Peter A. Gloor
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195304121
- eISBN:
- 9780199789771
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195304121.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation
This book introduces a powerful new concept to the business world — Collaborative Innovation Networks (COINs). COINs have been around for hundreds of years, and many of us have already been a part ...
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This book introduces a powerful new concept to the business world — Collaborative Innovation Networks (COINs). COINs have been around for hundreds of years, and many of us have already been a part of a COIN without knowing it. What makes COINs so relevant today is that the concept has reached its tipping point, thanks to the communication capabilities of the Internet and the World Wide Web. A COIN is a cyberteam of self-motivated people with a collective vision, enabled by technology to collaborate in achieving a common goal — an innovation — by sharing ideas, information, and work. Working this way is key to successful innovation, and it is no exaggeration to state that COINs are the most productive engines of innovation ever. This book explores why COINs are so important to business success in the new century. It explains the traits that characterize COIN members and COIN behavior. It makes the case for why businesses ought to be rushing to uncover their COINs and nurture them, and provides tools for building organizations that are more creative, productive, and efficient by applying principles of creative collaboration, knowledge sharing, and social networking. Through real-life examples of COINs in several business sectors, the book shows how to leverage COINs to develop successful products in R&D, grow better customer relationships, establish better project management processes, and build higher-performing teams. There is even a method offered for locating, analyzing, and measuring the impact of COINs on an organization.Less
This book introduces a powerful new concept to the business world — Collaborative Innovation Networks (COINs). COINs have been around for hundreds of years, and many of us have already been a part of a COIN without knowing it. What makes COINs so relevant today is that the concept has reached its tipping point, thanks to the communication capabilities of the Internet and the World Wide Web. A COIN is a cyberteam of self-motivated people with a collective vision, enabled by technology to collaborate in achieving a common goal — an innovation — by sharing ideas, information, and work. Working this way is key to successful innovation, and it is no exaggeration to state that COINs are the most productive engines of innovation ever. This book explores why COINs are so important to business success in the new century. It explains the traits that characterize COIN members and COIN behavior. It makes the case for why businesses ought to be rushing to uncover their COINs and nurture them, and provides tools for building organizations that are more creative, productive, and efficient by applying principles of creative collaboration, knowledge sharing, and social networking. Through real-life examples of COINs in several business sectors, the book shows how to leverage COINs to develop successful products in R&D, grow better customer relationships, establish better project management processes, and build higher-performing teams. There is even a method offered for locating, analyzing, and measuring the impact of COINs on an organization.
Peter A. Gloor
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195304121
- eISBN:
- 9780199789771
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195304121.003.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation
This introductory chapter offers a general definition of Collaborative Innovation Networks (COINs), lays out the motivation for why they matter to businesses, and presents the organization of the ...
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This introductory chapter offers a general definition of Collaborative Innovation Networks (COINs), lays out the motivation for why they matter to businesses, and presents the organization of the book. It also tells the story of how the World Wide Web evolved from the original visionary idea in the 1940s of linking information together electronically. This story introduces the concepts of swarm creativity, innovation, collaboration, and communication.Less
This introductory chapter offers a general definition of Collaborative Innovation Networks (COINs), lays out the motivation for why they matter to businesses, and presents the organization of the book. It also tells the story of how the World Wide Web evolved from the original visionary idea in the 1940s of linking information together electronically. This story introduces the concepts of swarm creativity, innovation, collaboration, and communication.
W. V. Harris (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199233359
- eISBN:
- 9780191716348
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199233359.001.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
Most people have some idea what Greeks and Romans coins looked like, but few know how complex Greek and Roman monetary systems eventually became. The contributors to this book are numismatists, ...
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Most people have some idea what Greeks and Romans coins looked like, but few know how complex Greek and Roman monetary systems eventually became. The contributors to this book are numismatists, ancient historians, and economists intent on investigating how these systems worked and how they both did and did not resemble a modern monetary system. Why did people first start using coins? How did Greeks and Romans make payments, large or small? What does money mean in Greek tragedy? Was the Roman Empire an integrated economic system? This volume can serve as an introduction to such questions, but it also offers the specialist the results of original research.Less
Most people have some idea what Greeks and Romans coins looked like, but few know how complex Greek and Roman monetary systems eventually became. The contributors to this book are numismatists, ancient historians, and economists intent on investigating how these systems worked and how they both did and did not resemble a modern monetary system. Why did people first start using coins? How did Greeks and Romans make payments, large or small? What does money mean in Greek tragedy? Was the Roman Empire an integrated economic system? This volume can serve as an introduction to such questions, but it also offers the specialist the results of original research.
Peter A. Gloor
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195304121
- eISBN:
- 9780199789771
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195304121.003.0002
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation
This chapter presents some very brief “teasers” to expand the concept of a collaborative innovation network, and then explores the specific benefits that organizations and individuals can accrue ...
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This chapter presents some very brief “teasers” to expand the concept of a collaborative innovation network, and then explores the specific benefits that organizations and individuals can accrue through COINs. These benefits are linked to the cases that will be presented in Chapter 5. The chapter concludes with a graphical introduction to the idea of organizational transformation to foster a COIN-supportive environment.Less
This chapter presents some very brief “teasers” to expand the concept of a collaborative innovation network, and then explores the specific benefits that organizations and individuals can accrue through COINs. These benefits are linked to the cases that will be presented in Chapter 5. The chapter concludes with a graphical introduction to the idea of organizational transformation to foster a COIN-supportive environment.
Peter S. Wells
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691143385
- eISBN:
- 9781400844777
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691143385.003.0010
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Historical Archaeology
This chapter analyzes coins and writing in late prehistoric Europe. The development of coinage in temperate Europe and the first regular signs of writing are innovations that share some important ...
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This chapter analyzes coins and writing in late prehistoric Europe. The development of coinage in temperate Europe and the first regular signs of writing are innovations that share some important features. Both were introduced from outside the region, specifically from the Mediterranean world, toward the end of the Middle Iron Age. Although both had existed in the Mediterranean world for centuries before their introduction and adoption in temperate Europe, both appear in temperate Europe at about the same time, during the third century BC and more abundantly during the second and first centuries. They were both adopted at a particular time in Europe's developmental trajectory, and under specific economic and political circumstances.Less
This chapter analyzes coins and writing in late prehistoric Europe. The development of coinage in temperate Europe and the first regular signs of writing are innovations that share some important features. Both were introduced from outside the region, specifically from the Mediterranean world, toward the end of the Middle Iron Age. Although both had existed in the Mediterranean world for centuries before their introduction and adoption in temperate Europe, both appear in temperate Europe at about the same time, during the third century BC and more abundantly during the second and first centuries. They were both adopted at a particular time in Europe's developmental trajectory, and under specific economic and political circumstances.
Gary Scott Smith
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195300604
- eISBN:
- 9780199785285
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195300604.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
To many, Theodore Roosevelt was an exemplar of manliness and “muscular Christianity” and an exceptional public servant who led a crusade for social justice. To others, the sage of Oyster Bay was a ...
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To many, Theodore Roosevelt was an exemplar of manliness and “muscular Christianity” and an exceptional public servant who led a crusade for social justice. To others, the sage of Oyster Bay was a jingoist, a nativist, a hot-tempered, unpredictable manic, and an egomaniac who put his own interests above America’s good. Roosevelt highly valued biblical morality and considered it vital to personal and public life, including politics. He downplayed doctrine and theological differences and strongly stressed the importance of good works and character. Many contemporaries called him a preacher of righteousness, and he labeled the presidency a bully pulpit, which he used to trumpet the importance of social justice, civility, and virtue. Three religious issues caused considerable controversy during Roosevelt’s tenure in office: his attempt to remove “In God We Trust” from some coins, the “Dear Maria” affair, and concerns about William Howard Taft’s Unitarianism during the 1908 presidential campaign. Christianity, especially the version espoused by turn-of-the-century Social Gospelers, played a significant role in shaping his philosophy of government. Roosevelt’s role in mediating the 1902 anthracite coal strike, “taking” Panama to build an isthmus canal, and promoting conservation illustrate how his religious commitments helped shape his policies.Less
To many, Theodore Roosevelt was an exemplar of manliness and “muscular Christianity” and an exceptional public servant who led a crusade for social justice. To others, the sage of Oyster Bay was a jingoist, a nativist, a hot-tempered, unpredictable manic, and an egomaniac who put his own interests above America’s good. Roosevelt highly valued biblical morality and considered it vital to personal and public life, including politics. He downplayed doctrine and theological differences and strongly stressed the importance of good works and character. Many contemporaries called him a preacher of righteousness, and he labeled the presidency a bully pulpit, which he used to trumpet the importance of social justice, civility, and virtue. Three religious issues caused considerable controversy during Roosevelt’s tenure in office: his attempt to remove “In God We Trust” from some coins, the “Dear Maria” affair, and concerns about William Howard Taft’s Unitarianism during the 1908 presidential campaign. Christianity, especially the version espoused by turn-of-the-century Social Gospelers, played a significant role in shaping his philosophy of government. Roosevelt’s role in mediating the 1902 anthracite coal strike, “taking” Panama to build an isthmus canal, and promoting conservation illustrate how his religious commitments helped shape his policies.
HELEN WANG
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263846
- eISBN:
- 9780191734113
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263846.003.0020
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Asian and Middle Eastern History: BCE to 500CE
This chapter examines the monetary history of the eastern region of Central Asia before AD 800. The findings reveal the use of Chinese and Chinese-style coins in the region; the use of Kushan, ...
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This chapter examines the monetary history of the eastern region of Central Asia before AD 800. The findings reveal the use of Chinese and Chinese-style coins in the region; the use of Kushan, Byzantine, and Sasanian coins in particular locations at particular times; and the desire to create new local styles of coinage. The results also indicate that coins were not the only form of money.Less
This chapter examines the monetary history of the eastern region of Central Asia before AD 800. The findings reveal the use of Chinese and Chinese-style coins in the region; the use of Kushan, Byzantine, and Sasanian coins in particular locations at particular times; and the desire to create new local styles of coinage. The results also indicate that coins were not the only form of money.
VESTA SARKHOSH CURTIS
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263846
- eISBN:
- 9780191734113
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263846.003.0021
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Asian and Middle Eastern History: BCE to 500CE
This chapter aims to draw attention to the importance of coin iconography in the Parthian and Sasanian periods and to suggest an alternative approach to the conventional reading of the symbolism. The ...
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This chapter aims to draw attention to the importance of coin iconography in the Parthian and Sasanian periods and to suggest an alternative approach to the conventional reading of the symbolism. The iconography of Iranian coins after the conquest of Alexander shows similarity with the iconography of Seleucid coins, and in both cases the king on the obverse enjoys divine support. The chapter suggests that the iconography of pre-Islamic Iranian coins must therefore be understood not as part of the Hellenistic tradition but should be seen within its Iranian/Zoroastrian context.Less
This chapter aims to draw attention to the importance of coin iconography in the Parthian and Sasanian periods and to suggest an alternative approach to the conventional reading of the symbolism. The iconography of Iranian coins after the conquest of Alexander shows similarity with the iconography of Seleucid coins, and in both cases the king on the obverse enjoys divine support. The chapter suggests that the iconography of pre-Islamic Iranian coins must therefore be understood not as part of the Hellenistic tradition but should be seen within its Iranian/Zoroastrian context.
Peter A. Gloor
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195304121
- eISBN:
- 9780199789771
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195304121.003.0005
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation
Ethical codes are developed by COINs as a means to ensure the honesty, transparency, consistency, and meritocracy that make COINs function successfully. This chapter explains ethical codes and how ...
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Ethical codes are developed by COINs as a means to ensure the honesty, transparency, consistency, and meritocracy that make COINs function successfully. This chapter explains ethical codes and how they emerge and function. It discusses the “Tao of COINs”, guiding principles that are a central aspect of why COINs work so well. Social capital, the “currency of COINs”, is introduced and discussed. The chapter concludes with an explanation of COINs as small world, scale-free networks within which hubs of trust (trust being a make-or-break element of COIN success) are built.Less
Ethical codes are developed by COINs as a means to ensure the honesty, transparency, consistency, and meritocracy that make COINs function successfully. This chapter explains ethical codes and how they emerge and function. It discusses the “Tao of COINs”, guiding principles that are a central aspect of why COINs work so well. Social capital, the “currency of COINs”, is introduced and discussed. The chapter concludes with an explanation of COINs as small world, scale-free networks within which hubs of trust (trust being a make-or-break element of COIN success) are built.
Deborah W. Rooke
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198269984
- eISBN:
- 9780191600722
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198269986.003.0010
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism
Discusses extra‐canonical material that might relate to high priesthood in the fourth century—namely, the narrative of Joannes and Jesus in Josephus, Jewish Antiquities xi. 297–301, and issues of the ...
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Discusses extra‐canonical material that might relate to high priesthood in the fourth century—namely, the narrative of Joannes and Jesus in Josephus, Jewish Antiquities xi. 297–301, and issues of the Yehud coins for Yehezqiyah, Yohanan the priest, and Yaddua. It has been argued that all of these coin issues were produced by high priests who were also acting as governors, and the Yohanan coin has been linked to the narrative in Josephus. However, the links proposed between the coins and fourth‐century high priests cannot be sustained, and the Josephus episode reflects some of the characters and the type of high priesthood evidenced by the fifth‐century Elephantine papyri. Hence, neither the coins nor the narrative in Josephus are evidence of high priests serving as governors during the later Persian period.Less
Discusses extra‐canonical material that might relate to high priesthood in the fourth century—namely, the narrative of Joannes and Jesus in Josephus, Jewish Antiquities xi. 297–301, and issues of the Yehud coins for Yehezqiyah, Yohanan the priest, and Yaddua. It has been argued that all of these coin issues were produced by high priests who were also acting as governors, and the Yohanan coin has been linked to the narrative in Josephus. However, the links proposed between the coins and fourth‐century high priests cannot be sustained, and the Josephus episode reflects some of the characters and the type of high priesthood evidenced by the fifth‐century Elephantine papyri. Hence, neither the coins nor the narrative in Josephus are evidence of high priests serving as governors during the later Persian period.
Bas van Bavel
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199278664
- eISBN:
- 9780191707032
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199278664.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
This chapter discusses the rise of market exchange in land, labour, capital, and goods in the 10th to 16th centuries. It focuses on the institutional framework in which exchange was organized, in ...
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This chapter discusses the rise of market exchange in land, labour, capital, and goods in the 10th to 16th centuries. It focuses on the institutional framework in which exchange was organized, in order to better understand the slow pace and regional unevenness of this process. It shows that a balance between social actors was crucial in the emergence of a favourable institutional framework. The strong position held by towns, merchants, craftsmen, and even peasants, and their associations, in some regions formed a main element in this balance. Public authorities, if held in check by such counter‐balances, could also contribute to the security of exchange and accessibility of markets. The effects are charted by way of various indicators. The chapter shows how first in Flanders, and later especially in Holland, the markets offered relatively high mobility of production factors, integrated labour markets, cheap credit, and low transaction costs.Less
This chapter discusses the rise of market exchange in land, labour, capital, and goods in the 10th to 16th centuries. It focuses on the institutional framework in which exchange was organized, in order to better understand the slow pace and regional unevenness of this process. It shows that a balance between social actors was crucial in the emergence of a favourable institutional framework. The strong position held by towns, merchants, craftsmen, and even peasants, and their associations, in some regions formed a main element in this balance. Public authorities, if held in check by such counter‐balances, could also contribute to the security of exchange and accessibility of markets. The effects are charted by way of various indicators. The chapter shows how first in Flanders, and later especially in Holland, the markets offered relatively high mobility of production factors, integrated labour markets, cheap credit, and low transaction costs.
P. M. Fraser
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780197264287
- eISBN:
- 9780191753978
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264287.003.0010
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Literary Studies: Classical, Early, and Medieval
This chapter focuses on the second aspect of associative nomenclature, that of adjectives terminating in -ειος. This termination, though rarely used as a simple ethnic form when no ambiguity existed ...
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This chapter focuses on the second aspect of associative nomenclature, that of adjectives terminating in -ειος. This termination, though rarely used as a simple ethnic form when no ambiguity existed between homonymous cities, has a perfectly valid role as an ethnic when need arose for a differentiation in such cases. The chapter examines its usage in general before turning to consideration of it as a termination of the names used for coins issued by independent rulers and states.Less
This chapter focuses on the second aspect of associative nomenclature, that of adjectives terminating in -ειος. This termination, though rarely used as a simple ethnic form when no ambiguity existed between homonymous cities, has a perfectly valid role as an ethnic when need arose for a differentiation in such cases. The chapter examines its usage in general before turning to consideration of it as a termination of the names used for coins issued by independent rulers and states.
P. M. Fraser
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780197264287
- eISBN:
- 9780191753978
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264287.003.0011
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Literary Studies: Classical, Early, and Medieval
The ktetics of certain Greek cities were in wide circulation from an early date, with reference either to the coins of the cities or to the standard weights and values of their coinage, as used by ...
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The ktetics of certain Greek cities were in wide circulation from an early date, with reference either to the coins of the cities or to the standard weights and values of their coinage, as used by other cities. The most familiar of these are the Aeginetan and Athenian, and later the Rhodian, all of which appear in a wide variety of sources, and in particular in the weights and measures assigned to votive offerings of precious metals, including coinage, in temple-inventories, notably those of Athens and Delos, and in the long temple-accounts for the work carried out at Delphi in the middle of the fourth century. The ktetic in -ικός/η/όν was regularly used in this context, both in documentary and literary usage.Less
The ktetics of certain Greek cities were in wide circulation from an early date, with reference either to the coins of the cities or to the standard weights and values of their coinage, as used by other cities. The most familiar of these are the Aeginetan and Athenian, and later the Rhodian, all of which appear in a wide variety of sources, and in particular in the weights and measures assigned to votive offerings of precious metals, including coinage, in temple-inventories, notably those of Athens and Delos, and in the long temple-accounts for the work carried out at Delphi in the middle of the fourth century. The ktetic in -ικός/η/όν was regularly used in this context, both in documentary and literary usage.
Anthony R. Birley
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199252374
- eISBN:
- 9780191719103
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199252374.003.0003
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, British and Irish History: BCE to 500CE
This chapter assembles evidence for the ‘British empire’ created by the usurpation of Carausius, which lasted from AD 286 to 293; his overthrow by his lieutenant Allectus; and the latter’s rule from ...
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This chapter assembles evidence for the ‘British empire’ created by the usurpation of Carausius, which lasted from AD 286 to 293; his overthrow by his lieutenant Allectus; and the latter’s rule from 293 to 296. For both men, the questions of their origin and previous career are analysed. In the case of Allectus, it is argued that he was not rationalis summae rei (finance minister) of Carausius, but probably prefect of the guard. This is followed by an account of the recovery of Britain by the Caesar Constantius I. The literary sources and the single inscription of Carausius are cited in full, with translations and particular attention paid to the coinage of the two usurpers. On Carausius’ coins, several references to Virgil can now be identified.Less
This chapter assembles evidence for the ‘British empire’ created by the usurpation of Carausius, which lasted from AD 286 to 293; his overthrow by his lieutenant Allectus; and the latter’s rule from 293 to 296. For both men, the questions of their origin and previous career are analysed. In the case of Allectus, it is argued that he was not rationalis summae rei (finance minister) of Carausius, but probably prefect of the guard. This is followed by an account of the recovery of Britain by the Caesar Constantius I. The literary sources and the single inscription of Carausius are cited in full, with translations and particular attention paid to the coinage of the two usurpers. On Carausius’ coins, several references to Virgil can now be identified.
Rory Naismith
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780197266588
- eISBN:
- 9780191896040
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197266588.003.0019
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Historical Archaeology
Thanks to the inscriptions on early medieval coins, the locations where they were made—mints—are among the best-recorded selections of places in Europe. This chapter seeks to demonstrate that the ...
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Thanks to the inscriptions on early medieval coins, the locations where they were made—mints—are among the best-recorded selections of places in Europe. This chapter seeks to demonstrate that the establishment of mints at particular times and places depended above all on contemporary governmental and social conditions. The later Roman Empire had emphasised the centrality of a few large mints closely tied to the fiscal system, but its successor kingdoms in England, Francia, Italy and Spain followed different criteria. Production was often organised on a more personal than institutional basis through the mediation of moneyers, and commercial activity, administrative functions or military/political significance could all dictate the production of coin. It is essential to consider the interaction of these and other factors in shaping the role of a mint, as well as the diversity in function and scale that could apply within even one territory.Less
Thanks to the inscriptions on early medieval coins, the locations where they were made—mints—are among the best-recorded selections of places in Europe. This chapter seeks to demonstrate that the establishment of mints at particular times and places depended above all on contemporary governmental and social conditions. The later Roman Empire had emphasised the centrality of a few large mints closely tied to the fiscal system, but its successor kingdoms in England, Francia, Italy and Spain followed different criteria. Production was often organised on a more personal than institutional basis through the mediation of moneyers, and commercial activity, administrative functions or military/political significance could all dictate the production of coin. It is essential to consider the interaction of these and other factors in shaping the role of a mint, as well as the diversity in function and scale that could apply within even one territory.
Constantina Katsari
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199233359
- eISBN:
- 9780191716348
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199233359.003.0013
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
One of the fiercest debates about the monetization of the Roman Empire concerns the difference between rural and urban sites. One view has been that the use of coined money was limited to the cities ...
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One of the fiercest debates about the monetization of the Roman Empire concerns the difference between rural and urban sites. One view has been that the use of coined money was limited to the cities of the Empire, given that excavations of villas in Italy have yielded only a very small number of coins. However, archaeologists working on Roman Britain have pointed out that a substantial number of hoards in Britain have been found in rural sites, while fewer have been found on military sites or in towns. This chapter considers whether the now very extensive numismatic evidence from the Balkans, Asia Minor, and Syria can help to clarify the level of coin use in the countryside. It reassesses the role of diverse economic forces — such as the army, trading activities, and the urbanization of the provinces — and raises some questions about their impact on the monetization of the North and Eastern frontier through an analysis of the numismatic material found in the course of excavations or surface surveys at urban centres, fortress-cities, and military installations in rural areas.Less
One of the fiercest debates about the monetization of the Roman Empire concerns the difference between rural and urban sites. One view has been that the use of coined money was limited to the cities of the Empire, given that excavations of villas in Italy have yielded only a very small number of coins. However, archaeologists working on Roman Britain have pointed out that a substantial number of hoards in Britain have been found in rural sites, while fewer have been found on military sites or in towns. This chapter considers whether the now very extensive numismatic evidence from the Balkans, Asia Minor, and Syria can help to clarify the level of coin use in the countryside. It reassesses the role of diverse economic forces — such as the army, trading activities, and the urbanization of the provinces — and raises some questions about their impact on the monetization of the North and Eastern frontier through an analysis of the numismatic material found in the course of excavations or surface surveys at urban centres, fortress-cities, and military installations in rural areas.
Walter Scheidel
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199233359
- eISBN:
- 9780191716348
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199233359.003.0014
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
Coinage was independently created on no more than two occasions in history — in the Graeco-Lydian Aegean perhaps as early as the late 7th century BC, and in the Great Plain of China around two ...
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Coinage was independently created on no more than two occasions in history — in the Graeco-Lydian Aegean perhaps as early as the late 7th century BC, and in the Great Plain of China around two centuries later — and has consequently followed two distinct trajectories. A so-called ‘Aegean’ type of coinage was characterized by solid, round (albeit occasionally rectangular or oblong) objects endowed with varied visual imagery and manufactured from a number of different metals, most notably — in terms of aggregate value — gold and silver. Chinese coins, on the other hand, were cast rather than struck, equipped with a (usually square) hole in the centre, lacked visual imagery beyond a few letters, and were not normally minted from precious metals: they consisted primarily of bronze (and sometimes iron), whereas gold and silver money circulated in the forms of ingots. This chapter presents a brief survey of divergent monetary development at the opposing ends of the Eurasian land mass, followed by some preliminary observations on the probable causes of this process that focus on the historically specific circumstances of the creation of these two types of currency.Less
Coinage was independently created on no more than two occasions in history — in the Graeco-Lydian Aegean perhaps as early as the late 7th century BC, and in the Great Plain of China around two centuries later — and has consequently followed two distinct trajectories. A so-called ‘Aegean’ type of coinage was characterized by solid, round (albeit occasionally rectangular or oblong) objects endowed with varied visual imagery and manufactured from a number of different metals, most notably — in terms of aggregate value — gold and silver. Chinese coins, on the other hand, were cast rather than struck, equipped with a (usually square) hole in the centre, lacked visual imagery beyond a few letters, and were not normally minted from precious metals: they consisted primarily of bronze (and sometimes iron), whereas gold and silver money circulated in the forms of ingots. This chapter presents a brief survey of divergent monetary development at the opposing ends of the Eurasian land mass, followed by some preliminary observations on the probable causes of this process that focus on the historically specific circumstances of the creation of these two types of currency.
Anna J. Clark
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199226825
- eISBN:
- 9780191710278
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199226825.003.0004
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
This chapter focuses on the late second and early first centuries bc and considers the temple foundations and refoundations that are attested for this period, including the competition of Marius with ...
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This chapter focuses on the late second and early first centuries bc and considers the temple foundations and refoundations that are attested for this period, including the competition of Marius with Catulus and with Sulla. Many of these cluster around the Forum and Capitol. The most important hill in Rome was reshaped in terms of divine qualities, creating and recharging both cognitive and physical spaces. The chapter also explores the flowering of numismatic imagery in the same years, from the 130s bc. This opening up of the coin-field as a resource was itself presided over by moneta, and other divine qualities, represented as female figure, head, or attribute with accompanying legend, began to form a fruitful means of framing and expressing a variety of numismatic messages.Less
This chapter focuses on the late second and early first centuries bc and considers the temple foundations and refoundations that are attested for this period, including the competition of Marius with Catulus and with Sulla. Many of these cluster around the Forum and Capitol. The most important hill in Rome was reshaped in terms of divine qualities, creating and recharging both cognitive and physical spaces. The chapter also explores the flowering of numismatic imagery in the same years, from the 130s bc. This opening up of the coin-field as a resource was itself presided over by moneta, and other divine qualities, represented as female figure, head, or attribute with accompanying legend, began to form a fruitful means of framing and expressing a variety of numismatic messages.
P. GUEST
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264027
- eISBN:
- 9780191734908
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264027.003.0012
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Archaeology: Classical
The archaeological excavations carried out on late Roman and early Byzantine sites in the Balkans has revolutionized our knowledge of this part of the world in Late Antiquity. How these sites are ...
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The archaeological excavations carried out on late Roman and early Byzantine sites in the Balkans has revolutionized our knowledge of this part of the world in Late Antiquity. How these sites are dated is obviously important as, without accurate and reliable dating, it is difficult to understand how they fit into the wider historical narrative. This chapter takes the coins excavated at Dichin as its starting point and, by careful analysis, proposes a general dating scheme for the two phases of occupation at the settlement. The lack of coins struck during the years 474–518 is a notable feature of the assemblage from Dichin, a pattern that is repeated at most sites in the region where coins of the emperor Zeno are particularly rare. By looking at both site finds and hoards from the region, however, these explanations need to be revised as they are based on a numismatic mirage rather than archaeological fact.Less
The archaeological excavations carried out on late Roman and early Byzantine sites in the Balkans has revolutionized our knowledge of this part of the world in Late Antiquity. How these sites are dated is obviously important as, without accurate and reliable dating, it is difficult to understand how they fit into the wider historical narrative. This chapter takes the coins excavated at Dichin as its starting point and, by careful analysis, proposes a general dating scheme for the two phases of occupation at the settlement. The lack of coins struck during the years 474–518 is a notable feature of the assemblage from Dichin, a pattern that is repeated at most sites in the region where coins of the emperor Zeno are particularly rare. By looking at both site finds and hoards from the region, however, these explanations need to be revised as they are based on a numismatic mirage rather than archaeological fact.
MICHAEL ALRAM
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263846
- eISBN:
- 9780191734113
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263846.003.0011
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Asian and Middle Eastern History: BCE to 500CE
This chapter examines the eastern campaign of Ardashir as the king of Fars based on numismatic evidence. Ardashir's coinage can be easily divided into three major phases according to its images and ...
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This chapter examines the eastern campaign of Ardashir as the king of Fars based on numismatic evidence. Ardashir's coinage can be easily divided into three major phases according to its images and legends. The first phase is represented by a single type of coin minted in series, the second phase involved Ardashir's first minting phase of king of kings, and the third is marked by the introduction of a new coin type on the obverse showing Ardashir with a covered hairstyle. The metal analysis of four coins of Farn-Sasan has shown that their chemical composition is quite similar to those of the throne-successor coins.Less
This chapter examines the eastern campaign of Ardashir as the king of Fars based on numismatic evidence. Ardashir's coinage can be easily divided into three major phases according to its images and legends. The first phase is represented by a single type of coin minted in series, the second phase involved Ardashir's first minting phase of king of kings, and the third is marked by the introduction of a new coin type on the obverse showing Ardashir with a covered hairstyle. The metal analysis of four coins of Farn-Sasan has shown that their chemical composition is quite similar to those of the throne-successor coins.
