Nicholas P. Money
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195189711
- eISBN:
- 9780199790265
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195189711.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Microbiology
This book is concerned with the most devastating fungal diseases in history. These are the plagues of trees and crop plants caused by invisible spores that have reshaped entire landscapes and ...
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This book is concerned with the most devastating fungal diseases in history. These are the plagues of trees and crop plants caused by invisible spores that have reshaped entire landscapes and decimated human populations. Everyone is aware of the Irish potato famine, but while many other fungal diseases are less familiar, they have had similarly disastrous consequences. The book focuses on the fascinating biology of the well- and lesser-known diseases, and tells the stories of the scientists involved in their study and of the people directly impacted by the loss of forest trees like the chestnut, and cash crops such as coffee and cacao. While a book about fungal epidemics is not tailor-made for an intoxicating and uplifting read, the story of the mycologists and plant pathologists engaged in combating these diseases is one of human optimism (often encouraged by desperate eccentricity). In a surprisingly brief time, human knowledge of the fungi that infect plants has evolved from Biblical superstition to the recognition of the true nature of plant disease, and more recently, to a sense of awe for the sophistication of these microbes. The crucial issue of human culpability in these fungal epidemics is addressed in the book’s closing chapter.Less
This book is concerned with the most devastating fungal diseases in history. These are the plagues of trees and crop plants caused by invisible spores that have reshaped entire landscapes and decimated human populations. Everyone is aware of the Irish potato famine, but while many other fungal diseases are less familiar, they have had similarly disastrous consequences. The book focuses on the fascinating biology of the well- and lesser-known diseases, and tells the stories of the scientists involved in their study and of the people directly impacted by the loss of forest trees like the chestnut, and cash crops such as coffee and cacao. While a book about fungal epidemics is not tailor-made for an intoxicating and uplifting read, the story of the mycologists and plant pathologists engaged in combating these diseases is one of human optimism (often encouraged by desperate eccentricity). In a surprisingly brief time, human knowledge of the fungi that infect plants has evolved from Biblical superstition to the recognition of the true nature of plant disease, and more recently, to a sense of awe for the sophistication of these microbes. The crucial issue of human culpability in these fungal epidemics is addressed in the book’s closing chapter.
Gary L. Wenk
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195388541
- eISBN:
- 9780199863587
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195388541.003.0007
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, Neuroendocrine and Autonomic
The anti-histamines you take to treat your cold symptoms make you drowsy while coffee can keep you awake. These two rather complex processes of the brain — waking and sleeping — are partially ...
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The anti-histamines you take to treat your cold symptoms make you drowsy while coffee can keep you awake. These two rather complex processes of the brain — waking and sleeping — are partially controlled by two simple molecules, histamine and adenosine. Histamine is a neurotransmitter; its release from neurons influences our level of arousal throughout the day: more histamine means greater arousal, less histamine function means drowsiness. This is why anti-histamines make you drowsy; they antagonize the ability of adenosine to keep your brain active. When the neurotransmitter adenosine is released in the brain it can bind to receptors that are on acetylcholine neurons. The action of adenosine is to reduce the activity of these neurons making it more difficult to remain awake and pay attention to our surroundings. The longer you are awake the more adenosine is released into the brain. These is partly why being awake for a long time makes you drowsy and why coffee can reduce this feeling and help you stay awake longer.Less
The anti-histamines you take to treat your cold symptoms make you drowsy while coffee can keep you awake. These two rather complex processes of the brain — waking and sleeping — are partially controlled by two simple molecules, histamine and adenosine. Histamine is a neurotransmitter; its release from neurons influences our level of arousal throughout the day: more histamine means greater arousal, less histamine function means drowsiness. This is why anti-histamines make you drowsy; they antagonize the ability of adenosine to keep your brain active. When the neurotransmitter adenosine is released in the brain it can bind to receptors that are on acetylcholine neurons. The action of adenosine is to reduce the activity of these neurons making it more difficult to remain awake and pay attention to our surroundings. The longer you are awake the more adenosine is released into the brain. These is partly why being awake for a long time makes you drowsy and why coffee can reduce this feeling and help you stay awake longer.
Leah Price
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691114170
- eISBN:
- 9781400842186
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691114170.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
This book asks how our culture came to frown on using books for any purpose other than reading. When did the coffee-table book become an object of scorn? Why did law courts forbid witnesses to kiss ...
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This book asks how our culture came to frown on using books for any purpose other than reading. When did the coffee-table book become an object of scorn? Why did law courts forbid witnesses to kiss the Bible? What made Victorian cartoonists mock commuters who hid behind the newspaper, ladies who matched their books' binding to their dress, and servants who reduced newspapers to fish n' chips wrap? Shedding new light on novels by Thackeray, Dickens, the Brontës, Trollope, and Collins, as well as the urban sociology of Henry Mayhew, the book also uncovers the lives and afterlives of anonymous religious tracts and household manuals. From knickknacks to wastepaper, books mattered to the Victorians in ways that cannot be explained by their printed content alone. And whether displayed, defaced, exchanged, or discarded, printed matter participated, and still participates, in a range of transactions that stretches far beyond reading. Supplementing close readings with a sensitive reconstruction of how Victorians thought and felt about books, this book offers a new model for integrating literary theory with cultural history. The book reshapes our understanding of the interplay between words and objects in the nineteenth century and beyond.Less
This book asks how our culture came to frown on using books for any purpose other than reading. When did the coffee-table book become an object of scorn? Why did law courts forbid witnesses to kiss the Bible? What made Victorian cartoonists mock commuters who hid behind the newspaper, ladies who matched their books' binding to their dress, and servants who reduced newspapers to fish n' chips wrap? Shedding new light on novels by Thackeray, Dickens, the Brontës, Trollope, and Collins, as well as the urban sociology of Henry Mayhew, the book also uncovers the lives and afterlives of anonymous religious tracts and household manuals. From knickknacks to wastepaper, books mattered to the Victorians in ways that cannot be explained by their printed content alone. And whether displayed, defaced, exchanged, or discarded, printed matter participated, and still participates, in a range of transactions that stretches far beyond reading. Supplementing close readings with a sensitive reconstruction of how Victorians thought and felt about books, this book offers a new model for integrating literary theory with cultural history. The book reshapes our understanding of the interplay between words and objects in the nineteenth century and beyond.
David Brown
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199231829
- eISBN:
- 9780191716218
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199231829.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
This chapter examines food and drink in all its variety, in particular the impact they had historically on people's perceptions. The discussion exposes the degree to which modern attitudes to food ...
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This chapter examines food and drink in all its variety, in particular the impact they had historically on people's perceptions. The discussion exposes the degree to which modern attitudes to food and drink necessarily — or only accidentally — preclude mediation of the divine through our experience of the various ways in which our bodies are sustained. The first part of the chapter is devoted to food. The second part examines the symbolism of water and wine first before turning to more general questions about drink and the various other ways in which it is given symbolic significance. In the case of water and wine, attention is drawn to how closer examination of the multivalent character of their symbolism has the potential to enrich current understandings of the two major Christian sacraments. The final section considers the various ways in which both alcoholic and non-alcoholic stimulants (tea and coffee in particular) have, in appropriate contexts, also been seen as opening the human mind to wider perceptions of reality.Less
This chapter examines food and drink in all its variety, in particular the impact they had historically on people's perceptions. The discussion exposes the degree to which modern attitudes to food and drink necessarily — or only accidentally — preclude mediation of the divine through our experience of the various ways in which our bodies are sustained. The first part of the chapter is devoted to food. The second part examines the symbolism of water and wine first before turning to more general questions about drink and the various other ways in which it is given symbolic significance. In the case of water and wine, attention is drawn to how closer examination of the multivalent character of their symbolism has the potential to enrich current understandings of the two major Christian sacraments. The final section considers the various ways in which both alcoholic and non-alcoholic stimulants (tea and coffee in particular) have, in appropriate contexts, also been seen as opening the human mind to wider perceptions of reality.
Nicholas P. Money
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195189711
- eISBN:
- 9780199790265
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195189711.003.0003
- Subject:
- Biology, Microbiology
This chapter describes the history and continuing impact of the rust fungus, Hemileia vastatrix, on coffee crops. In the 19th century, this pathogen wiped-out coffee crops in Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and ...
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This chapter describes the history and continuing impact of the rust fungus, Hemileia vastatrix, on coffee crops. In the 19th century, this pathogen wiped-out coffee crops in Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and transformed the country into a tea-producing island. The scientist Harry Marshall Ward played a key role in the story of coffee rust, and was posted to Ceylon in 1880 to identify the cause of the epidemic. Coffee rust remains an exceedingly important agricultural problem in the developing world. A diversity of stories about the biology and sociology of this fungal disease of international importance is presented.Less
This chapter describes the history and continuing impact of the rust fungus, Hemileia vastatrix, on coffee crops. In the 19th century, this pathogen wiped-out coffee crops in Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and transformed the country into a tea-producing island. The scientist Harry Marshall Ward played a key role in the story of coffee rust, and was posted to Ceylon in 1880 to identify the cause of the epidemic. Coffee rust remains an exceedingly important agricultural problem in the developing world. A diversity of stories about the biology and sociology of this fungal disease of international importance is presented.
Nicholas P. Money
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195154573
- eISBN:
- 9780199790272
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195154573.003.0009
- Subject:
- Biology, Microbiology
This chapter discusses the plant diseases caused by fungi. Fungi cause more plant diseases than all other enemies combined. Since the beginning of agriculture, livelihoods and lives have been lost to ...
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This chapter discusses the plant diseases caused by fungi. Fungi cause more plant diseases than all other enemies combined. Since the beginning of agriculture, livelihoods and lives have been lost to rusts, smuts, bunts, mildews, potato blight, and rice blast. Of particular significance in this discussion is a pestilence called coffee rust that ravages an indispensable coffee crop in South America. Fungi also spoil food after it has been harvested, rotting fruits and vegetables during storage, transport, and in the recesses of refrigerators.Less
This chapter discusses the plant diseases caused by fungi. Fungi cause more plant diseases than all other enemies combined. Since the beginning of agriculture, livelihoods and lives have been lost to rusts, smuts, bunts, mildews, potato blight, and rice blast. Of particular significance in this discussion is a pestilence called coffee rust that ravages an indispensable coffee crop in South America. Fungi also spoil food after it has been harvested, rotting fruits and vegetables during storage, transport, and in the recesses of refrigerators.
Richard P. Tucker
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520220874
- eISBN:
- 9780520923812
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520220874.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter discusses coffee and the coffee industry, starting with the consumption and colonial trade of coffee. This is followed by a section on Brazil, which has been the dominant producer of ...
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This chapter discusses coffee and the coffee industry, starting with the consumption and colonial trade of coffee. This is followed by a section on Brazil, which has been the dominant producer of coffee since the 1830s. The next section shows how the demand for coffee led to the destruction of indigenous Indian populations and the expansion of coffee plantations in these areas, including the hillsides. The chapter then focuses on the emergence of the Sāo Paulo planters, followed by the American coffee exporters in Latin America. The following section examines the creation of instant coffee and the introduction of fast food culture, before it looks at the second largest producer of coffee in the world: Colombia. The chapter ends with discussions on Central America and El Salvador, and the coffee purchases of the Americans in these regions.Less
This chapter discusses coffee and the coffee industry, starting with the consumption and colonial trade of coffee. This is followed by a section on Brazil, which has been the dominant producer of coffee since the 1830s. The next section shows how the demand for coffee led to the destruction of indigenous Indian populations and the expansion of coffee plantations in these areas, including the hillsides. The chapter then focuses on the emergence of the Sāo Paulo planters, followed by the American coffee exporters in Latin America. The following section examines the creation of instant coffee and the introduction of fast food culture, before it looks at the second largest producer of coffee in the world: Colombia. The chapter ends with discussions on Central America and El Salvador, and the coffee purchases of the Americans in these regions.
Jaya Choraria
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199234707
- eISBN:
- 9780191715488
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199234707.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter details a study of commodity value chain compression for coffee, cocoa, and sugar. The study uses time series data of prices along entire commodity chains from raw material in a ...
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This chapter details a study of commodity value chain compression for coffee, cocoa, and sugar. The study uses time series data of prices along entire commodity chains from raw material in a commodity exporting developing country to final retail produce in a developed consuming country, in order to provide descriptive analysis of the evolution of farm gate-to-retail price spreads. Comparisons are made across the commodities studied and across countries in order to provide insight into the causes of changes in the farm gate-to-retail price spread over time.Less
This chapter details a study of commodity value chain compression for coffee, cocoa, and sugar. The study uses time series data of prices along entire commodity chains from raw material in a commodity exporting developing country to final retail produce in a developed consuming country, in order to provide descriptive analysis of the evolution of farm gate-to-retail price spreads. Comparisons are made across the commodities studied and across countries in order to provide insight into the causes of changes in the farm gate-to-retail price spread over time.
Adrienne Lehrer
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195307931
- eISBN:
- 9780199867493
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195307931.003.0017
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Theoretical Linguistics
The concept of tasting notes has spread from wine to other beverages, especially beer, coffee, and tea. There are descriptions such as "aromas of dark chocolate, flowers, and graham crackers" that ...
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The concept of tasting notes has spread from wine to other beverages, especially beer, coffee, and tea. There are descriptions such as "aromas of dark chocolate, flowers, and graham crackers" that could apply to any of these beverages. Food like chocolate and cheese can also be described by a specialized vocabulary. Descriptions of perfume show many parallels to wine descriptions, and a fragrance wheel has been constructed. The language of music criticism can be added. Word for describing people also show similarity with wine words. Many are evaluative terms are evaluative as well as descriptive. To be thrifty is positive; to be stingy is not.Less
The concept of tasting notes has spread from wine to other beverages, especially beer, coffee, and tea. There are descriptions such as "aromas of dark chocolate, flowers, and graham crackers" that could apply to any of these beverages. Food like chocolate and cheese can also be described by a specialized vocabulary. Descriptions of perfume show many parallels to wine descriptions, and a fragrance wheel has been constructed. The language of music criticism can be added. Word for describing people also show similarity with wine words. Many are evaluative terms are evaluative as well as descriptive. To be thrifty is positive; to be stingy is not.
Shane Doyle
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780197265338
- eISBN:
- 9780191760488
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265338.003.0006
- Subject:
- Anthropology, African Cultural Anthropology
This chapter details how in colonial Buhaya the scarcity of land suitable for coffee farming enriched elders, delayed young men's establishment of new households, and heightened pressures to secure ...
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This chapter details how in colonial Buhaya the scarcity of land suitable for coffee farming enriched elders, delayed young men's establishment of new households, and heightened pressures to secure an heir. Marriage was delayed and destabilized, sexual affairs grew increasingly commodified, and divorcees migrated to East Africa' s cities, where they dominated the region's sex trade, seeking to repay their bridewealth and secure their autonomy. From the 1940s many women who returned from the cities continued to accept money for sex when they resumed village life, trading on their reputation for exotic modernity as well as sexual skill. Meanwhile, many of the broader changes in sexual culture seen in Buganda also affected Buhaya, though the sexuality of young unmarried women remained carefully controlled until near independence. These developments unsurprisingly were the subject of repeated criticism and attempted regulation, but few of the interventions that resulted had a lasting impact.Less
This chapter details how in colonial Buhaya the scarcity of land suitable for coffee farming enriched elders, delayed young men's establishment of new households, and heightened pressures to secure an heir. Marriage was delayed and destabilized, sexual affairs grew increasingly commodified, and divorcees migrated to East Africa' s cities, where they dominated the region's sex trade, seeking to repay their bridewealth and secure their autonomy. From the 1940s many women who returned from the cities continued to accept money for sex when they resumed village life, trading on their reputation for exotic modernity as well as sexual skill. Meanwhile, many of the broader changes in sexual culture seen in Buganda also affected Buhaya, though the sexuality of young unmarried women remained carefully controlled until near independence. These developments unsurprisingly were the subject of repeated criticism and attempted regulation, but few of the interventions that resulted had a lasting impact.
G. L’E Turner
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198515302
- eISBN:
- 9780191705694
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198515302.003.0002
- Subject:
- Physics, History of Physics
This chapter contains biographical sketches of the members, together with a record of attendance and non-attendance at the meetings, and brief commentary. The men who met at the Chapter Coffee House, ...
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This chapter contains biographical sketches of the members, together with a record of attendance and non-attendance at the meetings, and brief commentary. The men who met at the Chapter Coffee House, and later the Baptist Head Coffee House, regarded themselves as natural philosophers. Of the fifty two identified members, thirty three are included in the Dictionary of National Biography, thirty three were Fellows of the Royal Society of London, seven were Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London, twenty two had the degree of MD, and medical fellowships from London or Edinburgh were also common among the members. Not all those listed as members attended even one meeting. The author suggests that should one wish to make any claims regarding the intellectual or social character of the Society, one must look to those who actually came to meetings, rather than to the totality of the membership.Less
This chapter contains biographical sketches of the members, together with a record of attendance and non-attendance at the meetings, and brief commentary. The men who met at the Chapter Coffee House, and later the Baptist Head Coffee House, regarded themselves as natural philosophers. Of the fifty two identified members, thirty three are included in the Dictionary of National Biography, thirty three were Fellows of the Royal Society of London, seven were Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London, twenty two had the degree of MD, and medical fellowships from London or Edinburgh were also common among the members. Not all those listed as members attended even one meeting. The author suggests that should one wish to make any claims regarding the intellectual or social character of the Society, one must look to those who actually came to meetings, rather than to the totality of the membership.
RUMINA SETHI
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198183396
- eISBN:
- 9780191674020
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198183396.003.0004
- Subject:
- Literature, World Literature
This chapter moves from a comparative analysis of ideological positions to the consideration of historical political action. More specifically, the translation of historical events into the narrative ...
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This chapter moves from a comparative analysis of ideological positions to the consideration of historical political action. More specifically, the translation of historical events into the narrative action of Kanthapura is seen against historical representations of peasant movements in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In terms of the novel, it reviews the situation of the coolies at the Skeffington Coffee Estate and their lack of enterprise in an exploitative situation until the advent of Gandhi when they are inspired into participating in the national program. In contrast, accounts of instances of subaltern insurgency in several parts of India, and within Karnataka itself, are cited to emphasize the local nature of peasant rebellion and the equivocal and plural quality of Gandhi's appeal. The contrast underscores the ideological representation of history and the role of the nationalist intelligentsia in the construction of national identity.Less
This chapter moves from a comparative analysis of ideological positions to the consideration of historical political action. More specifically, the translation of historical events into the narrative action of Kanthapura is seen against historical representations of peasant movements in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In terms of the novel, it reviews the situation of the coolies at the Skeffington Coffee Estate and their lack of enterprise in an exploitative situation until the advent of Gandhi when they are inspired into participating in the national program. In contrast, accounts of instances of subaltern insurgency in several parts of India, and within Karnataka itself, are cited to emphasize the local nature of peasant rebellion and the equivocal and plural quality of Gandhi's appeal. The contrast underscores the ideological representation of history and the role of the nationalist intelligentsia in the construction of national identity.
Laura M. Hartman
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199746422
- eISBN:
- 9780199918751
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199746422.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
This chapter distinguishes consumption (the physical throughput of material in human lives) from consumerism (disordered, excessive, heedless, idolized consumption). Before making a coherent ethical ...
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This chapter distinguishes consumption (the physical throughput of material in human lives) from consumerism (disordered, excessive, heedless, idolized consumption). Before making a coherent ethical assessment of consumerism, a clear look at the ethics relating to consumption itself is required. The chapter examines coffee consumption with an eye to its ethical impact on the consumer, nearby others, distant others, and the biosphere. From the Christian tradition, four major views of consumption are evident. The chapter introduces these views and situates the book's project, author, and audience.Less
This chapter distinguishes consumption (the physical throughput of material in human lives) from consumerism (disordered, excessive, heedless, idolized consumption). Before making a coherent ethical assessment of consumerism, a clear look at the ethics relating to consumption itself is required. The chapter examines coffee consumption with an eye to its ethical impact on the consumer, nearby others, distant others, and the biosphere. From the Christian tradition, four major views of consumption are evident. The chapter introduces these views and situates the book's project, author, and audience.
Casey Marina Lurtz
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781503603899
- eISBN:
- 9781503608474
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9781503603899.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
From the Grounds Up is a study of how peripheral places grappled with globalization at the end of the nineteenth century. Through extensive use of local archives in the Soconusco district of Chiapas, ...
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From the Grounds Up is a study of how peripheral places grappled with globalization at the end of the nineteenth century. Through extensive use of local archives in the Soconusco district of Chiapas, Mexico, the book redefines the body of actors who integrated Latin America’s countryside into international markets for agricultural goods. Alongside plantation owners and foreign investors, a dense but little explored web of indigenous and mestizo villagers, migrant workers, and local politicians quickly adopted and adapted to the production of coffee for export. Following their efforts to overcome violence, isolation, and the absence of reliable institutions, the book illustrates the reshaping of rural economic and political life in the context of integrating global markets. By taking up new export crops like coffee and making use of liberal reforms around private property and contract law, smallholders and laborers defended their interests and secured spaces for their own ongoing participation in rural production. Vast swaths of Latin America’s population were sending the fruits of their labor abroad by the turn of the century. Only by taking into account all those who produced for market can we understand rural Latin America’s transformation in this era.Less
From the Grounds Up is a study of how peripheral places grappled with globalization at the end of the nineteenth century. Through extensive use of local archives in the Soconusco district of Chiapas, Mexico, the book redefines the body of actors who integrated Latin America’s countryside into international markets for agricultural goods. Alongside plantation owners and foreign investors, a dense but little explored web of indigenous and mestizo villagers, migrant workers, and local politicians quickly adopted and adapted to the production of coffee for export. Following their efforts to overcome violence, isolation, and the absence of reliable institutions, the book illustrates the reshaping of rural economic and political life in the context of integrating global markets. By taking up new export crops like coffee and making use of liberal reforms around private property and contract law, smallholders and laborers defended their interests and secured spaces for their own ongoing participation in rural production. Vast swaths of Latin America’s population were sending the fruits of their labor abroad by the turn of the century. Only by taking into account all those who produced for market can we understand rural Latin America’s transformation in this era.
Christopher M. Bacon
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262026338
- eISBN:
- 9780262267526
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262026338.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
This chapter examines the impact of the decrease in coffee commodity prices, along with changes in the global coffee market, on northern Nicaragua’s small-scale coffee farmers. It discusses changes ...
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This chapter examines the impact of the decrease in coffee commodity prices, along with changes in the global coffee market, on northern Nicaragua’s small-scale coffee farmers. It discusses changes in the global coffee trade tendencies, which include the dismantling of the International Coffee Agreement, specialty coffee’s rapid growth, and organic and Fair Trade coffees. A framework of the theories linking price shocks and small-scale farmer livelihoods is applied to farmer typology, helping to reveal the consequences of the coffee crisis. The chapter discusses the vulnerability of the farmers selling Fair Trade and organic coffees to conventional coffee markets, and also discusses the strategies to reduce this.Less
This chapter examines the impact of the decrease in coffee commodity prices, along with changes in the global coffee market, on northern Nicaragua’s small-scale coffee farmers. It discusses changes in the global coffee trade tendencies, which include the dismantling of the International Coffee Agreement, specialty coffee’s rapid growth, and organic and Fair Trade coffees. A framework of the theories linking price shocks and small-scale farmer livelihoods is applied to farmer typology, helping to reveal the consequences of the coffee crisis. The chapter discusses the vulnerability of the farmers selling Fair Trade and organic coffees to conventional coffee markets, and also discusses the strategies to reduce this.
Francisco Vidal Luna and Herbert S. Klein
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781503602007
- eISBN:
- 9781503604124
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9781503602007.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This volume is the continuation of an earlier study of colonial and imperial São Paulo and covers the period 1850-1950. These volumes are the first full scale survey of the economy and society of the ...
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This volume is the continuation of an earlier study of colonial and imperial São Paulo and covers the period 1850-1950. These volumes are the first full scale survey of the economy and society of the state of São Paulo in this two century period in any language. Today São Paulo is the most populated state of Brazil and also the richest and most industrialized one. It is also the world leader in the production of sugar cane and orange juice and houses one of the world’s major airplane manufacturers. Its GDP today is almost double the size of Portugal or Finland and close to the size of the entire economy of Colombia or Venezuela and its capital city is one of the top five metropolitan centers in the world. This volume shows how the region of São Paulo went from being one of the more marginal and backward areas of the nation to its leading agricultural, industrial and financial center. Special emphasis is given to the creation of a modern state government and finances in the late 19th and early 20th centuries as well as the evolution of tis coffee economy and its internal market as well as its leading role it played in the integration of over two million European and Asian immigrants into Brazilian society.Less
This volume is the continuation of an earlier study of colonial and imperial São Paulo and covers the period 1850-1950. These volumes are the first full scale survey of the economy and society of the state of São Paulo in this two century period in any language. Today São Paulo is the most populated state of Brazil and also the richest and most industrialized one. It is also the world leader in the production of sugar cane and orange juice and houses one of the world’s major airplane manufacturers. Its GDP today is almost double the size of Portugal or Finland and close to the size of the entire economy of Colombia or Venezuela and its capital city is one of the top five metropolitan centers in the world. This volume shows how the region of São Paulo went from being one of the more marginal and backward areas of the nation to its leading agricultural, industrial and financial center. Special emphasis is given to the creation of a modern state government and finances in the late 19th and early 20th centuries as well as the evolution of tis coffee economy and its internal market as well as its leading role it played in the integration of over two million European and Asian immigrants into Brazilian society.
Alfred Maizels, Robert Bacon, and George Mavrotas
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198233381
- eISBN:
- 9780191678981
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198233381.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Until the 1970s ended, countries engaged in negotiating agreements with economic provisions. These were intended for providing a framework for negotiated particular price objectives especially for ...
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Until the 1970s ended, countries engaged in negotiating agreements with economic provisions. These were intended for providing a framework for negotiated particular price objectives especially for cocoa and coffee. These and other international commodity agreements (ICAs) however lapsed or were deemed non-operative during the 1990s and afterwards. Each ICA had a specific short-term objective, but this caused a technical problem; long-term structural surpluses with large stock overhangs emerged for cocoa and coffee in the 1980s. Also, the developing producing countries and developed consuming countries had different views regarding the function of the price range defended by an ICA. Lastly, the governments of larger consuming countries were no longer inclined to provide support for regulation in the international commodity markets. This chapter illustrates the remedial efforts of the International Cocoa Agreement and the policy changes for coffee.Less
Until the 1970s ended, countries engaged in negotiating agreements with economic provisions. These were intended for providing a framework for negotiated particular price objectives especially for cocoa and coffee. These and other international commodity agreements (ICAs) however lapsed or were deemed non-operative during the 1990s and afterwards. Each ICA had a specific short-term objective, but this caused a technical problem; long-term structural surpluses with large stock overhangs emerged for cocoa and coffee in the 1980s. Also, the developing producing countries and developed consuming countries had different views regarding the function of the price range defended by an ICA. Lastly, the governments of larger consuming countries were no longer inclined to provide support for regulation in the international commodity markets. This chapter illustrates the remedial efforts of the International Cocoa Agreement and the policy changes for coffee.
Alfred Maizels, Robert Bacon, and George Mavrotas
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198233381
- eISBN:
- 9780191678981
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198233381.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Compared with cocoa and other similar commodities, coffee is fundamentally used as a beverage. Although coffee may go through several different manufacturing processes to end up as a soluble product, ...
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Compared with cocoa and other similar commodities, coffee is fundamentally used as a beverage. Although coffee may go through several different manufacturing processes to end up as a soluble product, it is not usually combined with other inputs to produce the final product. In the case of coffee, the price of the final product is indeed linked with the price of the raw material and with various costs associated with the manufacturing and distribution of coffee. Coffee has several different available qualities. The two main varieties — arabica and robusta — have many other subvarieties. As such, price differentials depend on tastes in consuming countries. Because of the lack of complete information regarding prices and quantities in different markets, little systematic study about demands for coffee variety have been included in complete models of the world coffee market.Less
Compared with cocoa and other similar commodities, coffee is fundamentally used as a beverage. Although coffee may go through several different manufacturing processes to end up as a soluble product, it is not usually combined with other inputs to produce the final product. In the case of coffee, the price of the final product is indeed linked with the price of the raw material and with various costs associated with the manufacturing and distribution of coffee. Coffee has several different available qualities. The two main varieties — arabica and robusta — have many other subvarieties. As such, price differentials depend on tastes in consuming countries. Because of the lack of complete information regarding prices and quantities in different markets, little systematic study about demands for coffee variety have been included in complete models of the world coffee market.
Sarah Lyon and Mark Moberg (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814796207
- eISBN:
- 9780814765005
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814796207.001.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, American and Canadian Cultural Anthropology
By 2008, total fair trade purchases in the developed world reached nearly $3 billion, a five-fold increase in four years. Consumers pay a “fair price” for fair trade items, which are meant to ...
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By 2008, total fair trade purchases in the developed world reached nearly $3 billion, a five-fold increase in four years. Consumers pay a “fair price” for fair trade items, which are meant to generate greater earnings for family farmers, cover the costs of production, and support socially just and environmentally sound practices. Yet constrained by existing markets and the entities that dominate them, Fair trade often delivers material improvements for producers that are much more modest than the profound social transformations the movement claims to support. There has been scant real-world assessment of fair trade's effectiveness. Drawing upon fine-grained anthropological studies of a variety of regions and commodity systems including Darjeeling tea, coffee, crafts, and cut flowers, this book represents the first work to use ethnographic case studies to assess whether the fair trade movement is actually achieving its goals.Less
By 2008, total fair trade purchases in the developed world reached nearly $3 billion, a five-fold increase in four years. Consumers pay a “fair price” for fair trade items, which are meant to generate greater earnings for family farmers, cover the costs of production, and support socially just and environmentally sound practices. Yet constrained by existing markets and the entities that dominate them, Fair trade often delivers material improvements for producers that are much more modest than the profound social transformations the movement claims to support. There has been scant real-world assessment of fair trade's effectiveness. Drawing upon fine-grained anthropological studies of a variety of regions and commodity systems including Darjeeling tea, coffee, crafts, and cut flowers, this book represents the first work to use ethnographic case studies to assess whether the fair trade movement is actually achieving its goals.
Robert J. Bennett
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199584734
- eISBN:
- 9780191731105
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199584734.003.0011
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
This chapter breaks new ground in showing how early chambers were intimately involved in commercial coffee house, exchanges and other initiatives to providing meeting places and drop-in facilities ...
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This chapter breaks new ground in showing how early chambers were intimately involved in commercial coffee house, exchanges and other initiatives to providing meeting places and drop-in facilities for discussion. More than half of the early chambers were joint developers of coffee rooms, hotels, subscription libraries, or exchanges. This was critical to their need for deliberation on policy threats, but also interrelated with their underpinning networks in local communities. Entirely new material on Liverpool, Waterford, Cork, Glasgow, Dublin, Dundee, and Newcastle reveals some of the strongest links. Analysis of the content of chamber reading rooms and libraries shows their economic focus, but overlap with social exchange and politeness. Subsequent developments demonstrate milieus as critical parts of the USP until modern times; replaced by web and e-communications in the modern chamber.Less
This chapter breaks new ground in showing how early chambers were intimately involved in commercial coffee house, exchanges and other initiatives to providing meeting places and drop-in facilities for discussion. More than half of the early chambers were joint developers of coffee rooms, hotels, subscription libraries, or exchanges. This was critical to their need for deliberation on policy threats, but also interrelated with their underpinning networks in local communities. Entirely new material on Liverpool, Waterford, Cork, Glasgow, Dublin, Dundee, and Newcastle reveals some of the strongest links. Analysis of the content of chamber reading rooms and libraries shows their economic focus, but overlap with social exchange and politeness. Subsequent developments demonstrate milieus as critical parts of the USP until modern times; replaced by web and e-communications in the modern chamber.
