R. Walter Heinrichs
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195122190
- eISBN:
- 9780199865482
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195122190.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience
This book evaluates the progress of schizophrenia science by summarizing what is known about how patients with the illness differ from healthy people. The tools of meta-analysis are first explained ...
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This book evaluates the progress of schizophrenia science by summarizing what is known about how patients with the illness differ from healthy people. The tools of meta-analysis are first explained and then employed to make the strength and consistency of these differences explicit. Beginning with the study of symptoms, then moving through the search for objective disease markers, findings on the cognitive functions, structure, physiology, chemistry, and development of the brain, this book is a journey into the enigma of madness and its science. Schizophrenia emerges as an illness that reveals itself most strongly in thought processes, not biology. Schizophrenia is an anomaly at the frontier of mind and brain, and this book points the way to its solution.Less
This book evaluates the progress of schizophrenia science by summarizing what is known about how patients with the illness differ from healthy people. The tools of meta-analysis are first explained and then employed to make the strength and consistency of these differences explicit. Beginning with the study of symptoms, then moving through the search for objective disease markers, findings on the cognitive functions, structure, physiology, chemistry, and development of the brain, this book is a journey into the enigma of madness and its science. Schizophrenia emerges as an illness that reveals itself most strongly in thought processes, not biology. Schizophrenia is an anomaly at the frontier of mind and brain, and this book points the way to its solution.
Timothy A. Salthouse
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195372151
- eISBN:
- 9780199776948
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195372151.003.0006
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Cognitive Psychology
Assuming that the phenomena described in earlier chapters are accepted as robust and valid, two questions are often asked: (1) Why are there not greater consequences of these cognitive declines in ...
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Assuming that the phenomena described in earlier chapters are accepted as robust and valid, two questions are often asked: (1) Why are there not greater consequences of these cognitive declines in everyday life?; and (2) What can be done to prevent, or remediate, these declines? These are the two major topics addressed in this chapter. Age-related cognitive declines seem well established, but there are a number of factors that might explain why they do not have greater consequences in everyday life. Among these are that few situations require maximum levels of functioning, many activities have minimal cognitive demands, and in most situations there is a benefit of experience which is usually positively associated with age. Furthermore, one manifestation of increased experience may be accommodations in which activities are performed, and in how they are performed. Although there has been considerable interest in interventions that might prevent or reverse age-related cognitive decline, the currently available research findings are more intriguing than they are definitive.Less
Assuming that the phenomena described in earlier chapters are accepted as robust and valid, two questions are often asked: (1) Why are there not greater consequences of these cognitive declines in everyday life?; and (2) What can be done to prevent, or remediate, these declines? These are the two major topics addressed in this chapter. Age-related cognitive declines seem well established, but there are a number of factors that might explain why they do not have greater consequences in everyday life. Among these are that few situations require maximum levels of functioning, many activities have minimal cognitive demands, and in most situations there is a benefit of experience which is usually positively associated with age. Furthermore, one manifestation of increased experience may be accommodations in which activities are performed, and in how they are performed. Although there has been considerable interest in interventions that might prevent or reverse age-related cognitive decline, the currently available research findings are more intriguing than they are definitive.
Timothy A. Salthouse
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195372151
- eISBN:
- 9780199776948
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195372151.003.0005
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter focuses on cognitive functioning in late adulthood. It discusses three related topics: dementia, the preclinical phase of dementia, and the risk factors for cognitive decline and ...
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This chapter focuses on cognitive functioning in late adulthood. It discusses three related topics: dementia, the preclinical phase of dementia, and the risk factors for cognitive decline and dementia. Dementia, and Alzheimer's disease in particular, is characterized by severe impairment in cognitive functioning. It is a particularly devastating disease because it destroys one's sense of self, and there are currently no effective treatments to prevent or even delay the disease. Research has revealed differences in cognitive performance between individuals who will and will not develop the disease several years prior to the eventual diagnosis. However, what is responsible for these relations and whether it is meaningful to refer to a distinct diagnostic category are still controversial issues.Less
This chapter focuses on cognitive functioning in late adulthood. It discusses three related topics: dementia, the preclinical phase of dementia, and the risk factors for cognitive decline and dementia. Dementia, and Alzheimer's disease in particular, is characterized by severe impairment in cognitive functioning. It is a particularly devastating disease because it destroys one's sense of self, and there are currently no effective treatments to prevent or even delay the disease. Research has revealed differences in cognitive performance between individuals who will and will not develop the disease several years prior to the eventual diagnosis. However, what is responsible for these relations and whether it is meaningful to refer to a distinct diagnostic category are still controversial issues.
Amy F.T. Arnsten and Trevor W. Robbins
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195134971
- eISBN:
- 9780199864157
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195134971.003.0004
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems
The cognitive functions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), which include use of working memory to guide behavioral responses and the contents of attentional focus, the inhibition of inappropriate ...
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The cognitive functions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), which include use of working memory to guide behavioral responses and the contents of attentional focus, the inhibition of inappropriate responses, and planning for the future, are among the most fragile in the behavioral repertoire. Deficits in PFC function are evident in every neuropsychiatric disorder. The abilities carried out by the PFC can also become impaired in so-called “normal” individuals under conditions of uncontrollable stress, fatigue, and with advancing age. This chapter reviews research from both animal and human studies on the ways in which dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), serotonin (5HT), and acetylcholine (ACh) may modulate PFC cognitive functions.Less
The cognitive functions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), which include use of working memory to guide behavioral responses and the contents of attentional focus, the inhibition of inappropriate responses, and planning for the future, are among the most fragile in the behavioral repertoire. Deficits in PFC function are evident in every neuropsychiatric disorder. The abilities carried out by the PFC can also become impaired in so-called “normal” individuals under conditions of uncontrollable stress, fatigue, and with advancing age. This chapter reviews research from both animal and human studies on the ways in which dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), serotonin (5HT), and acetylcholine (ACh) may modulate PFC cognitive functions.
Timothy A. Salthouse
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195372151
- eISBN:
- 9780199776948
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195372151.003.0002
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Cognitive Psychology
One of the important questions in the field of cognitive aging is what is responsible for the different age relations found in cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons of cognitive functioning. ...
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One of the important questions in the field of cognitive aging is what is responsible for the different age relations found in cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons of cognitive functioning. This chapter discusses the major factors that have been postulated to contribute to different age trends in cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons. Two important observations are relevant to the interpretation of cognitive aging phenomena. First, similar relative age trends have been reported from the earliest systematic studies dating from the 1920s; and second, patterns of cognitive aging in nonhuman animals closely resemble those found in humans. These findings indicate that the phenomenon of cognitive aging can be inferred to be at least somewhat generalizable across specific historical contexts and different species.Less
One of the important questions in the field of cognitive aging is what is responsible for the different age relations found in cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons of cognitive functioning. This chapter discusses the major factors that have been postulated to contribute to different age trends in cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons. Two important observations are relevant to the interpretation of cognitive aging phenomena. First, similar relative age trends have been reported from the earliest systematic studies dating from the 1920s; and second, patterns of cognitive aging in nonhuman animals closely resemble those found in humans. These findings indicate that the phenomenon of cognitive aging can be inferred to be at least somewhat generalizable across specific historical contexts and different species.
Marc Marschark and Peter C Hauser (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195368673
- eISBN:
- 9780199894161
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195368673.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This book examines the cognitive underpinnings of deaf individuals' learning. The book is written by scientists from different disciplines, which rarely interact in other realms. In this book they ...
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This book examines the cognitive underpinnings of deaf individuals' learning. The book is written by scientists from different disciplines, which rarely interact in other realms. In this book they share their ideas. This book contributes to the science of learning by describing and testing theories that might either over or underestimate the role that audition or vision plays in learning and memory, and by shedding light on multiple pathways for learning. International experts in cognitive psychology, brain sciences, cognitive development, and deaf children offer a unique, integrative examination of cognition and learning, with discussions on their implications for deaf education. Each chapter focuses primarily on the intersection of research in cognitive psychology, developmental psychology, and deaf education. The general theme of the book is that deaf and hearing individuals differ to some extent in early experience, brain development, cognitive functioning, memory organization, and problem solving. Identifying similarities and differences among these domains provides new insights into potential methods for enhancing achievement in this traditionally under-performing population.Less
This book examines the cognitive underpinnings of deaf individuals' learning. The book is written by scientists from different disciplines, which rarely interact in other realms. In this book they share their ideas. This book contributes to the science of learning by describing and testing theories that might either over or underestimate the role that audition or vision plays in learning and memory, and by shedding light on multiple pathways for learning. International experts in cognitive psychology, brain sciences, cognitive development, and deaf children offer a unique, integrative examination of cognition and learning, with discussions on their implications for deaf education. Each chapter focuses primarily on the intersection of research in cognitive psychology, developmental psychology, and deaf education. The general theme of the book is that deaf and hearing individuals differ to some extent in early experience, brain development, cognitive functioning, memory organization, and problem solving. Identifying similarities and differences among these domains provides new insights into potential methods for enhancing achievement in this traditionally under-performing population.
Wilma Koutstaal
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195367188
- eISBN:
- 9780199918232
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195367188.003.0061
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
Our day-to-day environment is a crucial but not always sufficiently recognized sculptor of our brains and of our ability to use agile thinking. The things we see, hear, imagine, and plan each day, ...
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Our day-to-day environment is a crucial but not always sufficiently recognized sculptor of our brains and of our ability to use agile thinking. The things we see, hear, imagine, and plan each day, the activities we perform, and the “contents” of our leisure and work pursuits simultaneously and reciprocally shape our thinking and our brains. Research findings from a wide range of methodologies and disciplines converge in demonstrating a simple fact: agile thinking thrives in stimulating environments. This chapter considers indirect—correlational and longitudinal—evidence that is broadly consistent with this claim. The consideration of indirect forms of evidence begins by focusing on clear cases of brain plasticity associated with prolonged behavioral alterations in one's experiences, such as the acquisition of complex skills (e.g., learning to play a musical instrument) or adaptations to the loss of a particular sense modality. The chapter then turns to a consideration of the many longitudinal and epidemiologic studies that have sought to identify longer term contributions of our day-to-day cognitive, intellectual, and social-emotional environments to the preservation and optimization of cognitive function, and also to the likelihood and timing of the onset of degenerative brain diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease. A final section considers the outcomes of longitudinal field experiments that aim to determine the effects of a cognitively and socially engaged lifestyle on cognitive vitality.Less
Our day-to-day environment is a crucial but not always sufficiently recognized sculptor of our brains and of our ability to use agile thinking. The things we see, hear, imagine, and plan each day, the activities we perform, and the “contents” of our leisure and work pursuits simultaneously and reciprocally shape our thinking and our brains. Research findings from a wide range of methodologies and disciplines converge in demonstrating a simple fact: agile thinking thrives in stimulating environments. This chapter considers indirect—correlational and longitudinal—evidence that is broadly consistent with this claim. The consideration of indirect forms of evidence begins by focusing on clear cases of brain plasticity associated with prolonged behavioral alterations in one's experiences, such as the acquisition of complex skills (e.g., learning to play a musical instrument) or adaptations to the loss of a particular sense modality. The chapter then turns to a consideration of the many longitudinal and epidemiologic studies that have sought to identify longer term contributions of our day-to-day cognitive, intellectual, and social-emotional environments to the preservation and optimization of cognitive function, and also to the likelihood and timing of the onset of degenerative brain diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease. A final section considers the outcomes of longitudinal field experiments that aim to determine the effects of a cognitively and socially engaged lifestyle on cognitive vitality.
Hao-Yang Tan and Daniel R. Weinberger
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195373035
- eISBN:
- 9780199865543
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195373035.003.0013
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems, History of Neuroscience
This chapter examines findings through which heritable human neuroimaging intermediate phenotypes could provide a window to examine genetic mechanisms of active prefrontal cognitive processing ...
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This chapter examines findings through which heritable human neuroimaging intermediate phenotypes could provide a window to examine genetic mechanisms of active prefrontal cognitive processing related to dopamine (DA). Genetic variation influencing task-related prefrontal cortical function was consistent with fundamental predictions based on the biology of DA tuning in cortical microcircuits. These findings also extended the basic biological data to implicate molecules impacting variation in active human brain function, potentially mirroring component disease-related brain processes in schizophrenia. The findings of interacting genetic elements consistent with the cross-talk within and across DA and glutamatergic systems, and their intracellular signaling pathways, arguably contribute further empirical validation to the strategy to identify molecules whose genetic variation could be of substantial combined influence on human brain function at the network or systems level.Less
This chapter examines findings through which heritable human neuroimaging intermediate phenotypes could provide a window to examine genetic mechanisms of active prefrontal cognitive processing related to dopamine (DA). Genetic variation influencing task-related prefrontal cortical function was consistent with fundamental predictions based on the biology of DA tuning in cortical microcircuits. These findings also extended the basic biological data to implicate molecules impacting variation in active human brain function, potentially mirroring component disease-related brain processes in schizophrenia. The findings of interacting genetic elements consistent with the cross-talk within and across DA and glutamatergic systems, and their intracellular signaling pathways, arguably contribute further empirical validation to the strategy to identify molecules whose genetic variation could be of substantial combined influence on human brain function at the network or systems level.
Amy F.T. Arnsten, Susheel Vijayraghavan, Min Wang, Nao J. Gamo, and Constantinos D. Paspalas
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195373035
- eISBN:
- 9780199865543
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195373035.003.0016
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems, History of Neuroscience
This chapter summarizes current knowledge of dopamine (DA) and DA receptor localization in primate prefrontal cortex (PFC), and the powerful influences of DA on PFC physiology and cognitive function. ...
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This chapter summarizes current knowledge of dopamine (DA) and DA receptor localization in primate prefrontal cortex (PFC), and the powerful influences of DA on PFC physiology and cognitive function. It begins with an overview of PFC function, physiology, and circuitry. It then discusses the anatomy of DA and its receptors in the primate PFC, the effects of DA on PFC physiology and function, and the role of changes in DA transmission in PFC in several neuropsychiatric disorders.Less
This chapter summarizes current knowledge of dopamine (DA) and DA receptor localization in primate prefrontal cortex (PFC), and the powerful influences of DA on PFC physiology and cognitive function. It begins with an overview of PFC function, physiology, and circuitry. It then discusses the anatomy of DA and its receptors in the primate PFC, the effects of DA on PFC physiology and function, and the role of changes in DA transmission in PFC in several neuropsychiatric disorders.
Daniel Durstewitz
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195373035
- eISBN:
- 9780199865543
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195373035.003.0018
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems, History of Neuroscience
Current computational models of dopamine (DA) modulation have worked either from a more abstract neuroalgorithmic level, starting with specific assumptions about DA's computational role and then ...
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Current computational models of dopamine (DA) modulation have worked either from a more abstract neuroalgorithmic level, starting with specific assumptions about DA's computational role and then working out its implications at a higher cognitive level, or have used a more biophysical/physiological implementation to unravel the dynamic and functional consequences of DA's effects on voltage-gated and synaptic ion channels. This chapter focuses on the latter, and in addition will specifically review models of DA-innervated target regions rather than models of ventral tegmental area/substantia nigra (VTA/SN) DA neurons themselves. It begins with a brief discussion of how DA may change the input/output functions of single striatal and cortical neuron. It considers the network level and the potential computational role of DA in higher cognitive functions, and then reviews DA-based models of reinforcement learning.Less
Current computational models of dopamine (DA) modulation have worked either from a more abstract neuroalgorithmic level, starting with specific assumptions about DA's computational role and then working out its implications at a higher cognitive level, or have used a more biophysical/physiological implementation to unravel the dynamic and functional consequences of DA's effects on voltage-gated and synaptic ion channels. This chapter focuses on the latter, and in addition will specifically review models of DA-innervated target regions rather than models of ventral tegmental area/substantia nigra (VTA/SN) DA neurons themselves. It begins with a brief discussion of how DA may change the input/output functions of single striatal and cortical neuron. It considers the network level and the potential computational role of DA in higher cognitive functions, and then reviews DA-based models of reinforcement learning.
Melissa Hines
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195188363
- eISBN:
- 9780199865246
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195188363.003.0009
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Neuroendocrine and Autonomic, Development
This chapter discusses sex differences in human cognitive function. Topics discussed include the impact of androgen on intelligence, influence of gonadal hormones on human cognitive development, ...
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This chapter discusses sex differences in human cognitive function. Topics discussed include the impact of androgen on intelligence, influence of gonadal hormones on human cognitive development, Wechsler tests, and studies of cognitive abilities that show sex differences.Less
This chapter discusses sex differences in human cognitive function. Topics discussed include the impact of androgen on intelligence, influence of gonadal hormones on human cognitive development, Wechsler tests, and studies of cognitive abilities that show sex differences.
Stan B. Floresco
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195373035
- eISBN:
- 9780199865543
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195373035.003.0015
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems, History of Neuroscience
This chapter presents a summary of studies that have investigated the contribution of prefrontal cortex (PFC) dopamine (DA) transmission to higher-order cognition, and compares and contrasts the ...
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This chapter presents a summary of studies that have investigated the contribution of prefrontal cortex (PFC) dopamine (DA) transmission to higher-order cognition, and compares and contrasts the specific DA receptor mechanisms that regulate different types of executive function. Viewed collectively, the findings reviewed suggest that dopaminergic input to the forebrain, including the frontal lobes and the dorsal and ventral striatum, forms an essential component of the neural circuits that mediate a variety of cognitive and executive functions, including working memory and different forms of behavioral flexibility. Both of these executive functions engage distinct types of cognitive operations and functional neural circuits. Therefore, it is not surprising that the receptor mechanisms by which DA exerts its effects are not unitary across these functions; instead, each type of process relies on different patterns of activation of DA receptors in the PFC and the striatum.Less
This chapter presents a summary of studies that have investigated the contribution of prefrontal cortex (PFC) dopamine (DA) transmission to higher-order cognition, and compares and contrasts the specific DA receptor mechanisms that regulate different types of executive function. Viewed collectively, the findings reviewed suggest that dopaminergic input to the forebrain, including the frontal lobes and the dorsal and ventral striatum, forms an essential component of the neural circuits that mediate a variety of cognitive and executive functions, including working memory and different forms of behavioral flexibility. Both of these executive functions engage distinct types of cognitive operations and functional neural circuits. Therefore, it is not surprising that the receptor mechanisms by which DA exerts its effects are not unitary across these functions; instead, each type of process relies on different patterns of activation of DA receptors in the PFC and the striatum.
Emma Boswell Dean, Frank Schilbach, and Heather Schofield
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780226574301
- eISBN:
- 9780226574448
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226574448.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This paper is a primer for economists interested in the relationship between poverty and cognitive function. We begin by discussing a set of underlying aspects of cognitive function relevant to ...
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This paper is a primer for economists interested in the relationship between poverty and cognitive function. We begin by discussing a set of underlying aspects of cognitive function relevant to economic decision-making-attention, inhibitory control, memory, and higherorder cognitive functions-including descriptions of validated tasks to measure each of these areas. Next, we review literature that investigates channels through which poverty might impact cognitive function and economic behavior, by discussing already existing knowledge as well as less well-researched areas that warrant further exploration. We then highlight ways in which the different aspects of cognitive function may impact economic outcomes, discussing both theoretical models and empirical evidence. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of open research questions and directions for future research.Less
This paper is a primer for economists interested in the relationship between poverty and cognitive function. We begin by discussing a set of underlying aspects of cognitive function relevant to economic decision-making-attention, inhibitory control, memory, and higherorder cognitive functions-including descriptions of validated tasks to measure each of these areas. Next, we review literature that investigates channels through which poverty might impact cognitive function and economic behavior, by discussing already existing knowledge as well as less well-researched areas that warrant further exploration. We then highlight ways in which the different aspects of cognitive function may impact economic outcomes, discussing both theoretical models and empirical evidence. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of open research questions and directions for future research.
Inah Lee, Raymond P. Kesner, and James J. Knierim
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195323245
- eISBN:
- 9780199869268
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195323245.003.0007
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
This chapter seeks to establish the link, based on experimental evidence, between some of the key computational principles of the hippocampal subfields and their cognitive functions for episodic ...
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This chapter seeks to establish the link, based on experimental evidence, between some of the key computational principles of the hippocampal subfields and their cognitive functions for episodic event memory. It is shown that the firing patterns of hippocampal neurons are influenced not only by the external stimuli composed of spatial cues and their topological relationships but also by internal variables that influence the animal's behavior in space. In a goal-oriented, complex memory task, the internal context may encompass other variables, such as emotional variables and task demands, than simply idiothetic sensory cues (e.g., vestibular and proprioceptive inputs).Less
This chapter seeks to establish the link, based on experimental evidence, between some of the key computational principles of the hippocampal subfields and their cognitive functions for episodic event memory. It is shown that the firing patterns of hippocampal neurons are influenced not only by the external stimuli composed of spatial cues and their topological relationships but also by internal variables that influence the animal's behavior in space. In a goal-oriented, complex memory task, the internal context may encompass other variables, such as emotional variables and task demands, than simply idiothetic sensory cues (e.g., vestibular and proprioceptive inputs).
K. Warner Schaie
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195156737
- eISBN:
- 9780199786817
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195156737.003.0011
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
The Life Complexity Inventory (LCI) has been used since 1974 to characterize the microenvironment of participants in the Seattle Longitudinal Study. Early analyses of this instrument identified eight ...
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The Life Complexity Inventory (LCI) has been used since 1974 to characterize the microenvironment of participants in the Seattle Longitudinal Study. Early analyses of this instrument identified eight lifestyle factors that were related to measures of intellectual abilities. Low-to-modest positive correlations were found between amount of leisure activity and levels of cognitive functioning. Positive lifestyle characteristics were also correlated with high levels of cognitive functioning, with the dimensions of prestige, social status, and work characteristics showing the highest correlations. This chapter discusses lifestyle variables that affect intellectual functioning. Family similarity in lifestyles was examined for parent-offspring and sibling dyads, along with the effects of work characteristics and retirement on cognitive functions.Less
The Life Complexity Inventory (LCI) has been used since 1974 to characterize the microenvironment of participants in the Seattle Longitudinal Study. Early analyses of this instrument identified eight lifestyle factors that were related to measures of intellectual abilities. Low-to-modest positive correlations were found between amount of leisure activity and levels of cognitive functioning. Positive lifestyle characteristics were also correlated with high levels of cognitive functioning, with the dimensions of prestige, social status, and work characteristics showing the highest correlations. This chapter discusses lifestyle variables that affect intellectual functioning. Family similarity in lifestyles was examined for parent-offspring and sibling dyads, along with the effects of work characteristics and retirement on cognitive functions.
Peter Politser
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195305821
- eISBN:
- 9780199867783
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195305821.003.0005
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter begins with a review of the topics discussed in the preceding chapters. It then discusses the need to “remodel” ideas about the sources of choice and the lack of a systematic framework ...
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This chapter begins with a review of the topics discussed in the preceding chapters. It then discusses the need to “remodel” ideas about the sources of choice and the lack of a systematic framework for designing and interpreting experiments in neuroeconomic studies. The chapter concludes that it is currently difficult to match specific neural circuits to particular neuroeconomic parameters. The understanding of any correspondences is likely to change, and some circuits may serve general cognitive functions that do not correspond well to any existing economic models. The complex modular operations of the brain also limit what we can say about the importance of any particular brain structure's role in decision making.Less
This chapter begins with a review of the topics discussed in the preceding chapters. It then discusses the need to “remodel” ideas about the sources of choice and the lack of a systematic framework for designing and interpreting experiments in neuroeconomic studies. The chapter concludes that it is currently difficult to match specific neural circuits to particular neuroeconomic parameters. The understanding of any correspondences is likely to change, and some circuits may serve general cognitive functions that do not correspond well to any existing economic models. The complex modular operations of the brain also limit what we can say about the importance of any particular brain structure's role in decision making.
George P. Prigatano
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195176704
- eISBN:
- 9780199864706
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195176704.003.0005
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, History of Neuroscience
Successful neuropsychological rehabilitation is in part determined by the patient’s personality, as Luria noted in his earlier writings. While Luria has presented a comprehensive theory of higher ...
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Successful neuropsychological rehabilitation is in part determined by the patient’s personality, as Luria noted in his earlier writings. While Luria has presented a comprehensive theory of higher cortical functions and an approach to their assessment, he did not describe the subsystems of the brain that particularly underlie the development of human personality. He recognized the contributions of Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, and C.G. Jung, but felt that their contributions were inadequate to explain the complexities of human personality. Building on Luria’s initial ideas and the work of MacLean, a model is proposed which describes 5 brain subsystems that may underlie the development of human personality. These subsystems emphasize the importance of the early biological state of the organism and how feeling states put the infant “in motion” (Subsystem 1). Neurocircuit changes associated with feeling states further interact with neurocircuits involved in movement, memory, and learning. Early patterns of emotional and motivational responding are established (Subsystems 2 and 3). Progressively, there is an integration of feelings, movement, and memory with language or symbolic coding, which facilitates early problem-solving. Language also appears to be an important component of an early sense of “self” (Subsystem 4). Different cortical zones provide further sensory information to expand the functional activities of Subsystem 4. Clearly this subsystem interacts with the person’s temperament and patterns of emotional and motivational responding, as well as the social-cultural milieu to help form an integrated, maturing sense of self. From this fourth subsystem emerges a fifth subsystem, which represents the emergence of a higher level of consciousness that allows for a sense of self (i.e. the phenomenological state and existential situation) and the sense of others (the theory of mind). This last subsystem is most difficult to define, but plays a key role in human personality. This last subsystem may also include unconscious cognitive processes which guide behavior, and may, in part, explain the irrational as well as rational features of human beings’ thinking.Less
Successful neuropsychological rehabilitation is in part determined by the patient’s personality, as Luria noted in his earlier writings. While Luria has presented a comprehensive theory of higher cortical functions and an approach to their assessment, he did not describe the subsystems of the brain that particularly underlie the development of human personality. He recognized the contributions of Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, and C.G. Jung, but felt that their contributions were inadequate to explain the complexities of human personality. Building on Luria’s initial ideas and the work of MacLean, a model is proposed which describes 5 brain subsystems that may underlie the development of human personality. These subsystems emphasize the importance of the early biological state of the organism and how feeling states put the infant “in motion” (Subsystem 1). Neurocircuit changes associated with feeling states further interact with neurocircuits involved in movement, memory, and learning. Early patterns of emotional and motivational responding are established (Subsystems 2 and 3). Progressively, there is an integration of feelings, movement, and memory with language or symbolic coding, which facilitates early problem-solving. Language also appears to be an important component of an early sense of “self” (Subsystem 4). Different cortical zones provide further sensory information to expand the functional activities of Subsystem 4. Clearly this subsystem interacts with the person’s temperament and patterns of emotional and motivational responding, as well as the social-cultural milieu to help form an integrated, maturing sense of self. From this fourth subsystem emerges a fifth subsystem, which represents the emergence of a higher level of consciousness that allows for a sense of self (i.e. the phenomenological state and existential situation) and the sense of others (the theory of mind). This last subsystem is most difficult to define, but plays a key role in human personality. This last subsystem may also include unconscious cognitive processes which guide behavior, and may, in part, explain the irrational as well as rational features of human beings’ thinking.
Victoria Luine and Gary Dohanich
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195311587
- eISBN:
- 9780199865048
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195311587.003.0012
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems
Qualitative sexual dimorphisms in cognition and behavior may afford each sex with the requisite tools that provide an edge for their mutual survival and for the survival of their progeny. This ...
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Qualitative sexual dimorphisms in cognition and behavior may afford each sex with the requisite tools that provide an edge for their mutual survival and for the survival of their progeny. This chapter reviews cognitive function in rodents within this context of qualitative and quantitative sex differences in performance. It examines whether these sex differences impact day-to-day functioning, contribute to the successful evolution of a species, and can be accounted for by mechanisms underlying cognitive function.Less
Qualitative sexual dimorphisms in cognition and behavior may afford each sex with the requisite tools that provide an edge for their mutual survival and for the survival of their progeny. This chapter reviews cognitive function in rodents within this context of qualitative and quantitative sex differences in performance. It examines whether these sex differences impact day-to-day functioning, contribute to the successful evolution of a species, and can be accounted for by mechanisms underlying cognitive function.
Terrence Deacon
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195306361
- eISBN:
- 9780199851034
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195306361.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
This chapter offers an overview of the cognitive principles of art, the origins of art, and the cognitive function of art. Art is an activity that arises in the context of human cultural and ...
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This chapter offers an overview of the cognitive principles of art, the origins of art, and the cognitive function of art. Art is an activity that arises in the context of human cultural and cognitive evolution. Its sources include not only the most abstract integrative regions of the brain but also the communities of mind within which artists and audiences live. Certain assumptions are made. First, art should be regarded as a specific kind of cognitive engineering. Second, art is always created in the context of distributed cognition. Third, art is constructivist in nature, aimed at the deliberate refinement and elaboration of mental models and worldviews. Fourth, most art is metacognitive in nature. Metacognition is, by definition, self-reflection. Fifth, art is a technology-driven aspect of cognition. Sixth, the role of the artist, viewed as a component in a distributed cognitive system, is not necessarily fixed. Seventh, art is always aimed at a cognitive outcome.Less
This chapter offers an overview of the cognitive principles of art, the origins of art, and the cognitive function of art. Art is an activity that arises in the context of human cultural and cognitive evolution. Its sources include not only the most abstract integrative regions of the brain but also the communities of mind within which artists and audiences live. Certain assumptions are made. First, art should be regarded as a specific kind of cognitive engineering. Second, art is always created in the context of distributed cognition. Third, art is constructivist in nature, aimed at the deliberate refinement and elaboration of mental models and worldviews. Fourth, most art is metacognitive in nature. Metacognition is, by definition, self-reflection. Fifth, art is a technology-driven aspect of cognition. Sixth, the role of the artist, viewed as a component in a distributed cognitive system, is not necessarily fixed. Seventh, art is always aimed at a cognitive outcome.
John Colombo, Leah Kapa, and Lori Curtindale
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195366709
- eISBN:
- 9780199863969
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195366709.003.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology, Vision
This chapter summarizes over twenty years of research on the development of attention in human infants. It begins by briefly tracing the history of consideration of attention as a construct in the ...
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This chapter summarizes over twenty years of research on the development of attention in human infants. It begins by briefly tracing the history of consideration of attention as a construct in the developmental literature; it has been evident for some time that a multicomponent conceptualization of this cognitive function is necessary. Using the development and evolution of a research program conducted in Kansas over the past twenty-five years as a basis, it reviews the development of attention from the multicomponent perspective. Such an examination requires a discussion of the neural basis of these processes, and shows the inexorable movement of the field toward cognitive neuroscience. The chapter concludes with a discussion of some future questions for the study of attention in infancy and early childhood.Less
This chapter summarizes over twenty years of research on the development of attention in human infants. It begins by briefly tracing the history of consideration of attention as a construct in the developmental literature; it has been evident for some time that a multicomponent conceptualization of this cognitive function is necessary. Using the development and evolution of a research program conducted in Kansas over the past twenty-five years as a basis, it reviews the development of attention from the multicomponent perspective. Such an examination requires a discussion of the neural basis of these processes, and shows the inexorable movement of the field toward cognitive neuroscience. The chapter concludes with a discussion of some future questions for the study of attention in infancy and early childhood.
