Vyvyan Evans
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199234660
- eISBN:
- 9780191715495
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199234660.003.0003
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics
This chapter situates LCCM Theory in the larger cognitive linguistics enterprise of which it is a part. It begins by introducing cognitive linguistics, and by briefly reviewing its primary ...
More
This chapter situates LCCM Theory in the larger cognitive linguistics enterprise of which it is a part. It begins by introducing cognitive linguistics, and by briefly reviewing its primary commitments and guiding assumptions. It argues that LCCM Theory represents a cognitive semantic theory, and also a cognitive theory of grammar. The chapter also considers the way in which LCCM Theory serves to build on antecedent theories in cognitive linguistics.Less
This chapter situates LCCM Theory in the larger cognitive linguistics enterprise of which it is a part. It begins by introducing cognitive linguistics, and by briefly reviewing its primary commitments and guiding assumptions. It argues that LCCM Theory represents a cognitive semantic theory, and also a cognitive theory of grammar. The chapter also considers the way in which LCCM Theory serves to build on antecedent theories in cognitive linguistics.
Jeremy Fantl and Matthew McGrath
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199550623
- eISBN:
- 9780191722684
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199550623.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind, Philosophy of Language
If the arguments of previous chapters are sound, then fallibilist purism about knowledge is false. This raises the question of which to retain, fallibilism or purism? The first part of the chapter ...
More
If the arguments of previous chapters are sound, then fallibilist purism about knowledge is false. This raises the question of which to retain, fallibilism or purism? The first part of the chapter considers the merits of infallibilism (including arguments for infallibilism suggested by Timothy Williamson). The key question is just how strong its skeptical consequences are. The second part considers the costs of denying purism and affirming pragmatic encroachment (with special attention paid to a challenge leveled by Ram Neta). In this section, these costs are shown not to be unique to pragmatic encroachment. Those accepting a robust form of cognitive decision theory (viz. the view that understands justified belief in terms of maximizing expected cognitive values) are committed to similar costs, as are those, like Peter Klein, who claim that knowledge-level justification is not determined by probability. Both sorts of theorists are committed to the common truth of ‘I know/am justified in believing p, p is less likely to be true than q, but I don't know/am not justified in believing q’. The chapter concludes by making a case that the costs of pragmatic encroachment do not outweigh the costs of denying the book's fundamental principles: if fallibilism must stay, then on balance the best way to keep it is by endorsing pragmatic encroachment.Less
If the arguments of previous chapters are sound, then fallibilist purism about knowledge is false. This raises the question of which to retain, fallibilism or purism? The first part of the chapter considers the merits of infallibilism (including arguments for infallibilism suggested by Timothy Williamson). The key question is just how strong its skeptical consequences are. The second part considers the costs of denying purism and affirming pragmatic encroachment (with special attention paid to a challenge leveled by Ram Neta). In this section, these costs are shown not to be unique to pragmatic encroachment. Those accepting a robust form of cognitive decision theory (viz. the view that understands justified belief in terms of maximizing expected cognitive values) are committed to similar costs, as are those, like Peter Klein, who claim that knowledge-level justification is not determined by probability. Both sorts of theorists are committed to the common truth of ‘I know/am justified in believing p, p is less likely to be true than q, but I don't know/am not justified in believing q’. The chapter concludes by making a case that the costs of pragmatic encroachment do not outweigh the costs of denying the book's fundamental principles: if fallibilism must stay, then on balance the best way to keep it is by endorsing pragmatic encroachment.
Dianna T. Kenny
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199586141
- eISBN:
- 9780191731129
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199586141.003.0038
- Subject:
- Psychology, Music Psychology, Clinical Psychology
This chapter explores the range of theoretical approaches that have been established in other areas of psychological functioning and which may have something to offer to advance our understanding of ...
More
This chapter explores the range of theoretical approaches that have been established in other areas of psychological functioning and which may have something to offer to advance our understanding of music performance anxiety and its treatment. These include psychoanalytic/psychodynamic theories, attachment and relational theories of anxiety, behavioural theories, cognitive theories, emotion-based theories, psychophysiological and neurochemical theories, theories of performance, and theories of music performance anxiety.Less
This chapter explores the range of theoretical approaches that have been established in other areas of psychological functioning and which may have something to offer to advance our understanding of music performance anxiety and its treatment. These include psychoanalytic/psychodynamic theories, attachment and relational theories of anxiety, behavioural theories, cognitive theories, emotion-based theories, psychophysiological and neurochemical theories, theories of performance, and theories of music performance anxiety.
Jesse J. Prinz
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199571543
- eISBN:
- 9780191702075
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199571543.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
There are reasons for thinking that moral ontology and moral judgements both involve emotions essentially. The nature of that involvement remains to be worked out, but there is an important hurdle to ...
More
There are reasons for thinking that moral ontology and moral judgements both involve emotions essentially. The nature of that involvement remains to be worked out, but there is an important hurdle to face before the project can even begin. Historically, philosophers who invoked emotions in their moral theories also provided detailed, independently motivated accounts of the emotions. All too often, we are told that emotions are central to morality without being told what the emotions really are. Emotionists cannot afford to be silent on this question, because some theories of emotion are difficult to reconcile with their approach to morality. This chapter defends a non-cognitive theory of emotions, which can be reconciled with emotionism. It then presents an overview of the moral emotions, and argues that different moral emotions play different functional roles. It also claims that the moral emotions are not basic. Rather, they are derived from non-moral emotions.Less
There are reasons for thinking that moral ontology and moral judgements both involve emotions essentially. The nature of that involvement remains to be worked out, but there is an important hurdle to face before the project can even begin. Historically, philosophers who invoked emotions in their moral theories also provided detailed, independently motivated accounts of the emotions. All too often, we are told that emotions are central to morality without being told what the emotions really are. Emotionists cannot afford to be silent on this question, because some theories of emotion are difficult to reconcile with their approach to morality. This chapter defends a non-cognitive theory of emotions, which can be reconciled with emotionism. It then presents an overview of the moral emotions, and argues that different moral emotions play different functional roles. It also claims that the moral emotions are not basic. Rather, they are derived from non-moral emotions.
Sophie Ratcliffe
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199239870
- eISBN:
- 9780191716799
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199239870.003.0002
- Subject:
- Literature, Poetry
This chapter presents an overview of ideas of sympathy and empathy, and their relations with theology, from the late 19th century to the present day. Using The Tempest as a central example, it ...
More
This chapter presents an overview of ideas of sympathy and empathy, and their relations with theology, from the late 19th century to the present day. Using The Tempest as a central example, it considers the limits of the cognitive-evaluative object-based view of sympathy that is common in liberal humanist readings of texts, particularly those by Martha Nussbaum. Drawing on the ideas of Stanley Cavell and Noël Carroll, the chapter puts forward alternative models for reading, setting the idea of fictional ‘character’ against that of a fictional ‘creature’.Less
This chapter presents an overview of ideas of sympathy and empathy, and their relations with theology, from the late 19th century to the present day. Using The Tempest as a central example, it considers the limits of the cognitive-evaluative object-based view of sympathy that is common in liberal humanist readings of texts, particularly those by Martha Nussbaum. Drawing on the ideas of Stanley Cavell and Noël Carroll, the chapter puts forward alternative models for reading, setting the idea of fictional ‘character’ against that of a fictional ‘creature’.
Samuel Justin Sinclair and Daniel Antonius
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195388114
- eISBN:
- 9780199949816
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195388114.003.0004
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
Moving away from more conventional models of psychopathology, this chapter presents a variety of theoretical frameworks for understanding the psychology of terrorism fears. Terror management theory ...
More
Moving away from more conventional models of psychopathology, this chapter presents a variety of theoretical frameworks for understanding the psychology of terrorism fears. Terror management theory and evolutionary theory are presented to illustrate the complex social and existential dynamics that underlie fear, and those factors that ameliorate these fears (e.g., seeking connection with people and culture). Fear is presented as both adaptive (e.g., ensuring the survival of a species) and potentially maladaptive (e.g., becoming so flooded with terror that one’s life is negatively affected as a result). On an individual level, cognitive-behavioral and relative risk appraisal theories are then discussed to emphasize the micro-processes that people engage in when evaluating threat in the environment, and specifically how certain cognitive schemas predispose people to varying degrees of fear. These four theories are then integrated as a means of describing terrorism fears as a dynamic process.Less
Moving away from more conventional models of psychopathology, this chapter presents a variety of theoretical frameworks for understanding the psychology of terrorism fears. Terror management theory and evolutionary theory are presented to illustrate the complex social and existential dynamics that underlie fear, and those factors that ameliorate these fears (e.g., seeking connection with people and culture). Fear is presented as both adaptive (e.g., ensuring the survival of a species) and potentially maladaptive (e.g., becoming so flooded with terror that one’s life is negatively affected as a result). On an individual level, cognitive-behavioral and relative risk appraisal theories are then discussed to emphasize the micro-processes that people engage in when evaluating threat in the environment, and specifically how certain cognitive schemas predispose people to varying degrees of fear. These four theories are then integrated as a means of describing terrorism fears as a dynamic process.
Lisa C. Newell, Catherine A. Best, Holly Gastgeb, Keiran M. Rump, and Mark S. Strauss
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195366709
- eISBN:
- 9780199863969
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195366709.003.0011
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology, Vision
This chapter illustrates how the current field of infant and adult cognitive theories can elucidate some the mysteries of autistic symptomatology. It first reviews the prevailing cognitive theories ...
More
This chapter illustrates how the current field of infant and adult cognitive theories can elucidate some the mysteries of autistic symptomatology. It first reviews the prevailing cognitive theories of autism, followed by a review of the growing body of evidence that autistic symptoms are present during infancy. It then describes how the current research on deficits in autism fit with theories of the categorization of objects and faces. These findings are presented against a backdrop of an information-processing approach. Finally, the chapter presents data linking categorization theories with symptoms of autism and illustrates how the methods can be applied to identifying autism during infancy.Less
This chapter illustrates how the current field of infant and adult cognitive theories can elucidate some the mysteries of autistic symptomatology. It first reviews the prevailing cognitive theories of autism, followed by a review of the growing body of evidence that autistic symptoms are present during infancy. It then describes how the current research on deficits in autism fit with theories of the categorization of objects and faces. These findings are presented against a backdrop of an information-processing approach. Finally, the chapter presents data linking categorization theories with symptoms of autism and illustrates how the methods can be applied to identifying autism during infancy.
Richard Allen and Murray Smith (eds)
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198159216
- eISBN:
- 9780191673566
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198159216.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Film, Media, and Cultural Studies
While concepts from and debates within continental philosophy have long formed a backdrop to arguments in film theory and criticism, exchanges between Anglo-American ‘analytic’ philosophy and film ...
More
While concepts from and debates within continental philosophy have long formed a backdrop to arguments in film theory and criticism, exchanges between Anglo-American ‘analytic’ philosophy and film studies have been relatively few and far between. In recent years this has begun to change, as the consensus around semiotic and psychoanalytic approaches has weakened, as film scholars have turned their attention to other sources such as cognitive theory and analytic philosophy, and as philosophers have taken a more focused interest in film. This book provides further momentum to these developments. It is comprised of chapters on a wide range of topics showing a shared the commitment to conceptual investigation, logical consistency, and clarity of argument that characterizes analytic philosophy. The first section addresses the nature of cinematic representation, while the second section re-examines notions of authorship and intentionality in our understanding and appreciation of films. Sections 3 and 4 look at ideology and aesthetics respectively, while the final section considers the nature and place of emotion in film spectatorship. The diversity of the questions addressed here (aesthetics and politics in black film theory, film music, authorship, genre, comedy, epistemology, feminism, and film theory) is matched by the range of positions argued for and demonstrates a vital plurality of perspectives rather than a single line of thought.Less
While concepts from and debates within continental philosophy have long formed a backdrop to arguments in film theory and criticism, exchanges between Anglo-American ‘analytic’ philosophy and film studies have been relatively few and far between. In recent years this has begun to change, as the consensus around semiotic and psychoanalytic approaches has weakened, as film scholars have turned their attention to other sources such as cognitive theory and analytic philosophy, and as philosophers have taken a more focused interest in film. This book provides further momentum to these developments. It is comprised of chapters on a wide range of topics showing a shared the commitment to conceptual investigation, logical consistency, and clarity of argument that characterizes analytic philosophy. The first section addresses the nature of cinematic representation, while the second section re-examines notions of authorship and intentionality in our understanding and appreciation of films. Sections 3 and 4 look at ideology and aesthetics respectively, while the final section considers the nature and place of emotion in film spectatorship. The diversity of the questions addressed here (aesthetics and politics in black film theory, film music, authorship, genre, comedy, epistemology, feminism, and film theory) is matched by the range of positions argued for and demonstrates a vital plurality of perspectives rather than a single line of thought.
Donelson E. Dulany
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199753628
- eISBN:
- 9780199950027
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199753628.003.0009
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Social Psychology
The question posed in the title leads into several levels of development in the psychology of science. At one level, the standard cognitive theory of the conscious explicit and unconscious implicit ...
More
The question posed in the title leads into several levels of development in the psychology of science. At one level, the standard cognitive theory of the conscious explicit and unconscious implicit is contrasted with a mentalistic theory in which deliberative (explicit) and evocative (implicit) mental episodes carry different forms of conscious contents interrelated by different forms of nonconscious mental operations. Supporting research shows the role of awareness in both forms of learning and the superiority of the deliberative in handling novelty. Other research shows deliberative processing in causal learning. At another level, the question calls for a deliberative logic of competitive support, especially when the issues involve realistically interpreted constructs and strong controversy. At still another level, it is argued that various metatheoretical and ideological positions have led to the standard cognitive view and continue to inspire conceptual and methodological limitations and biases that have provided support for the view.Less
The question posed in the title leads into several levels of development in the psychology of science. At one level, the standard cognitive theory of the conscious explicit and unconscious implicit is contrasted with a mentalistic theory in which deliberative (explicit) and evocative (implicit) mental episodes carry different forms of conscious contents interrelated by different forms of nonconscious mental operations. Supporting research shows the role of awareness in both forms of learning and the superiority of the deliberative in handling novelty. Other research shows deliberative processing in causal learning. At another level, the question calls for a deliberative logic of competitive support, especially when the issues involve realistically interpreted constructs and strong controversy. At still another level, it is argued that various metatheoretical and ideological positions have led to the standard cognitive view and continue to inspire conceptual and methodological limitations and biases that have provided support for the view.
A. E. Denham
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198240105
- eISBN:
- 9780191680076
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198240105.003.0009
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Language, Moral Philosophy
Modern ‘intuitionist’ theories of metaphor have echoed Plato's views, arguing for a clear distinction between the cognitive function of conventional, literal language and the special symbolic and ...
More
Modern ‘intuitionist’ theories of metaphor have echoed Plato's views, arguing for a clear distinction between the cognitive function of conventional, literal language and the special symbolic and expressive function of aesthetic language. Intuitionism (as that term is now applied to theories of metaphor) developed in reaction against positivist efforts to reduce the meaningful content of metaphor to its literal paraphrase. On the positivist view, whatever cannot be paraphrased in literal terms is, from the standpoint of meaning, strictly eliminable. In his article ‘What Metaphors Mean’, Donald Davidson argues that metaphorical sentences have no meaning at all (other than their literal sentence meaning). This chapter discusses metaphor and cognition, the analogy between metaphors and jokes, cognitive theories of metaphor, and the interaction theory of metaphor.Less
Modern ‘intuitionist’ theories of metaphor have echoed Plato's views, arguing for a clear distinction between the cognitive function of conventional, literal language and the special symbolic and expressive function of aesthetic language. Intuitionism (as that term is now applied to theories of metaphor) developed in reaction against positivist efforts to reduce the meaningful content of metaphor to its literal paraphrase. On the positivist view, whatever cannot be paraphrased in literal terms is, from the standpoint of meaning, strictly eliminable. In his article ‘What Metaphors Mean’, Donald Davidson argues that metaphorical sentences have no meaning at all (other than their literal sentence meaning). This chapter discusses metaphor and cognition, the analogy between metaphors and jokes, cognitive theories of metaphor, and the interaction theory of metaphor.
Robert C. Solomon
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195145496
- eISBN:
- 9780199833726
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195145496.003.0011
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
I again return to the thesis that emotions are judgments and “cognitive” theories in general, and argue that “judgment” is the best candidate to analyze the complexity of emotion, which has ...
More
I again return to the thesis that emotions are judgments and “cognitive” theories in general, and argue that “judgment” is the best candidate to analyze the complexity of emotion, which has affinities with belief, thought, and perception but without being equivalent to any of these.Less
I again return to the thesis that emotions are judgments and “cognitive” theories in general, and argue that “judgment” is the best candidate to analyze the complexity of emotion, which has affinities with belief, thought, and perception but without being equivalent to any of these.
John Sweller
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195178845
- eISBN:
- 9780199893751
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195178845.003.0015
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
The chapters in this book provide an extensive survey of the viewpoints and methodologies that have been and can be used to study order effects in learning. Either implicitly or explicitly, each ...
More
The chapters in this book provide an extensive survey of the viewpoints and methodologies that have been and can be used to study order effects in learning. Either implicitly or explicitly, each chapter includes assumptions about the structures and function of human cognition. This chapter similarly takes as its departure point a particular view of human cognition and the consequent instructional recommendations. That view derives from cognitive load theory, which is primarily an instructional theory. However, the instructional principles generated by its assumptions have provided further insights into human cognitive processes, which in turn have led to further instructional recommendations. The chapters of this book are discussed in light of cognitive load theory.Less
The chapters in this book provide an extensive survey of the viewpoints and methodologies that have been and can be used to study order effects in learning. Either implicitly or explicitly, each chapter includes assumptions about the structures and function of human cognition. This chapter similarly takes as its departure point a particular view of human cognition and the consequent instructional recommendations. That view derives from cognitive load theory, which is primarily an instructional theory. However, the instructional principles generated by its assumptions have provided further insights into human cognitive processes, which in turn have led to further instructional recommendations. The chapters of this book are discussed in light of cognitive load theory.
Jorge Delva, Paula Allen-Meares, and Sandra L. Momper
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195382501
- eISBN:
- 9780199777419
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195382501.003.0005
- Subject:
- Social Work, Research and Evaluation
This chapter illustrates how a community-based two-armed randomized clinical trial (RCT) was designed and implemented with low-income African American women who were mothers of young children (under ...
More
This chapter illustrates how a community-based two-armed randomized clinical trial (RCT) was designed and implemented with low-income African American women who were mothers of young children (under 6 years of age) living in the most impoverished areas in Detroit. The purpose of the study was to decrease the rate of caries among the children and improve overall oral health among children and parents. As we describe in the chapter, being sensitive to the study participants was less about being sensitive to potentially stereotypical cultural elements about African Americans and more about being sensitive to the challenges, if not outright traumatic and unacceptable experiences, that severely economically disadvantaged populations experience ranging from individual and structural discrimination and food insufficiency, among others. We describe the complex sampling procedures, recruitment and retention issues, and provide extensive details about the development of the tailored intervention and control group protocols, including collaboration with community organizations.Less
This chapter illustrates how a community-based two-armed randomized clinical trial (RCT) was designed and implemented with low-income African American women who were mothers of young children (under 6 years of age) living in the most impoverished areas in Detroit. The purpose of the study was to decrease the rate of caries among the children and improve overall oral health among children and parents. As we describe in the chapter, being sensitive to the study participants was less about being sensitive to potentially stereotypical cultural elements about African Americans and more about being sensitive to the challenges, if not outright traumatic and unacceptable experiences, that severely economically disadvantaged populations experience ranging from individual and structural discrimination and food insufficiency, among others. We describe the complex sampling procedures, recruitment and retention issues, and provide extensive details about the development of the tailored intervention and control group protocols, including collaboration with community organizations.
Chris Eliasmith
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199794546
- eISBN:
- 9780199345236
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794546.003.0008
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, Techniques
This is the first of the final three chapters of the book, which are concerned with evaluating the presented approach in the context of current cognitive modeling. This chapter re-presents the Core ...
More
This is the first of the final three chapters of the book, which are concerned with evaluating the presented approach in the context of current cognitive modeling. This chapter re-presents the Core Cognitive Criteria (CCC) from chapter one, discussing and justifying each in more detail. The criteria are broken into three main sections, representational structure, performance concerns, and scientific merit. They cover familiar constraints, such as systematicity, compositionality and productivity, and include less common criteria, such as robustness, scalability, and compactness. Tutorial: How to build a brain – a practical guideLess
This is the first of the final three chapters of the book, which are concerned with evaluating the presented approach in the context of current cognitive modeling. This chapter re-presents the Core Cognitive Criteria (CCC) from chapter one, discussing and justifying each in more detail. The criteria are broken into three main sections, representational structure, performance concerns, and scientific merit. They cover familiar constraints, such as systematicity, compositionality and productivity, and include less common criteria, such as robustness, scalability, and compactness. Tutorial: How to build a brain – a practical guide
Torben Grodal
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195371314
- eISBN:
- 9780199870585
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371314.003.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Film, Media, and Cultural Studies
This chapter advocates an embodied approach to studying the film experience because mind and body is a functional totality, and it argues that film studies and other fields within the humanities ...
More
This chapter advocates an embodied approach to studying the film experience because mind and body is a functional totality, and it argues that film studies and other fields within the humanities would benefit greatly by cooperating with the sciences, especially evolutionary studies and cognitive and neurological science. It describes an approach called bioculturalism that combines scientific research on the embodied human mind with cultural analysis; it further discusses why the neglect of the biological aspects of humans has led to problematic research in film studies and the humanities in general, and some of the reasons that the humanities have been hostile to science and to Darwinism. It discusses how central features of films are molded by emotions and cognitive structures that evolved in prehistoric Pleistocene hunter-gatherer societies, and demonstrates why those social constructionist descriptions of films that take language and discourse as their models miss how basic aspects of the film experience take place in nonlinguistic perceptual, emotional, and muscular parts of the embodied brain. It finally provides an overview of the content of the book.Less
This chapter advocates an embodied approach to studying the film experience because mind and body is a functional totality, and it argues that film studies and other fields within the humanities would benefit greatly by cooperating with the sciences, especially evolutionary studies and cognitive and neurological science. It describes an approach called bioculturalism that combines scientific research on the embodied human mind with cultural analysis; it further discusses why the neglect of the biological aspects of humans has led to problematic research in film studies and the humanities in general, and some of the reasons that the humanities have been hostile to science and to Darwinism. It discusses how central features of films are molded by emotions and cognitive structures that evolved in prehistoric Pleistocene hunter-gatherer societies, and demonstrates why those social constructionist descriptions of films that take language and discourse as their models miss how basic aspects of the film experience take place in nonlinguistic perceptual, emotional, and muscular parts of the embodied brain. It finally provides an overview of the content of the book.
Marc S. Schulz and Richard S. Lazarus
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199736546
- eISBN:
- 9780199932443
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199736546.003.0003
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology, Clinical Child Psychology / School Psychology
This chapter describes how a cognitive-mediational theory of emotion that emerged from the stress and coping literature can be used as a framework for understanding the processes involved in emotion ...
More
This chapter describes how a cognitive-mediational theory of emotion that emerged from the stress and coping literature can be used as a framework for understanding the processes involved in emotion regulation. This framework has traditionally been employed largely to examine adult experience and there is surprisingly little integration across the developmental and adult literatures on emotion regulation. This conceptual framework is used to identify aspects of emotion regulation that might change or develop during adolescence and to highlight important areas for further research by developmental and family investigators interested in emotion regulation.Less
This chapter describes how a cognitive-mediational theory of emotion that emerged from the stress and coping literature can be used as a framework for understanding the processes involved in emotion regulation. This framework has traditionally been employed largely to examine adult experience and there is surprisingly little integration across the developmental and adult literatures on emotion regulation. This conceptual framework is used to identify aspects of emotion regulation that might change or develop during adolescence and to highlight important areas for further research by developmental and family investigators interested in emotion regulation.
James D. Laird
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195098891
- eISBN:
- 9780199893614
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195098891.003.0009
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter deals with the feelings of liking and disliking, or attitudes. It first discusses the extensive literature inspired by cognitive dissonance theory, which was later reinterpreted by Bem ...
More
This chapter deals with the feelings of liking and disliking, or attitudes. It first discusses the extensive literature inspired by cognitive dissonance theory, which was later reinterpreted by Bem as representing self-perception. Although some of this research does not seem to fit self-perception theory, a considerable amount does. Also discussed is the foot-in-the-door technique, which may create attitudes, as well as recent work on attitude “creation” through actions.Less
This chapter deals with the feelings of liking and disliking, or attitudes. It first discusses the extensive literature inspired by cognitive dissonance theory, which was later reinterpreted by Bem as representing self-perception. Although some of this research does not seem to fit self-perception theory, a considerable amount does. Also discussed is the foot-in-the-door technique, which may create attitudes, as well as recent work on attitude “creation” through actions.
Torben Grodal
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195371314
- eISBN:
- 9780199870585
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371314.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Film, Media, and Cultural Studies
This book provides analysis of how human biology, as well as human culture, determines the ways films are made and experienced. This new approach is called “bioculturalism.” The book shows how ...
More
This book provides analysis of how human biology, as well as human culture, determines the ways films are made and experienced. This new approach is called “bioculturalism.” The book shows how important formats, such as films for children, romantic films, pornography, fantasy films, horror films, and sad melodramas, appeal to an array of different emotions that have been ingrained in the human embodied brain by the evolutionary process. The book also discusses how these biological dispositions are molded by culture. It explains why certain themes and emotions fascinate viewers all over the globe at all times, and how different cultures invest their own values and tastes in the universal themes.The book further uses the breakthroughs of modern brain science to explain central features of film aesthetics and to construct a general model of aesthetic experience, the PECMA flow model, which explains how the flow of information and emotions in the embodied brain provides a series of aesthetic experiences. The combination of film theory, cognitive psychology, neurology, and evolutionary theory provides explanations for why narrative forms are appealing and how and why art films use different mental mechanisms than those that support mainstream narrative films, as well as how film evokes images of inner, spiritual life and feelings of realism.Embodied Visions provides a new synthesis in film and media studies and aesthetics that combines cultural history with the long history of the evolution of our embodied brains.Less
This book provides analysis of how human biology, as well as human culture, determines the ways films are made and experienced. This new approach is called “bioculturalism.” The book shows how important formats, such as films for children, romantic films, pornography, fantasy films, horror films, and sad melodramas, appeal to an array of different emotions that have been ingrained in the human embodied brain by the evolutionary process. The book also discusses how these biological dispositions are molded by culture. It explains why certain themes and emotions fascinate viewers all over the globe at all times, and how different cultures invest their own values and tastes in the universal themes.The book further uses the breakthroughs of modern brain science to explain central features of film aesthetics and to construct a general model of aesthetic experience, the PECMA flow model, which explains how the flow of information and emotions in the embodied brain provides a series of aesthetic experiences. The combination of film theory, cognitive psychology, neurology, and evolutionary theory provides explanations for why narrative forms are appealing and how and why art films use different mental mechanisms than those that support mainstream narrative films, as well as how film evokes images of inner, spiritual life and feelings of realism.Embodied Visions provides a new synthesis in film and media studies and aesthetics that combines cultural history with the long history of the evolution of our embodied brains.
Barbara Dancygier
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199794393
- eISBN:
- 9780199919338
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794393.003.0023
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General, Philosophy of Science
Stories are linguistic, cognitive, and cultural products, whether in the context of oral traditions, classical epics, and tragedies, or more contemporary forms of fiction, such as novels. Starting ...
More
Stories are linguistic, cognitive, and cultural products, whether in the context of oral traditions, classical epics, and tragedies, or more contemporary forms of fiction, such as novels. Starting with recent cognitive theories of the evolutionary sources of culture, language, and art (primarily through the work of Merlin Donald, Terrence Deacon, and Michael Tomasello), this chapter discusses some of the mechanisms of the emergence of meaning in literary texts. Relying on theories of meaning originating in the study of cognitive underpinnings of language, primarily frame theory and blending, it shows how language mediates between cognitive constructs on the one hand and evolving narrative forms of symbolic expression on the other. Crucially, the emergent culture-specific forms of storytelling is shown to be immersed both in human culture's reliance on symbolic representation and in more and more complex linguistic forms. Using the linguistic and literary representations of the workings of the human mind as an example, it is argued that the evolution of literary forms is driven in the same degree by our cultural expectations, cognitive underpinnings of creative thought, and the emergence of appropriate linguistic constructions.Less
Stories are linguistic, cognitive, and cultural products, whether in the context of oral traditions, classical epics, and tragedies, or more contemporary forms of fiction, such as novels. Starting with recent cognitive theories of the evolutionary sources of culture, language, and art (primarily through the work of Merlin Donald, Terrence Deacon, and Michael Tomasello), this chapter discusses some of the mechanisms of the emergence of meaning in literary texts. Relying on theories of meaning originating in the study of cognitive underpinnings of language, primarily frame theory and blending, it shows how language mediates between cognitive constructs on the one hand and evolving narrative forms of symbolic expression on the other. Crucially, the emergent culture-specific forms of storytelling is shown to be immersed both in human culture's reliance on symbolic representation and in more and more complex linguistic forms. Using the linguistic and literary representations of the workings of the human mind as an example, it is argued that the evolution of literary forms is driven in the same degree by our cultural expectations, cognitive underpinnings of creative thought, and the emergence of appropriate linguistic constructions.
Denise Park and Meredith Minear
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198525691
- eISBN:
- 9780191689369
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198525691.003.0002
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter describes the current state of knowledge with respect to what happens to our cognitive systems with age, including theoretical, behavioural, and neurobiological perspectives, as well as ...
More
This chapter describes the current state of knowledge with respect to what happens to our cognitive systems with age, including theoretical, behavioural, and neurobiological perspectives, as well as new directions and questions that have resulted from an integration of the three. It then considers how the context and culture in which one ages can affect cognitive aging and assesses the universality of cognitive aging theories. This is followed by a brief discussion of how theories of aging can be used as a model for understanding the mechanisms underlying cognitive symptoms associated with medical disorders. The chapter concludes by considering the challenges for cognitive aging researchers for the future.Less
This chapter describes the current state of knowledge with respect to what happens to our cognitive systems with age, including theoretical, behavioural, and neurobiological perspectives, as well as new directions and questions that have resulted from an integration of the three. It then considers how the context and culture in which one ages can affect cognitive aging and assesses the universality of cognitive aging theories. This is followed by a brief discussion of how theories of aging can be used as a model for understanding the mechanisms underlying cognitive symptoms associated with medical disorders. The chapter concludes by considering the challenges for cognitive aging researchers for the future.
