John Sweller
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195178845
- eISBN:
- 9780199893751
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195178845.003.0015
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
The chapters in this book provide an extensive survey of the viewpoints and methodologies that have been and can be used to study order effects in learning. Either implicitly or explicitly, each ...
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The chapters in this book provide an extensive survey of the viewpoints and methodologies that have been and can be used to study order effects in learning. Either implicitly or explicitly, each chapter includes assumptions about the structures and function of human cognition. This chapter similarly takes as its departure point a particular view of human cognition and the consequent instructional recommendations. That view derives from cognitive load theory, which is primarily an instructional theory. However, the instructional principles generated by its assumptions have provided further insights into human cognitive processes, which in turn have led to further instructional recommendations. The chapters of this book are discussed in light of cognitive load theory.Less
The chapters in this book provide an extensive survey of the viewpoints and methodologies that have been and can be used to study order effects in learning. Either implicitly or explicitly, each chapter includes assumptions about the structures and function of human cognition. This chapter similarly takes as its departure point a particular view of human cognition and the consequent instructional recommendations. That view derives from cognitive load theory, which is primarily an instructional theory. However, the instructional principles generated by its assumptions have provided further insights into human cognitive processes, which in turn have led to further instructional recommendations. The chapters of this book are discussed in light of cognitive load theory.
Rebecca L. Oxford and Chien-Yu Lin
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9789888083640
- eISBN:
- 9789882209299
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888083640.003.0012
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
This chapter focuses on the development of autonomous or independent learners through IT-mediated support. It provides a critical review of the research literature regarding learners' use of digital ...
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This chapter focuses on the development of autonomous or independent learners through IT-mediated support. It provides a critical review of the research literature regarding learners' use of digital learning strategies. The authors examine how such strategies interact with more traditional learning strategies, while at the same time focusing on the effects such digital learning strategies can have on the process of learning to read in a second language.Less
This chapter focuses on the development of autonomous or independent learners through IT-mediated support. It provides a critical review of the research literature regarding learners' use of digital learning strategies. The authors examine how such strategies interact with more traditional learning strategies, while at the same time focusing on the effects such digital learning strategies can have on the process of learning to read in a second language.
Eric W. Groenendyk
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199969807
- eISBN:
- 9780199346110
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199969807.003.0004
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
Chapter 4 considers whether stable party identification is contingent on the ability to justify one’s party identity in the face of disagreement. Findings show that this is indeed the case. ...
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Chapter 4 considers whether stable party identification is contingent on the ability to justify one’s party identity in the face of disagreement. Findings show that this is indeed the case. Experimentally induced cognitive load, political inexperience, and lack of political sophistication all increase susceptibility to identity change in the face of disagreement. Interestingly, given that the study was conducted during a tumultuous time for the Republican Party (spring 2008), Republicans also appear more susceptible to party identification change. And, when cognitive load inhibits Democrats ability to engage in identity justification, they join Republicans in updating their identities to reflect disagreement.Less
Chapter 4 considers whether stable party identification is contingent on the ability to justify one’s party identity in the face of disagreement. Findings show that this is indeed the case. Experimentally induced cognitive load, political inexperience, and lack of political sophistication all increase susceptibility to identity change in the face of disagreement. Interestingly, given that the study was conducted during a tumultuous time for the Republican Party (spring 2008), Republicans also appear more susceptible to party identification change. And, when cognitive load inhibits Democrats ability to engage in identity justification, they join Republicans in updating their identities to reflect disagreement.
Neil D. Shortland, Laurence J. Alison, and Joseph M. Moran
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- February 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190623449
- eISBN:
- 9780190623463
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190623449.003.0008
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Social Psychology
Given the immense physiological effect of being at war, and the unique effect this has on the physiology and psychology of the soldier, this chapter examines decisions implemented at the tactical ...
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Given the immense physiological effect of being at war, and the unique effect this has on the physiology and psychology of the soldier, this chapter examines decisions implemented at the tactical level. It presents a dynamic, slow-burn operation to show the complicated process of implementing a least-worst decision on the ground and, importantly, how soldiers react when a plan does not work. The chapter also presents the decision-making in this case and other cases of operations on the ground to examine the psychological factors associated with successfully (and unsuccessfully) making military decisions in extremis. In many cases we examine the psychology of decision-making without referencing, or considering, the physiology of decision-making. These two are in fact intertwined and we attempt to bridge the two in this chapter.Less
Given the immense physiological effect of being at war, and the unique effect this has on the physiology and psychology of the soldier, this chapter examines decisions implemented at the tactical level. It presents a dynamic, slow-burn operation to show the complicated process of implementing a least-worst decision on the ground and, importantly, how soldiers react when a plan does not work. The chapter also presents the decision-making in this case and other cases of operations on the ground to examine the psychological factors associated with successfully (and unsuccessfully) making military decisions in extremis. In many cases we examine the psychology of decision-making without referencing, or considering, the physiology of decision-making. These two are in fact intertwined and we attempt to bridge the two in this chapter.
Siu-Lan Tan, Annabel J. Cohen, Scott D. Lipscomb, and Roger A. Kendall (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199608157
- eISBN:
- 9780191761225
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199608157.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Music Psychology, Social Psychology
This book focuses on the growing body of empirical research investigating the cognition of musical multimedia, with an emphasis on temporally organized auditory and visual structures. ‘Multimedia’ ...
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This book focuses on the growing body of empirical research investigating the cognition of musical multimedia, with an emphasis on temporally organized auditory and visual structures. ‘Multimedia’ commonly refers to audiovisual presentations in film, television, video, interactive gaming, computer interfaces, and on the Internet. The term ‘empirical’ refers to the process of collecting data from human participants via systematically designed experiments. Such empirical research provides a framework for understanding the relationships between music, sound, and image in multimedia contexts. The international collection of contributors represents eight countries and a range of disciplines including psychology, neuroscience, musicology, media studies, film, and communications. Each chapter includes a comprehensive review of the topic and, where appropriate, identifies models that can be empirically tested. Part I presents contrasting theoretical approaches from cognitive psychology, philosophy, semiotics, communications, musicology, and neuroscience. Part II reviews research on the structural aspects of music and multimedia, while Part III focuses on research related to the influence of music on perceived meaning in the multimedia experience. Part IV explores empirical findings on a variety of real-world applications of music in multimedia including entertainment and educational media for children, video and computer games, television and online advertising, auditory displays of information, and the impact of surround sound, showing how theory and practice intertwine in various examples of multimedia. Part V includes a final chapter that consolidates emergent themes and concludes with the value of broadening the scope of research to encompass multisensory, multidisciplinary, and cross-cultural perspectives to advance our understanding of the role of music in multimedia.Less
This book focuses on the growing body of empirical research investigating the cognition of musical multimedia, with an emphasis on temporally organized auditory and visual structures. ‘Multimedia’ commonly refers to audiovisual presentations in film, television, video, interactive gaming, computer interfaces, and on the Internet. The term ‘empirical’ refers to the process of collecting data from human participants via systematically designed experiments. Such empirical research provides a framework for understanding the relationships between music, sound, and image in multimedia contexts. The international collection of contributors represents eight countries and a range of disciplines including psychology, neuroscience, musicology, media studies, film, and communications. Each chapter includes a comprehensive review of the topic and, where appropriate, identifies models that can be empirically tested. Part I presents contrasting theoretical approaches from cognitive psychology, philosophy, semiotics, communications, musicology, and neuroscience. Part II reviews research on the structural aspects of music and multimedia, while Part III focuses on research related to the influence of music on perceived meaning in the multimedia experience. Part IV explores empirical findings on a variety of real-world applications of music in multimedia including entertainment and educational media for children, video and computer games, television and online advertising, auditory displays of information, and the impact of surround sound, showing how theory and practice intertwine in various examples of multimedia. Part V includes a final chapter that consolidates emergent themes and concludes with the value of broadening the scope of research to encompass multisensory, multidisciplinary, and cross-cultural perspectives to advance our understanding of the role of music in multimedia.
Mark Grimshaw, Siu-Lan Tan, and Scott D. Lipscomb
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199608157
- eISBN:
- 9780191761225
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199608157.003.0013
- Subject:
- Psychology, Music Psychology, Social Psychology
The role of sound in gaming has evolved since the early 1970s, heavily influenced by developing technologies associated with audio, video, and data storage. This chapter traces these developments and ...
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The role of sound in gaming has evolved since the early 1970s, heavily influenced by developing technologies associated with audio, video, and data storage. This chapter traces these developments and relates them to important milestones in game sound design. Theoretical concepts are introduced and exemplified, particularly those that identify and explain aspects of the relationship between player and game sound; the chapter then examines empirical evidence elucidating that relationship. The body of evidence is sparse but growing and includes studies investigating the role of game sound on cognitive load and performance, as well as studies investigating the effects of game sound on the player’s physiological responses. The chapter concludes with some thoughts about the future development of game sound technology and the directions that will allow future empirical studies to test and validate the effects of that technology on the gaming experience.Less
The role of sound in gaming has evolved since the early 1970s, heavily influenced by developing technologies associated with audio, video, and data storage. This chapter traces these developments and relates them to important milestones in game sound design. Theoretical concepts are introduced and exemplified, particularly those that identify and explain aspects of the relationship between player and game sound; the chapter then examines empirical evidence elucidating that relationship. The body of evidence is sparse but growing and includes studies investigating the role of game sound on cognitive load and performance, as well as studies investigating the effects of game sound on the player’s physiological responses. The chapter concludes with some thoughts about the future development of game sound technology and the directions that will allow future empirical studies to test and validate the effects of that technology on the gaming experience.
Siu-Lan Tan, Annabel J. Cohen, Scott D. Lipscomb, and Roger A. Kendall
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199608157
- eISBN:
- 9780191761225
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199608157.003.0017
- Subject:
- Psychology, Music Psychology, Social Psychology
The final chapter explores future research directions in a world where multimedia is increasingly pervasive, technology is rapidly advancing, and team scholarship is becoming the order of the day. In ...
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The final chapter explores future research directions in a world where multimedia is increasingly pervasive, technology is rapidly advancing, and team scholarship is becoming the order of the day. In light of theoretical perspectives presented early in the book, the possibility of a complete theoretical explanation of the role of music in multimedia is considered. This leads to a discussion of cross-modal relations with respect to both structure or syntax and meaning or semantics. Issues of sensory dominance are revisited, acknowledging the need for more studies involving more than just auditory and visual senses, and real-world as well as laboratory phenomena. Current trends and avenues for future research in a variety of multimedia are explored, including children’s media, computer games, and television and online advertising. The authors conclude that a deeper understanding of music in the multimedia context can be achieved by expanding research endeavors to a multisensory, multidisciplinary, and multicultural scope.Less
The final chapter explores future research directions in a world where multimedia is increasingly pervasive, technology is rapidly advancing, and team scholarship is becoming the order of the day. In light of theoretical perspectives presented early in the book, the possibility of a complete theoretical explanation of the role of music in multimedia is considered. This leads to a discussion of cross-modal relations with respect to both structure or syntax and meaning or semantics. Issues of sensory dominance are revisited, acknowledging the need for more studies involving more than just auditory and visual senses, and real-world as well as laboratory phenomena. Current trends and avenues for future research in a variety of multimedia are explored, including children’s media, computer games, and television and online advertising. The authors conclude that a deeper understanding of music in the multimedia context can be achieved by expanding research endeavors to a multisensory, multidisciplinary, and multicultural scope.
Pierre Barrouillet and Valérie Camos
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780198842286
- eISBN:
- 9780191878282
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198842286.003.0004
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Developmental Psychology
The time-based resource-sharing model considers working memory as the workspace in which mental representations are built, maintained, and transformed for completing goal-oriented tasks. Its main ...
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The time-based resource-sharing model considers working memory as the workspace in which mental representations are built, maintained, and transformed for completing goal-oriented tasks. Its main component is made of an episodic buffer and a procedural system that form an executive loop in which processing and storage share domain-general attentional resources on a temporal basis. Because working memory representations decay with time when attention is diverted, the cognitive load of a given activity is the proportion of time during which it occupies attention and prevents it from counteracting this decay through attentional refreshing. Consequently, recall in working memory tasks is an inverse function of the cognitive load of concurrent processing. Besides this system, an independent domain-specific maintenance system exists for verbal, but not visuospatial, information. Within this framework, working memory development mainly results from increasing processing speed that affects both the duration of the distraction of attention by concurrent tasks and refreshing efficiency.Less
The time-based resource-sharing model considers working memory as the workspace in which mental representations are built, maintained, and transformed for completing goal-oriented tasks. Its main component is made of an episodic buffer and a procedural system that form an executive loop in which processing and storage share domain-general attentional resources on a temporal basis. Because working memory representations decay with time when attention is diverted, the cognitive load of a given activity is the proportion of time during which it occupies attention and prevents it from counteracting this decay through attentional refreshing. Consequently, recall in working memory tasks is an inverse function of the cognitive load of concurrent processing. Besides this system, an independent domain-specific maintenance system exists for verbal, but not visuospatial, information. Within this framework, working memory development mainly results from increasing processing speed that affects both the duration of the distraction of attention by concurrent tasks and refreshing efficiency.
Arden Rowell and Kenworthey Bilz
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- September 2021
- ISBN:
- 9781479812301
- eISBN:
- 9781479807574
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479812301.003.0004
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter addresses the role of psychological complexity in addressing environmental impacts. Recognizing, processing, and understanding environmental impacts is difficult and cognitively ...
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This chapter addresses the role of psychological complexity in addressing environmental impacts. Recognizing, processing, and understanding environmental impacts is difficult and cognitively costly, because it requires understanding the relationships between human behavior and nature, which is made up of notoriously complicated and interactive natural systems. This generates significant cognitive load, and triggers a number of identifiable cognitive phenomena, including heuristics and biases that tend to (over)simplify complex situations. Understanding how people deal with complexity can help environmental lawyers and policy makers predict how people will respond to environmental phenomena, which in turn will make it easier not just to regulate but to know how people will respond to that regulation. Where possible, we flag potential approaches that environmental law and policy makers can use to effectively manage and respond to the challenges that complexity presents.Less
This chapter addresses the role of psychological complexity in addressing environmental impacts. Recognizing, processing, and understanding environmental impacts is difficult and cognitively costly, because it requires understanding the relationships between human behavior and nature, which is made up of notoriously complicated and interactive natural systems. This generates significant cognitive load, and triggers a number of identifiable cognitive phenomena, including heuristics and biases that tend to (over)simplify complex situations. Understanding how people deal with complexity can help environmental lawyers and policy makers predict how people will respond to environmental phenomena, which in turn will make it easier not just to regulate but to know how people will respond to that regulation. Where possible, we flag potential approaches that environmental law and policy makers can use to effectively manage and respond to the challenges that complexity presents.
Louise Barrett
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190662813
- eISBN:
- 9780190662844
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190662813.003.0009
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
Clark’s philosophy brings body, brain, and world together again, offering a new conception of both human and nonhuman cognition. This chapter agrees that the predictive processing framework provides ...
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Clark’s philosophy brings body, brain, and world together again, offering a new conception of both human and nonhuman cognition. This chapter agrees that the predictive processing framework provides our best bet for a species-neutral cognitive science. However, the use of cognitivist, representational language often seems unnecessary, especially when J. J. Gibson introduced a “resonance” metaphor to replace notions of representation, hypothesis, and inference. This chapter is therefore interested to know why Clark resists embracing Gibson, when this seems one of the best ways to embrace evolutionary continuity. The chapter also raises the apparent tension between the predictive processing position and that of the extended mind: Is the brain the principal seat of information-processing activity? Or is it userless tools all the way down? Finally, the chapter raises the issue of epistemic artefacts, and whether these increase or decrease cognitive load.Less
Clark’s philosophy brings body, brain, and world together again, offering a new conception of both human and nonhuman cognition. This chapter agrees that the predictive processing framework provides our best bet for a species-neutral cognitive science. However, the use of cognitivist, representational language often seems unnecessary, especially when J. J. Gibson introduced a “resonance” metaphor to replace notions of representation, hypothesis, and inference. This chapter is therefore interested to know why Clark resists embracing Gibson, when this seems one of the best ways to embrace evolutionary continuity. The chapter also raises the apparent tension between the predictive processing position and that of the extended mind: Is the brain the principal seat of information-processing activity? Or is it userless tools all the way down? Finally, the chapter raises the issue of epistemic artefacts, and whether these increase or decrease cognitive load.
Michael Kinsella
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2014
- ISBN:
- 9781604739831
- eISBN:
- 9781604739848
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Mississippi
- DOI:
- 10.14325/mississippi/9781604739831.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Folk Literature
On the Internet, seekers investigate anonymous manifestos that focus on the findings of brilliant scientists said to have discovered pathways into alternate realities. Gathering on web forums, ...
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On the Internet, seekers investigate anonymous manifestos that focus on the findings of brilliant scientists said to have discovered pathways into alternate realities. Gathering on web forums, researchers not only share their observations, but also report having anomalous experiences, which they believe come from their online involvement with these veiled documents. Seeming logic combines with wild twists of lost Moorish science and pseudo-string theory. Enthusiasts insist that any obstacle to revelation is a sure sign of great and wide-reaching efforts by consensus powers wishing to suppress all the liberating truths in the Incunabula Papers (included here in complete form). This book explores these and other extraordinary pursuits. It is the first book dedicated to legend-tripping, ritual quests in which people strive to explore and find manifest the very events described by supernatural legends. Through collective performances, legend-trippers harness the interpretive frameworks these stories provide and often claim incredible, out-of-this-world experiences that in turn perpetuate supernatural legends. Legends and legend-tripping are assuming tremendous prominence in a world confronting new speeds of diversification, connection, and increasing cognitive load. As guardians of tradition as well as agents of change, legends and the ordeals they inspire contextualize ancient and emergent ideas, behaviors, and technologies that challenge familiar realities. This book analyzes supernatural legends and the ways in which the sharing spirit of the Internet collectivizes, codifies, and makes folklore of fantastic speculation.Less
On the Internet, seekers investigate anonymous manifestos that focus on the findings of brilliant scientists said to have discovered pathways into alternate realities. Gathering on web forums, researchers not only share their observations, but also report having anomalous experiences, which they believe come from their online involvement with these veiled documents. Seeming logic combines with wild twists of lost Moorish science and pseudo-string theory. Enthusiasts insist that any obstacle to revelation is a sure sign of great and wide-reaching efforts by consensus powers wishing to suppress all the liberating truths in the Incunabula Papers (included here in complete form). This book explores these and other extraordinary pursuits. It is the first book dedicated to legend-tripping, ritual quests in which people strive to explore and find manifest the very events described by supernatural legends. Through collective performances, legend-trippers harness the interpretive frameworks these stories provide and often claim incredible, out-of-this-world experiences that in turn perpetuate supernatural legends. Legends and legend-tripping are assuming tremendous prominence in a world confronting new speeds of diversification, connection, and increasing cognitive load. As guardians of tradition as well as agents of change, legends and the ordeals they inspire contextualize ancient and emergent ideas, behaviors, and technologies that challenge familiar realities. This book analyzes supernatural legends and the ways in which the sharing spirit of the Internet collectivizes, codifies, and makes folklore of fantastic speculation.
George A. Khachatryan
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780190910709
- eISBN:
- 9780190910730
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190910709.003.0005
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter discusses the interplay between instruction modeling and applied learning science in developing blended learning programs. Far from being two alternative methods, these two approaches ...
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This chapter discusses the interplay between instruction modeling and applied learning science in developing blended learning programs. Far from being two alternative methods, these two approaches complement one another. We discuss in depth the Edifice program; this program systematically applies Mayer’s cognitive theory of multimedia learning (CTML), which is perhaps the most developed and empirically supported theory guiding the design of blended learning interfaces.Less
This chapter discusses the interplay between instruction modeling and applied learning science in developing blended learning programs. Far from being two alternative methods, these two approaches complement one another. We discuss in depth the Edifice program; this program systematically applies Mayer’s cognitive theory of multimedia learning (CTML), which is perhaps the most developed and empirically supported theory guiding the design of blended learning interfaces.