Vyvyan Evans
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199234660
- eISBN:
- 9780191715495
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199234660.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics
This book is concerned with word meaning, and the role of words in meaning construction. The specific problem addressed concerns how best to account for the inherent variation of word meaning in ...
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This book is concerned with word meaning, and the role of words in meaning construction. The specific problem addressed concerns how best to account for the inherent variation of word meaning in language use. That is, the books seeks to provide an account for the way in which the meaning associated with any given word form appears to vary each time it is used, in terms of the conceptualization that it, in part, gives rise to. The book develops a new theoretical synthesis building upon developments in cognitive science: in particular cognitive linguistics and cognitive psychology. The model proposed is termed the Theory of Lexical Concepts and Cognitive Models, or LCCM Theory for short. The theory is based upon two central theoretical constructs: the lexical concept and the cognitive model. The essential insight of the theory is that meaning construction in language understanding relies upon the interaction between distinct types of knowledge representation — units of semantic structure: lexical concepts, and units of conceptual structure: cognitive models — which inhere in distinct representational systems that evolved for different purposes: the conceptual system and the linguistic system. The book provides a joined-up account of lexical semantics and semantic compositionality which is at once descriptively adequate and psychologically plausible.Less
This book is concerned with word meaning, and the role of words in meaning construction. The specific problem addressed concerns how best to account for the inherent variation of word meaning in language use. That is, the books seeks to provide an account for the way in which the meaning associated with any given word form appears to vary each time it is used, in terms of the conceptualization that it, in part, gives rise to. The book develops a new theoretical synthesis building upon developments in cognitive science: in particular cognitive linguistics and cognitive psychology. The model proposed is termed the Theory of Lexical Concepts and Cognitive Models, or LCCM Theory for short. The theory is based upon two central theoretical constructs: the lexical concept and the cognitive model. The essential insight of the theory is that meaning construction in language understanding relies upon the interaction between distinct types of knowledge representation — units of semantic structure: lexical concepts, and units of conceptual structure: cognitive models — which inhere in distinct representational systems that evolved for different purposes: the conceptual system and the linguistic system. The book provides a joined-up account of lexical semantics and semantic compositionality which is at once descriptively adequate and psychologically plausible.
Mark Tatham and Katherine Morton
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199250677
- eISBN:
- 9780191719462
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199250677.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Phonetics / Phonology
This book is about the nature of expression in speech. It is a comprehensive exploration of how such expression is produced and understood, and of how the emotional content of spoken words may be ...
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This book is about the nature of expression in speech. It is a comprehensive exploration of how such expression is produced and understood, and of how the emotional content of spoken words may be analysed, modelled, tested, and synthesized. Listeners can interpret tone-of-voice, assess emotional pitch, and effortlessly detect the finest modulations of speaker attitude; yet these processes present almost intractable difficulties to the researchers seeking to identify and understand them. In seeking to explain the production and perception of emotive content, the book reviews the potential of biological and cognitive models. It examines how the features that make up the speech production and perception systems have been studied by biologists, psychologists, and linguists, and assesses how far biological, behavioural, and linguistic models generate hypotheses that provide insights into the nature of expressive speech.Less
This book is about the nature of expression in speech. It is a comprehensive exploration of how such expression is produced and understood, and of how the emotional content of spoken words may be analysed, modelled, tested, and synthesized. Listeners can interpret tone-of-voice, assess emotional pitch, and effortlessly detect the finest modulations of speaker attitude; yet these processes present almost intractable difficulties to the researchers seeking to identify and understand them. In seeking to explain the production and perception of emotive content, the book reviews the potential of biological and cognitive models. It examines how the features that make up the speech production and perception systems have been studied by biologists, psychologists, and linguists, and assesses how far biological, behavioural, and linguistic models generate hypotheses that provide insights into the nature of expressive speech.
Joscha Bach
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195370676
- eISBN:
- 9780199870721
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195370676.003.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Models and Architectures
This chapter lays the groundwork for discussing Psi theory and Micro Psi by giving a short introduction to the philosophical and methodological concepts of cognitive architectures, especially the ...
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This chapter lays the groundwork for discussing Psi theory and Micro Psi by giving a short introduction to the philosophical and methodological concepts of cognitive architectures, especially the computational theory of the mind and the language of thought hypothesis. It highlights how cognitive models have been established in artificial intelligence research and psychology as a paradigm of understanding the mind, and explains their current main families: symbolic, distributed, and neuro-symbolic models.Less
This chapter lays the groundwork for discussing Psi theory and Micro Psi by giving a short introduction to the philosophical and methodological concepts of cognitive architectures, especially the computational theory of the mind and the language of thought hypothesis. It highlights how cognitive models have been established in artificial intelligence research and psychology as a paradigm of understanding the mind, and explains their current main families: symbolic, distributed, and neuro-symbolic models.
Vyvyan Evans
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199234660
- eISBN:
- 9780191715495
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199234660.003.0010
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics
This chapter develops the theoretical construct of the cognitive model. The cognitive model is a unit of conceptual structure which consists of a frame — or related and/or embedded frames — and gives ...
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This chapter develops the theoretical construct of the cognitive model. The cognitive model is a unit of conceptual structure which consists of a frame — or related and/or embedded frames — and gives rise to a potentially limitless number of simulations. Frames have complex structure. The chapter examines in detail the nature of two types of frames: frames for things and situations. A subset of lexical concepts — open-class lexical concepts — facilitate access to cognitive models, what is referred to as a cognitive model profile.Less
This chapter develops the theoretical construct of the cognitive model. The cognitive model is a unit of conceptual structure which consists of a frame — or related and/or embedded frames — and gives rise to a potentially limitless number of simulations. Frames have complex structure. The chapter examines in detail the nature of two types of frames: frames for things and situations. A subset of lexical concepts — open-class lexical concepts — facilitate access to cognitive models, what is referred to as a cognitive model profile.
Dirk Geeraerts
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198700302
- eISBN:
- 9780191706288
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198700302.003.0005
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics
The fifth chapter describes cognitive semantics. Cognitive semantics is the psychologically and cognitively oriented approach to semantics that developed from 1980 onwards. Innovations brought to the ...
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The fifth chapter describes cognitive semantics. Cognitive semantics is the psychologically and cognitively oriented approach to semantics that developed from 1980 onwards. Innovations brought to the study of word meaning by cognitive semantics include prototype theory, conceptual metaphors, and frame semantics. Judged by the sheer amount of publications, this is probably the most productive framework in present‐day lexical semantics.Less
The fifth chapter describes cognitive semantics. Cognitive semantics is the psychologically and cognitively oriented approach to semantics that developed from 1980 onwards. Innovations brought to the study of word meaning by cognitive semantics include prototype theory, conceptual metaphors, and frame semantics. Judged by the sheer amount of publications, this is probably the most productive framework in present‐day lexical semantics.
Lauren B. Alloy and Lyn Y. Abramson
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195306255
- eISBN:
- 9780199863914
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195306255.003.0013
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Development
This chapter describes a model for the emergence of depression in adolescence. The application of the cognitive vulnerability-stress model to the adolescent surge in depression suggests that ...
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This chapter describes a model for the emergence of depression in adolescence. The application of the cognitive vulnerability-stress model to the adolescent surge in depression suggests that identifying youth with negative cognitive styles and teaching them more adaptive ways to interpret negative events may be an effective way to short-circuit the rise in depression during adolescence. Given adolescents' increased brain maturation and cognitive competence (e.g., selective attention), negative cognitive styles may become especially depressogenic during adolescence because they are likely to lead to ever-escalating rumination in the face of negative events. Thus, it also may be helpful to teach cognitively vulnerable youth how to exit from a ruminative cycle (e.g., better problem solving, distraction from the problem, decrease in the importance of the problem).Less
This chapter describes a model for the emergence of depression in adolescence. The application of the cognitive vulnerability-stress model to the adolescent surge in depression suggests that identifying youth with negative cognitive styles and teaching them more adaptive ways to interpret negative events may be an effective way to short-circuit the rise in depression during adolescence. Given adolescents' increased brain maturation and cognitive competence (e.g., selective attention), negative cognitive styles may become especially depressogenic during adolescence because they are likely to lead to ever-escalating rumination in the face of negative events. Thus, it also may be helpful to teach cognitively vulnerable youth how to exit from a ruminative cycle (e.g., better problem solving, distraction from the problem, decrease in the importance of the problem).
Alex Kirlik
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199765140
- eISBN:
- 9780199863358
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199765140.003.0007
- Subject:
- Psychology, Human-Technology Interaction
This chapter presents the reprinted article “Operator monitoring in a complex, dynamic work environment: a qualitative cognitive model based on field observations” by Kim J. Vicente, Randall J. ...
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This chapter presents the reprinted article “Operator monitoring in a complex, dynamic work environment: a qualitative cognitive model based on field observations” by Kim J. Vicente, Randall J. Mumaw, and Emilie M. Roth. The chapter presents a qualitative cognitive model of a nuclear power plant operator's monitoring activities. The final word in the previous sentence is key: one of the most important findings was that monitoring a power plant is anything but passive. Instead, via extensive field observations, Vicente and his colleagues found that the operator engages in a rich set of activities, displaying a diverse cognitive and behavioral repertoire.Less
This chapter presents the reprinted article “Operator monitoring in a complex, dynamic work environment: a qualitative cognitive model based on field observations” by Kim J. Vicente, Randall J. Mumaw, and Emilie M. Roth. The chapter presents a qualitative cognitive model of a nuclear power plant operator's monitoring activities. The final word in the previous sentence is key: one of the most important findings was that monitoring a power plant is anything but passive. Instead, via extensive field observations, Vicente and his colleagues found that the operator engages in a rich set of activities, displaying a diverse cognitive and behavioral repertoire.
Robert D. Rupert
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195379457
- eISBN:
- 9780199869114
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195379457.003.0012
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
This chapter summarizes the book's arguments against the extended view, as well as the primary conciliatory contentions advanced with regard to the embedded and embodied views. The chapter closes ...
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This chapter summarizes the book's arguments against the extended view, as well as the primary conciliatory contentions advanced with regard to the embedded and embodied views. The chapter closes with comments on the positive importance of the embodied and embedded programs, particularly in respect of such philosophical issues as reductionism and naturalized epistemology.Less
This chapter summarizes the book's arguments against the extended view, as well as the primary conciliatory contentions advanced with regard to the embedded and embodied views. The chapter closes with comments on the positive importance of the embodied and embedded programs, particularly in respect of such philosophical issues as reductionism and naturalized epistemology.
Mark Tatham and Katherine Morton
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199250677
- eISBN:
- 9780191719462
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199250677.003.0013
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Phonetics / Phonology
This chapter suggests that core studies of emotion can contribute importantly to speech models. Inadequacies of current speech models are pointed out and the usefulness of an integrated physical ...
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This chapter suggests that core studies of emotion can contribute importantly to speech models. Inadequacies of current speech models are pointed out and the usefulness of an integrated physical cognitive model is presented. A suitable model of emotion that can be tightly correlated with a speech model is proposed, and the resulting speech model can incorporate emotive content. The advantages of building the model of speech with expressive and emotive content are presented, as well as the case for building the model in computational terms; computational adequacy is highlighted.Less
This chapter suggests that core studies of emotion can contribute importantly to speech models. Inadequacies of current speech models are pointed out and the usefulness of an integrated physical cognitive model is presented. A suitable model of emotion that can be tightly correlated with a speech model is proposed, and the resulting speech model can incorporate emotive content. The advantages of building the model of speech with expressive and emotive content are presented, as well as the case for building the model in computational terms; computational adequacy is highlighted.
Susannah B. F. Paletz and Christian D. Schunn
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199753628
- eISBN:
- 9780199950027
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199753628.003.0018
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Social Psychology
Research in the psychology of science has typically fallen into separate, isolated subfields within psychology. This chapter examines two models that tie together social and cognitive psychological ...
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Research in the psychology of science has typically fallen into separate, isolated subfields within psychology. This chapter examines two models that tie together social and cognitive psychological variables important in the development of innovation in multidisciplinary science teams, separately considering convergent versus divergent creative processes. The models are theoretically examined from the perspective of explicit and implicit elements. The chapter then draws on a recent study examining the moment-by-moment interplay of conflict (a social variable) and analogy (a cognitive variable) in a real-world multidisciplinary science team to examine the empirical nature of connections between social and cognitive models. While both conflict and analogies can be implicit and explicit simultaneously, the significant connections between these two variables seem to be mainly implicit, drawing on underlying knowledge structures and differences.Less
Research in the psychology of science has typically fallen into separate, isolated subfields within psychology. This chapter examines two models that tie together social and cognitive psychological variables important in the development of innovation in multidisciplinary science teams, separately considering convergent versus divergent creative processes. The models are theoretically examined from the perspective of explicit and implicit elements. The chapter then draws on a recent study examining the moment-by-moment interplay of conflict (a social variable) and analogy (a cognitive variable) in a real-world multidisciplinary science team to examine the empirical nature of connections between social and cognitive models. While both conflict and analogies can be implicit and explicit simultaneously, the significant connections between these two variables seem to be mainly implicit, drawing on underlying knowledge structures and differences.
Vyvyan Evans
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199234660
- eISBN:
- 9780191715495
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199234660.003.0002
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics
This chapter outlines the starting points and guiding assumptions for the Theory of Lexical Concepts and Cognitive Models (LCCM Theory). LCCM Theory arises from five recent developments in the ...
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This chapter outlines the starting points and guiding assumptions for the Theory of Lexical Concepts and Cognitive Models (LCCM Theory). LCCM Theory arises from five recent developments in the language sciences which are explored in detail. The chapter also discusses the principled distinction at the heart of LCCM Theory: the presumption that the linguistic and conceptual system consist of distinct types of representation: the lexical concept and the cognitive model.Less
This chapter outlines the starting points and guiding assumptions for the Theory of Lexical Concepts and Cognitive Models (LCCM Theory). LCCM Theory arises from five recent developments in the language sciences which are explored in detail. The chapter also discusses the principled distinction at the heart of LCCM Theory: the presumption that the linguistic and conceptual system consist of distinct types of representation: the lexical concept and the cognitive model.
Sharon B. Berlin
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195110371
- eISBN:
- 9780199865680
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195110371.003.0002
- Subject:
- Social Work, Health and Mental Health
This chapter discusses prevailing biological and cognitive accounts of how the mind creates meaning. It starts with the notion that the mind is the work of a biological brain, provides a brief review ...
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This chapter discusses prevailing biological and cognitive accounts of how the mind creates meaning. It starts with the notion that the mind is the work of a biological brain, provides a brief review of the structure and function of the brain, and goes on to explore cognitive models of mind, including associative network and parallel distributive processing models of organized memories (or schemas), and declarative and procedural forms of knowledge. The chapter discusses points of convergence among these conceptions, their contributions to the C-I perspective, and their practical utility in informing practice. In particular, emphasis is given to processes involved in helping clients transform declarative or descriptive knowledge into procedural or how-to knowledge.Less
This chapter discusses prevailing biological and cognitive accounts of how the mind creates meaning. It starts with the notion that the mind is the work of a biological brain, provides a brief review of the structure and function of the brain, and goes on to explore cognitive models of mind, including associative network and parallel distributive processing models of organized memories (or schemas), and declarative and procedural forms of knowledge. The chapter discusses points of convergence among these conceptions, their contributions to the C-I perspective, and their practical utility in informing practice. In particular, emphasis is given to processes involved in helping clients transform declarative or descriptive knowledge into procedural or how-to knowledge.
Josef Nerb, Frank E. Ritter, and Pat Langley
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195178845
- eISBN:
- 9780199893751
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195178845.003.0004
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
Science is concerned not only with data, but also with models or theories that explain those data. Because human cognition is dynamic and involves change over time, accounts of cognition often take ...
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Science is concerned not only with data, but also with models or theories that explain those data. Because human cognition is dynamic and involves change over time, accounts of cognition often take the form of process models, which are sometimes called cognitive models. This chapter reviews the form such models have taken and their relation to order effects in learning. It begins by discussing the connection between artificial intelligence (AI) systems, including those from machine learning and computational models of human behavior, including some illustrations of the latter. It presents a computational model of order effects on a cognitive task, cast within a particular but simplified theoretical framework. It then explores more broadly the possible sources of order effects within such models and then briefly considers an alternative approach that models human behavior at a more abstract level. The chapter closes with some open problems in the area of modeling order effects and a charge to new modelers.Less
Science is concerned not only with data, but also with models or theories that explain those data. Because human cognition is dynamic and involves change over time, accounts of cognition often take the form of process models, which are sometimes called cognitive models. This chapter reviews the form such models have taken and their relation to order effects in learning. It begins by discussing the connection between artificial intelligence (AI) systems, including those from machine learning and computational models of human behavior, including some illustrations of the latter. It presents a computational model of order effects on a cognitive task, cast within a particular but simplified theoretical framework. It then explores more broadly the possible sources of order effects within such models and then briefly considers an alternative approach that models human behavior at a more abstract level. The chapter closes with some open problems in the area of modeling order effects and a charge to new modelers.
Joanna Gavins
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748622993
- eISBN:
- 9780748671540
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748622993.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Applied Linguistics and Pedagogy
Text World Theory is a cognitive model of all human discourse processing. This introductory textbook sets out a usable framework for understanding mental representations. Text World Theory is ...
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Text World Theory is a cognitive model of all human discourse processing. This introductory textbook sets out a usable framework for understanding mental representations. Text World Theory is explained using naturally occurring texts and real situations, including literary works, advertising discourse, the language of lonely hearts, horoscopes, route directions, cookery books and song lyrics. The book will therefore allow its readers to make practical use of the text-world framework in a wide range of linguistic and literary contexts.Less
Text World Theory is a cognitive model of all human discourse processing. This introductory textbook sets out a usable framework for understanding mental representations. Text World Theory is explained using naturally occurring texts and real situations, including literary works, advertising discourse, the language of lonely hearts, horoscopes, route directions, cookery books and song lyrics. The book will therefore allow its readers to make practical use of the text-world framework in a wide range of linguistic and literary contexts.
Geraint A. Wiggins
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199553426
- eISBN:
- 9780191731020
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199553426.003.0018
- Subject:
- Psychology, Music Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter adds further comments on the discussion in Chapter 16. It provides a detailed account of the theoretical underpinnings of the computational modelling of cognitive processes. It is ...
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This chapter adds further comments on the discussion in Chapter 16. It provides a detailed account of the theoretical underpinnings of the computational modelling of cognitive processes. It is critical of the modelling approach followed by the target authors, especially with respect to its hand-crafted representation, musical presumptions, and its generality. It suggests that unsupervised, domain-general learning models are more informative and offer greater explanatory potential for cognitive modelling of music processing.Less
This chapter adds further comments on the discussion in Chapter 16. It provides a detailed account of the theoretical underpinnings of the computational modelling of cognitive processes. It is critical of the modelling approach followed by the target authors, especially with respect to its hand-crafted representation, musical presumptions, and its generality. It suggests that unsupervised, domain-general learning models are more informative and offer greater explanatory potential for cognitive modelling of music processing.
Wayne D. Gray (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195189193
- eISBN:
- 9780199847457
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195189193.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Models and Architectures
The field of cognitive modeling has progressed beyond modeling cognition in the context of simple laboratory tasks and begun to attack the problem of modeling cognition in more complex, realistic ...
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The field of cognitive modeling has progressed beyond modeling cognition in the context of simple laboratory tasks and begun to attack the problem of modeling cognition in more complex, realistic environments, such as those studied by researchers in the field of human factors. The problems that the human-factors community is tackling focus on modeling certain problems of communication and control that arise in the integration of implicit and explicit knowledge, emotion, and cognition, and the cognitive system with the external environment. These problems must be addressed in order to produce integrated cognitive models of moderately complex tasks. Architectures of cognition in these tasks focus on the control of a central system, which includes control of the central processor itself, initiation of functional processes, such as visual search and memory retrieval, and harvesting the results of functional processes. Because the control of the central system is conceptually different from the internal control required by individual functional processes, a complete architecture of cognition must incorporate two types of theories of control: type 1 theories of the structure, functionality, and operation of the controller, and type 2 theories of the internal control of functional processes, how, and what they communicate to the controller. This volume presents, for both types of theories, the current state of the art, as well as contrasts among current approaches to human-performance models.Less
The field of cognitive modeling has progressed beyond modeling cognition in the context of simple laboratory tasks and begun to attack the problem of modeling cognition in more complex, realistic environments, such as those studied by researchers in the field of human factors. The problems that the human-factors community is tackling focus on modeling certain problems of communication and control that arise in the integration of implicit and explicit knowledge, emotion, and cognition, and the cognitive system with the external environment. These problems must be addressed in order to produce integrated cognitive models of moderately complex tasks. Architectures of cognition in these tasks focus on the control of a central system, which includes control of the central processor itself, initiation of functional processes, such as visual search and memory retrieval, and harvesting the results of functional processes. Because the control of the central system is conceptually different from the internal control required by individual functional processes, a complete architecture of cognition must incorporate two types of theories of control: type 1 theories of the structure, functionality, and operation of the controller, and type 2 theories of the internal control of functional processes, how, and what they communicate to the controller. This volume presents, for both types of theories, the current state of the art, as well as contrasts among current approaches to human-performance models.
Peter Pirolli
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195173321
- eISBN:
- 9780199893232
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195173321.003.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
Information foraging theory is being developed in order to understand and improve human—information interaction. The framework assumes that humans adapt to the world by seeking and using information. ...
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Information foraging theory is being developed in order to understand and improve human—information interaction. The framework assumes that humans adapt to the world by seeking and using information. As a result humans create a glut of information, causing a poverty of attention and a greater need to allocate that attention effectively and efficiently. The framework draws upon concepts in optimal foraging theory and computational cognitive psychology. Theories are developed and tested via rational analysis and computational cognitive models. Rational analysis involves an engineering style model of (a) what environmental problem is solved and (b) why a given system is a good solution to the problem. Computational cognitive models provide the details of how the human cognitive architecture achieves information foraging tasks in given information environments. The framework and methodology are illustrated using an example of the task of finding a good, inexpensive hotel on the Web.Less
Information foraging theory is being developed in order to understand and improve human—information interaction. The framework assumes that humans adapt to the world by seeking and using information. As a result humans create a glut of information, causing a poverty of attention and a greater need to allocate that attention effectively and efficiently. The framework draws upon concepts in optimal foraging theory and computational cognitive psychology. Theories are developed and tested via rational analysis and computational cognitive models. Rational analysis involves an engineering style model of (a) what environmental problem is solved and (b) why a given system is a good solution to the problem. Computational cognitive models provide the details of how the human cognitive architecture achieves information foraging tasks in given information environments. The framework and methodology are illustrated using an example of the task of finding a good, inexpensive hotel on the Web.
Alex Kirlik
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195189193
- eISBN:
- 9780199847457
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195189193.003.0014
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Models and Architectures
A recent trend in cognitive modeling is to couple cognitive architecture with computer models or simulations of dynamic environments to study interactive behavior and embedded cognition. Progress in ...
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A recent trend in cognitive modeling is to couple cognitive architecture with computer models or simulations of dynamic environments to study interactive behavior and embedded cognition. Progress in this area is made difficult because cognitive architectures traditionally have been motivated by data from discrete experimental trials using static, non-interactive tasks. As a result, additional theoretical problems must be addressed to bring cognitive architectures to bear on the study of cognition in dynamic and interactive environments. This chapter explore three such problems dealing with the need to model the sensitivity of behavior to environmental constraints, the need to model highly context-specific adaptations underlying expertise, and the need for environmental modeling at a functional level. It illustrates these problems and describes how they have been addressed in a study on modeling interactive behavior and embedded cognition.Less
A recent trend in cognitive modeling is to couple cognitive architecture with computer models or simulations of dynamic environments to study interactive behavior and embedded cognition. Progress in this area is made difficult because cognitive architectures traditionally have been motivated by data from discrete experimental trials using static, non-interactive tasks. As a result, additional theoretical problems must be addressed to bring cognitive architectures to bear on the study of cognition in dynamic and interactive environments. This chapter explore three such problems dealing with the need to model the sensitivity of behavior to environmental constraints, the need to model highly context-specific adaptations underlying expertise, and the need for environmental modeling at a functional level. It illustrates these problems and describes how they have been addressed in a study on modeling interactive behavior and embedded cognition.
Peter Pirolli
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195173321
- eISBN:
- 9780199893232
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195173321.003.0005
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter presents SNIF-ACT (Scent-based Navigation and Information Foraging in the ACT architecture), which is a cognitive model that implements the rational analysis of Web-foraging within the ...
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This chapter presents SNIF-ACT (Scent-based Navigation and Information Foraging in the ACT architecture), which is a cognitive model that implements the rational analysis of Web-foraging within the constraints of a computational cognitive architecture. SNIF-ACT is a production system model that employs a spreading activation model of information scent to determine which browsing actions and stopping decisions to take. Spreading activation is assumed to operate on a large associative network that represents the Web user's linguistic knowledge. These networks can be constructed using statistical estimates from large and representative samples of the linguistic environment. SNIF-ACT is fitted to data from Web-foraging users in two detailed studies, providing detailed moment-by-moment tracing of individuals as well as emergent aggregate phenomena.Less
This chapter presents SNIF-ACT (Scent-based Navigation and Information Foraging in the ACT architecture), which is a cognitive model that implements the rational analysis of Web-foraging within the constraints of a computational cognitive architecture. SNIF-ACT is a production system model that employs a spreading activation model of information scent to determine which browsing actions and stopping decisions to take. Spreading activation is assumed to operate on a large associative network that represents the Web user's linguistic knowledge. These networks can be constructed using statistical estimates from large and representative samples of the linguistic environment. SNIF-ACT is fitted to data from Web-foraging users in two detailed studies, providing detailed moment-by-moment tracing of individuals as well as emergent aggregate phenomena.
Emery Schubert
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199568086
- eISBN:
- 9780191731044
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199568086.003.0008
- Subject:
- Psychology, Music Psychology, Social Psychology
From its evolutionary origins, our culture has organized and shaped the role of creativity in music. For example, many people in Western culture will agree that Beethoven was a creative genius, and ...
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From its evolutionary origins, our culture has organized and shaped the role of creativity in music. For example, many people in Western culture will agree that Beethoven was a creative genius, and that his third symphony was a creative work, if not a hallmark of creativity in that era. Cultural momentum has perpetuated and reinforced, and at various times re-invigorated, these kinds of beliefs about creativity. The same is true of the child composing a piece in primary school, or a soloist improvising; our culture has established some more or less unwritten rules about which versions of these products (the composition and improvisation) are creative, or creative to some degree. The evolutionary pressure to be creative was associated with some concomitant use or development of brain function associated with creativity. This chapter explores a cognitive model that can be used to explain the mental functions of creative processing, and particularly for music. It draws on principles of spreading activation in associative networks.Less
From its evolutionary origins, our culture has organized and shaped the role of creativity in music. For example, many people in Western culture will agree that Beethoven was a creative genius, and that his third symphony was a creative work, if not a hallmark of creativity in that era. Cultural momentum has perpetuated and reinforced, and at various times re-invigorated, these kinds of beliefs about creativity. The same is true of the child composing a piece in primary school, or a soloist improvising; our culture has established some more or less unwritten rules about which versions of these products (the composition and improvisation) are creative, or creative to some degree. The evolutionary pressure to be creative was associated with some concomitant use or development of brain function associated with creativity. This chapter explores a cognitive model that can be used to explain the mental functions of creative processing, and particularly for music. It draws on principles of spreading activation in associative networks.
