes, fees, and labour from the communities. The Church also structured religious celebration and public ritual in the communities around the corporate institutions of the parish and cofradía, thereby contributing to the consolidation of both colonial rule and Indian ethnic identity and solidarity. Chiapas's hacienda sector, which is examined in the final section, was also dominated by the Church, although production was limited in the province before Bourbon policies fomented the expansion of commercial agriculture in the late eighteenth century.Less
This chapter analyzes the political, economic, and social relations in Chiapas during the colonial era in order to better understand the nature and impact of the modernizing reforms enacted by liberal regimes after independence. The first section presents an overview of the conquest of the region from 1528 to around 1550. The second section examines the institutions of state rule and how they changed over time, emphasizing the break between Habsburg and Bourbon rule after 1750. The third section analyzes the history and structure of the Indian community or república de indios and underscores its important political, economic, and ideological role in colonial society. The next two sections look at controlled markets in commerce and labour (repartimientos), which constituted important means by which surplus labour and produce were extracted from the Indian population. The next section considers the history of the Church in Chiapas, which like the Spanish Crown extracted taxes, fees, and labour from the communities. The Church also structured religious celebration and public ritual in the communities around the corporate institutions of the parish and cofradía, thereby contributing to the consolidation of both colonial rule and Indian ethnic identity and solidarity. Chiapas's hacienda sector, which is examined in the final section, was also dominated by the Church, although production was limited in the province before Bourbon policies fomented the expansion of commercial agriculture in the late eighteenth century.
Kenneth J. Vandevelde
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195388534
- eISBN:
- 9780199855322
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195388534.003.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
This chapter traces the history of international investment agreements. The history thus far comprises three separate eras. The first, the colonial era, began in the late 18th century and continued ...
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This chapter traces the history of international investment agreements. The history thus far comprises three separate eras. The first, the colonial era, began in the late 18th century and continued until the end of the Second World War. The second, the postcolonial era, began with the end of the war and continued until approximately 1990, with the collapse of the Soviet Union. The third, the global era, began in approximately 1990 and continues to the present.Less
This chapter traces the history of international investment agreements. The history thus far comprises three separate eras. The first, the colonial era, began in the late 18th century and continued until the end of the Second World War. The second, the postcolonial era, began with the end of the war and continued until approximately 1990, with the collapse of the Soviet Union. The third, the global era, began in approximately 1990 and continues to the present.
Kathryn C. Lavelle
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- April 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195174090
- eISBN:
- 9780199835287
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195174097.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter argues that stock exchanges organized in the post-colonial era were created to indigenize a degree of foreign direct investment. Transnational corporations listing shares on exchanges in ...
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This chapter argues that stock exchanges organized in the post-colonial era were created to indigenize a degree of foreign direct investment. Transnational corporations listing shares on exchanges in the developing world sought a quotation for the benefit of local employees and recognition as a truly transnational firm. Generally these listings were expensive and illiquid, and managerial control remained foreign. However, states found them attractive in an era of “anti”-foreign investment since they dampened criticism of foreign investment, and the capital raised usually remained in the country in question.Less
This chapter argues that stock exchanges organized in the post-colonial era were created to indigenize a degree of foreign direct investment. Transnational corporations listing shares on exchanges in the developing world sought a quotation for the benefit of local employees and recognition as a truly transnational firm. Generally these listings were expensive and illiquid, and managerial control remained foreign. However, states found them attractive in an era of “anti”-foreign investment since they dampened criticism of foreign investment, and the capital raised usually remained in the country in question.
Donald M. Linhorst
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195171877
- eISBN:
- 9780199865338
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195171877.003.0002
- Subject:
- Social Work, Health and Mental Health
This chapter describes the history of powerlessness of people with mental illness. This helps to put into context current limitations to empowerment and provides direction for creating opportunities ...
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This chapter describes the history of powerlessness of people with mental illness. This helps to put into context current limitations to empowerment and provides direction for creating opportunities for empowering people with mental illness that avoids past mistakes. The chapter is divided into four historical periods including the colonial era (1600s and 1700s), the era of moral treatment and the development of state asylums (1800s), the era of mental hygiene and grow of state hospitals (1900 to 1950s), and the era of deinstitutionalization (1950s to present). Detailed descriptions of treatment and abuse are provided for each era, which often are illustrated by direct quotes from people with mental illness of that era.Less
This chapter describes the history of powerlessness of people with mental illness. This helps to put into context current limitations to empowerment and provides direction for creating opportunities for empowering people with mental illness that avoids past mistakes. The chapter is divided into four historical periods including the colonial era (1600s and 1700s), the era of moral treatment and the development of state asylums (1800s), the era of mental hygiene and grow of state hospitals (1900 to 1950s), and the era of deinstitutionalization (1950s to present). Detailed descriptions of treatment and abuse are provided for each era, which often are illustrated by direct quotes from people with mental illness of that era.
Philip Jenkins
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195146165
- eISBN:
- 9780199834341
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195146166.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter traces the development of Southern Christianity in the post-colonial era and notes that with few exceptions and despite Western Christian concern, the new churches have survived and ...
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This chapter traces the development of Southern Christianity in the post-colonial era and notes that with few exceptions and despite Western Christian concern, the new churches have survived and flourished. Some of the greatest triumphs have been enjoyed precisely by the structures created by colonial authorities–the mainstream Catholic and Protestant mission churches. However, although these older churches and missions are the primary fact, there are also many smaller independent indigenous Christian cults/denominations, which have arisen where older groupings have proved inadequate for a changing society; these are often Pentecostal and may be either indigenous or Northern in origin. This type of growth is particularly evident in Latin America, where there has been a major defection from Catholicism to Protestantism (including Pentecostalism); the boom in Pentecostal sects in Latin America and the Catholic response to this are described, and similar Protestant and Pentecostal expansion in the African independent churches/denominations and in Asia outlined. The last part of the chapter investigates the reasons for the expansion of Christianity in diverse cultures, looking in particular at some of the radical Pentecostal communities that have developed and at the common characteristics of Pentecostal sects and what people want from them, the critical idea being that God intervenes directly in everyday life and provides solutions to problems; this is a clear differentiation from Northern Christianity.Less
This chapter traces the development of Southern Christianity in the post-colonial era and notes that with few exceptions and despite Western Christian concern, the new churches have survived and flourished. Some of the greatest triumphs have been enjoyed precisely by the structures created by colonial authorities–the mainstream Catholic and Protestant mission churches. However, although these older churches and missions are the primary fact, there are also many smaller independent indigenous Christian cults/denominations, which have arisen where older groupings have proved inadequate for a changing society; these are often Pentecostal and may be either indigenous or Northern in origin. This type of growth is particularly evident in Latin America, where there has been a major defection from Catholicism to Protestantism (including Pentecostalism); the boom in Pentecostal sects in Latin America and the Catholic response to this are described, and similar Protestant and Pentecostal expansion in the African independent churches/denominations and in Asia outlined. The last part of the chapter investigates the reasons for the expansion of Christianity in diverse cultures, looking in particular at some of the radical Pentecostal communities that have developed and at the common characteristics of Pentecostal sects and what people want from them, the critical idea being that God intervenes directly in everyday life and provides solutions to problems; this is a clear differentiation from Northern Christianity.
Heather A. Haveman
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691164403
- eISBN:
- 9781400873883
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691164403.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Theory
From the colonial era to the onset of the Civil War, this book looks at how magazines and the individuals, organizations, and circumstances they connected ushered America into the modern age. How did ...
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From the colonial era to the onset of the Civil War, this book looks at how magazines and the individuals, organizations, and circumstances they connected ushered America into the modern age. How did a magazine industry emerge in the United States, where there were once only amateur authors, clumsy technologies for production and distribution, and sparse reader demand? What legitimated magazines as they competed with other media, such as newspapers, books, and letters? And what role did magazines play in the integration or division of American society? From their first appearance in 1741, magazines brought together like-minded people, wherever they were located and whatever interests they shared. As America became socially differentiated, magazines engaged and empowered diverse communities of faith, purpose, and practice. Religious groups could distinguish themselves from others and demarcate their identities. Social reform movements could energize activists across the country to push for change. People in specialized occupations could meet and learn from one another to improve their practices. Magazines built translocal communities—collections of people with common interests who were geographically dispersed and could not easily meet face-to-face. By supporting communities that crossed various axes of social structure, magazines also fostered pluralistic integration. Looking at the important role that magazines had in mediating and sustaining critical debates and diverse groups of people, this book considers how these print publications helped construct a distinctly American society.Less
From the colonial era to the onset of the Civil War, this book looks at how magazines and the individuals, organizations, and circumstances they connected ushered America into the modern age. How did a magazine industry emerge in the United States, where there were once only amateur authors, clumsy technologies for production and distribution, and sparse reader demand? What legitimated magazines as they competed with other media, such as newspapers, books, and letters? And what role did magazines play in the integration or division of American society? From their first appearance in 1741, magazines brought together like-minded people, wherever they were located and whatever interests they shared. As America became socially differentiated, magazines engaged and empowered diverse communities of faith, purpose, and practice. Religious groups could distinguish themselves from others and demarcate their identities. Social reform movements could energize activists across the country to push for change. People in specialized occupations could meet and learn from one another to improve their practices. Magazines built translocal communities—collections of people with common interests who were geographically dispersed and could not easily meet face-to-face. By supporting communities that crossed various axes of social structure, magazines also fostered pluralistic integration. Looking at the important role that magazines had in mediating and sustaining critical debates and diverse groups of people, this book considers how these print publications helped construct a distinctly American society.
Ezra Mendelsohn
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195112030
- eISBN:
- 9780199854608
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195112030.003.0017
- Subject:
- History, History of Religion
This chapter reviews the literary works of Frederick C. Jaher's A Scapegoat in the New Wilderness: The Origins and Rise of Anti-Semitism in America and Leonard Dinnerstein's Antisemitism in America ...
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This chapter reviews the literary works of Frederick C. Jaher's A Scapegoat in the New Wilderness: The Origins and Rise of Anti-Semitism in America and Leonard Dinnerstein's Antisemitism in America which espouse the maximalist position on American antisemitism. It notes that the two men have written books fundamentally different in historical scope. Dinnerstein examines antisemitism from the colonial era to the 1990s while Jaher begins with an extensive two-chapter analysis of pagan and Christian antisemitism before taking up the story of American antisemitism from the colonial period to the end of the Civil War. This chapter also reviews the work of Murray Friedman's What WentWrong? The Creation and Collapse of the Black-Jewish Alliance, which provides a narrative of the entire history of American black/Jewish relations from the first recorded interaction in colonial times to the present day, and furnishes a running dialogue with the revisionists and Jewhaters.Less
This chapter reviews the literary works of Frederick C. Jaher's A Scapegoat in the New Wilderness: The Origins and Rise of Anti-Semitism in America and Leonard Dinnerstein's Antisemitism in America which espouse the maximalist position on American antisemitism. It notes that the two men have written books fundamentally different in historical scope. Dinnerstein examines antisemitism from the colonial era to the 1990s while Jaher begins with an extensive two-chapter analysis of pagan and Christian antisemitism before taking up the story of American antisemitism from the colonial period to the end of the Civil War. This chapter also reviews the work of Murray Friedman's What WentWrong? The Creation and Collapse of the Black-Jewish Alliance, which provides a narrative of the entire history of American black/Jewish relations from the first recorded interaction in colonial times to the present day, and furnishes a running dialogue with the revisionists and Jewhaters.
Neville Meaney
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199563739
- eISBN:
- 9780191701894
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199563739.003.0015
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
This chapter examines the ways Australians evoked a British past as a corollary to their sense of themselves as an offshoot of the British race. It identifies three distinct phases in the evolution ...
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This chapter examines the ways Australians evoked a British past as a corollary to their sense of themselves as an offshoot of the British race. It identifies three distinct phases in the evolution of Australia’s British history. These include the early colonial era typified by liberal republicanism, the Glorious Revolution, and the great reform movements of the 19th century. This chapter also discusses the changes in the conception of Australia’s Empire and the emergence of race patriotism and social Darwinism.Less
This chapter examines the ways Australians evoked a British past as a corollary to their sense of themselves as an offshoot of the British race. It identifies three distinct phases in the evolution of Australia’s British history. These include the early colonial era typified by liberal republicanism, the Glorious Revolution, and the great reform movements of the 19th century. This chapter also discusses the changes in the conception of Australia’s Empire and the emergence of race patriotism and social Darwinism.
Rikkie Yeung
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789622098824
- eISBN:
- 9789882207196
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789622098824.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter examines socio-political modernisation, changing politics, and changing relationships between the government, market and civil society in Hong Kong over the past three decades. The first ...
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This chapter examines socio-political modernisation, changing politics, and changing relationships between the government, market and civil society in Hong Kong over the past three decades. The first section describes how Hong Kong people experienced rapid modernisation and drastic socio-economic changes, and have rising expectations on all fronts, including an aspiration for more democratic participation in political and corporate institutions, which has often been denied. The second section analyses the political development and the government's core governing strategies during the colonial era, the political transition before, during, and after 1997. The third section focuses on the government-market relationship, in particular the pre- and post-1997 changes in public enterprises, economic development, and housing policies as relevant to railways. The final section discusses the development of civil society and its relationship with the government and railway corporations in Hong Kong.Less
This chapter examines socio-political modernisation, changing politics, and changing relationships between the government, market and civil society in Hong Kong over the past three decades. The first section describes how Hong Kong people experienced rapid modernisation and drastic socio-economic changes, and have rising expectations on all fronts, including an aspiration for more democratic participation in political and corporate institutions, which has often been denied. The second section analyses the political development and the government's core governing strategies during the colonial era, the political transition before, during, and after 1997. The third section focuses on the government-market relationship, in particular the pre- and post-1997 changes in public enterprises, economic development, and housing policies as relevant to railways. The final section discusses the development of civil society and its relationship with the government and railway corporations in Hong Kong.
D. K. FIELDHOUSE
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198205647
- eISBN:
- 9780191676727
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205647.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter concentrates on the metropolitan economic structure of the British Empire. It also focuses on the British side of the equation because B. R. Tomlinson extends the discussion into the ...
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This chapter concentrates on the metropolitan economic structure of the British Empire. It also focuses on the British side of the equation because B. R. Tomlinson extends the discussion into the post-colonial era. During the 20th century, the British had to make a choice between an open, multilateral economic system, based on free trade between all countries, and a more or less closed Imperial economy. There were three main methods by which a modern Imperial state such as Britain might attempt to obtain special economic benefit from possession of colonies: by regulating their trade; by manipulating their monetary systems; and by investing in them. These main methods are specifically described. Moreover, a discussion on currency and the sterling area, capital investment in the Empire; commercial advantages of Empire before 1914, between the wars, and after the Second World War is provided.Less
This chapter concentrates on the metropolitan economic structure of the British Empire. It also focuses on the British side of the equation because B. R. Tomlinson extends the discussion into the post-colonial era. During the 20th century, the British had to make a choice between an open, multilateral economic system, based on free trade between all countries, and a more or less closed Imperial economy. There were three main methods by which a modern Imperial state such as Britain might attempt to obtain special economic benefit from possession of colonies: by regulating their trade; by manipulating their monetary systems; and by investing in them. These main methods are specifically described. Moreover, a discussion on currency and the sterling area, capital investment in the Empire; commercial advantages of Empire before 1914, between the wars, and after the Second World War is provided.
Anne Spry Rush
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199588558
- eISBN:
- 9780191728990
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199588558.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Cultural History
This concluding chapter considers how West Indian understandings of Britishness, as well as the institutional and migratory pathways through which they were reinforced, may have influenced both ...
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This concluding chapter considers how West Indian understandings of Britishness, as well as the institutional and migratory pathways through which they were reinforced, may have influenced both Britain and the Caribbean in the post-colonial era. It suggests that continuing bonds between Caribbean peoples and native Britons had an important and complex impact on the newly constituted independent societies in the Caribbean as well as on post-war domestic British culture. It comments on related literature on colonial relationships to Britishness, particularly that dealing with the concept of respectability as developed by colonials of color in other parts the British World. It encourages further explorations of British identity amongst these peoples, as well as amongst white West Indians and the working classes in the context of British royalty, generational and ethnic factors, the English language, and religion.Less
This concluding chapter considers how West Indian understandings of Britishness, as well as the institutional and migratory pathways through which they were reinforced, may have influenced both Britain and the Caribbean in the post-colonial era. It suggests that continuing bonds between Caribbean peoples and native Britons had an important and complex impact on the newly constituted independent societies in the Caribbean as well as on post-war domestic British culture. It comments on related literature on colonial relationships to Britishness, particularly that dealing with the concept of respectability as developed by colonials of color in other parts the British World. It encourages further explorations of British identity amongst these peoples, as well as amongst white West Indians and the working classes in the context of British royalty, generational and ethnic factors, the English language, and religion.
George M. Marsden
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195317145
- eISBN:
- 9780199851386
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195317145.003.0021
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
The book closes with this chapter's far-ranging overview of the whole course of religion and politics in America. While much can be gained from the particular conclusions of the book's earlier ...
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The book closes with this chapter's far-ranging overview of the whole course of religion and politics in America. While much can be gained from the particular conclusions of the book's earlier sections, much can also be learned from an effort to view the picture as a whole. This chapter holds that it is possible to regard American history as a painful struggle to achieve religious consensus on political matters, a struggle that may have witnessed both its culmination and dissolution since the 1960s. It cites the formidable role that religion played during the American colonial era. Throughout the period, a central theme was the extended cold war between Protestants and Catholics.Less
The book closes with this chapter's far-ranging overview of the whole course of religion and politics in America. While much can be gained from the particular conclusions of the book's earlier sections, much can also be learned from an effort to view the picture as a whole. This chapter holds that it is possible to regard American history as a painful struggle to achieve religious consensus on political matters, a struggle that may have witnessed both its culmination and dissolution since the 1960s. It cites the formidable role that religion played during the American colonial era. Throughout the period, a central theme was the extended cold war between Protestants and Catholics.
Pattana Kitiarsa
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789622091214
- eISBN:
- 9789882207493
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789622091214.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter examines the historical constructions of farang (Westerners) in Thai thought and outlines the influence of this notion on the historical project of the making and remaking of Thai ...
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This chapter examines the historical constructions of farang (Westerners) in Thai thought and outlines the influence of this notion on the historical project of the making and remaking of Thai national and cultural identities. It considers the etymological origins of the term farang and then traces its changing meanings through history, from the Ayutthaya period to the colonial era, and through the era of twentieth-century modernity to the contemporary period of globalization-induced postmodernity. The chapter also traces the emergence of farang as a privileged “Other” in the Thai imagination and the way that this notion became central to state-based projects of self-civilization and self-modernization. It also shows the historically intensifying forms of cultural intimacy between farang and Thai, such that it is now no longer possible to conceptualize Thai identity separately from farang.Less
This chapter examines the historical constructions of farang (Westerners) in Thai thought and outlines the influence of this notion on the historical project of the making and remaking of Thai national and cultural identities. It considers the etymological origins of the term farang and then traces its changing meanings through history, from the Ayutthaya period to the colonial era, and through the era of twentieth-century modernity to the contemporary period of globalization-induced postmodernity. The chapter also traces the emergence of farang as a privileged “Other” in the Thai imagination and the way that this notion became central to state-based projects of self-civilization and self-modernization. It also shows the historically intensifying forms of cultural intimacy between farang and Thai, such that it is now no longer possible to conceptualize Thai identity separately from farang.
David Faure
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789622099180
- eISBN:
- 9789882206984
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789622099180.003.0009
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Asian Studies
Cultural capital develops within particular institutional environments. This chapter shows that a historical approach gives a more-nuanced and less-politically charged view of the colonial ...
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Cultural capital develops within particular institutional environments. This chapter shows that a historical approach gives a more-nuanced and less-politically charged view of the colonial experiences and the hardening and softening of the territory's borders. It argues that institutional integrity, a proudly flaunted Hong Kong feature, developed from a society and polity that enjoyed an unusual degree of autonomy as a colony. The economic history of Hong Kong should recognize not a government-led economy but a government responsive to business demands to generate entrepreneurial positioning. Examples include the import–export business in the nineteenth century, the industries from the 1920s, the power of the Hong Kong dollar from the end of the nineteenth century to the 1990s, the physical infrastructure of ports and roads, and the legal infrastructure tied to the operation of company legislation. These processes have attracted competitive human talents.Less
Cultural capital develops within particular institutional environments. This chapter shows that a historical approach gives a more-nuanced and less-politically charged view of the colonial experiences and the hardening and softening of the territory's borders. It argues that institutional integrity, a proudly flaunted Hong Kong feature, developed from a society and polity that enjoyed an unusual degree of autonomy as a colony. The economic history of Hong Kong should recognize not a government-led economy but a government responsive to business demands to generate entrepreneurial positioning. Examples include the import–export business in the nineteenth century, the industries from the 1920s, the power of the Hong Kong dollar from the end of the nineteenth century to the 1990s, the physical infrastructure of ports and roads, and the legal infrastructure tied to the operation of company legislation. These processes have attracted competitive human talents.
Richard Cockett
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780300204513
- eISBN:
- 9780300215984
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300204513.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter explores how Burmese citizens exercise their new freedoms amid reforms in contemporary Burma. Though freedom is still limited, its citizens are beginning to take advantage of the new ...
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This chapter explores how Burmese citizens exercise their new freedoms amid reforms in contemporary Burma. Though freedom is still limited, its citizens are beginning to take advantage of the new political atmosphere, of a new tolerance, to get on with their own initiatives and help themselves. Burma is in a state of flux, and no one is sure what the new political dispensation really is anymore. Thus, more and more people are testing the new political boundaries, waiting to see what happens, always wondering if, or when, the push-back will come from the authorities. The chapter emphasises, however, that there are grave setbacks to this changing regime, most prominently in the revived colonial-era sentiments and discriminatory actions against Burmese Muslims.Less
This chapter explores how Burmese citizens exercise their new freedoms amid reforms in contemporary Burma. Though freedom is still limited, its citizens are beginning to take advantage of the new political atmosphere, of a new tolerance, to get on with their own initiatives and help themselves. Burma is in a state of flux, and no one is sure what the new political dispensation really is anymore. Thus, more and more people are testing the new political boundaries, waiting to see what happens, always wondering if, or when, the push-back will come from the authorities. The chapter emphasises, however, that there are grave setbacks to this changing regime, most prominently in the revived colonial-era sentiments and discriminatory actions against Burmese Muslims.
Matthew D. O'Hara
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780300233933
- eISBN:
- 9780300240993
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300233933.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This chapter focuses on the realm of politics and collective motivation at the violent end of the colonial era. Sparked by a crisis in the Spanish monarchy in 1808 and the rebellion led by Miguel ...
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This chapter focuses on the realm of politics and collective motivation at the violent end of the colonial era. Sparked by a crisis in the Spanish monarchy in 1808 and the rebellion led by Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla in 1810, more than a decade of uncertainty and violent conflict would lead to Mexico's independence from Spain in 1821. Through a reading of political rhetoric during this era, the chapter explores the use of biblical references and interpretation as a way of navigating the uncertainty of the present. For royalist preachers, this often meant emotional appeals to their flocks and a call for them to defend traditional forms of authority and hierarchy. Yet these tools of tradition, especially biblical typology, were also used most forcefully by supporters of new visions of political community, including the most radical leaders of the insurgency. Even during the collapse of the colonial order, futuremaking included a strong element of tradition.Less
This chapter focuses on the realm of politics and collective motivation at the violent end of the colonial era. Sparked by a crisis in the Spanish monarchy in 1808 and the rebellion led by Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla in 1810, more than a decade of uncertainty and violent conflict would lead to Mexico's independence from Spain in 1821. Through a reading of political rhetoric during this era, the chapter explores the use of biblical references and interpretation as a way of navigating the uncertainty of the present. For royalist preachers, this often meant emotional appeals to their flocks and a call for them to defend traditional forms of authority and hierarchy. Yet these tools of tradition, especially biblical typology, were also used most forcefully by supporters of new visions of political community, including the most radical leaders of the insurgency. Even during the collapse of the colonial order, futuremaking included a strong element of tradition.
Vibert C. Cambridge
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781628460117
- eISBN:
- 9781626746480
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Mississippi
- DOI:
- 10.14325/mississippi/9781628460117.003.0011
- Subject:
- Music, Ethnomusicology, World Music
This concluding chapter illustrates how Guyana, in its three eras of governance (matured colonialism, internal self-government, post-colonial era), has faced a range of persistent problems which ...
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This concluding chapter illustrates how Guyana, in its three eras of governance (matured colonialism, internal self-government, post-colonial era), has faced a range of persistent problems which demanded the active engagement of the state. It has been suggested that what was needed was a Napoleon type of leader to resolve these persistent problems. In addition, the musical demands of an active state exerted substantial influence on musical life in the society. This influence came from the state's demand for music's ceremonial, mobilization, propaganda, and strategic-communication roles, including the provision of entertainment through “bread and circuses.” Ultimately, those sectors of society that were excluded from the process of national governance have drawn upon their musical assets to call for accountability, to shine spotlights on corruption and inefficiency, and to express their frustrations and aspirations.Less
This concluding chapter illustrates how Guyana, in its three eras of governance (matured colonialism, internal self-government, post-colonial era), has faced a range of persistent problems which demanded the active engagement of the state. It has been suggested that what was needed was a Napoleon type of leader to resolve these persistent problems. In addition, the musical demands of an active state exerted substantial influence on musical life in the society. This influence came from the state's demand for music's ceremonial, mobilization, propaganda, and strategic-communication roles, including the provision of entertainment through “bread and circuses.” Ultimately, those sectors of society that were excluded from the process of national governance have drawn upon their musical assets to call for accountability, to shine spotlights on corruption and inefficiency, and to express their frustrations and aspirations.
Fernando Arenas
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780816669837
- eISBN:
- 9781452946948
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9780816669837.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
This chapter illustrates an analytical framework for understanding the development of Lusophone Africa in relation to the Portuguese-speaking world, particularly Portugal and Brazil. The ...
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This chapter illustrates an analytical framework for understanding the development of Lusophone Africa in relation to the Portuguese-speaking world, particularly Portugal and Brazil. The interconnectedness between the nations within the “Lusophone transatlantic matrix” sprang from their collective experience of Portuguese colonialism and the slave trade that also involved both the colonial and independent Brazil. The chapter also details Lusophone Africa’s ideological, cultural, political, and material linkages with Portugal and Brazil, all of which are grounded in the colonial era. It highlights the emergence of Afro-Portuguese culture; the impact of Brazilian popular culture to Africa, as well as Brazil’s African roots; the dissemination of Portuguese and Brazilian media across Lusophone Africa; and the developing economic and political relations of Africa to both Portugal and Brazil.Less
This chapter illustrates an analytical framework for understanding the development of Lusophone Africa in relation to the Portuguese-speaking world, particularly Portugal and Brazil. The interconnectedness between the nations within the “Lusophone transatlantic matrix” sprang from their collective experience of Portuguese colonialism and the slave trade that also involved both the colonial and independent Brazil. The chapter also details Lusophone Africa’s ideological, cultural, political, and material linkages with Portugal and Brazil, all of which are grounded in the colonial era. It highlights the emergence of Afro-Portuguese culture; the impact of Brazilian popular culture to Africa, as well as Brazil’s African roots; the dissemination of Portuguese and Brazilian media across Lusophone Africa; and the developing economic and political relations of Africa to both Portugal and Brazil.
