Robert J. Flanagan
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195306002
- eISBN:
- 9780199783564
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195306007.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
This chapter studies the effects of multinational companies on labor conditions around the world. The evidence shows that (1) the economic presence of multinationals in foreign countries is often ...
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This chapter studies the effects of multinational companies on labor conditions around the world. The evidence shows that (1) the economic presence of multinationals in foreign countries is often overstated, (2) multinationals pay higher wages than host-country companies in both industrialized and developing countries, and (3) when multinationals acquire host country businesses, they institute changes in production methods and human resource management practices that raise productivity sufficiently to support higher wages. The evidence also rejects the race-to-the-bottom view that poor labor conditions attract multinational companies. Most flows of foreign direct investment occur between advanced countries with high labor standards and are influenced by market size and potential investment risk rather than labor conditions. The chapter also examines and evaluates the efficacy of corporate codes of conduct for improving labor conditions.Less
This chapter studies the effects of multinational companies on labor conditions around the world. The evidence shows that (1) the economic presence of multinationals in foreign countries is often overstated, (2) multinationals pay higher wages than host-country companies in both industrialized and developing countries, and (3) when multinationals acquire host country businesses, they institute changes in production methods and human resource management practices that raise productivity sufficiently to support higher wages. The evidence also rejects the race-to-the-bottom view that poor labor conditions attract multinational companies. Most flows of foreign direct investment occur between advanced countries with high labor standards and are influenced by market size and potential investment risk rather than labor conditions. The chapter also examines and evaluates the efficacy of corporate codes of conduct for improving labor conditions.
Elisa Morgera
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199558018
- eISBN:
- 9780191705311
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199558018.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law, Environmental and Energy Law
This chapter is based on an analysis and comparison of the instruments elaborated in the framework of the United Nations and the Organization for Economic Development and Cooperation. It serves to ...
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This chapter is based on an analysis and comparison of the instruments elaborated in the framework of the United Nations and the Organization for Economic Development and Cooperation. It serves to assess whether a significant convergence in the choice of international environmental standards for private companies is occurring. Such assessment provides further historical and conceptual background to this research, in highlighting the different approaches adopted to ensure the responsible conduct of the private sector and the different processes and actors involved in the definition of these standards. Notwithstanding the different levels of international acceptance and the different approaches of these initiatives, the analysis of these instruments led to the identification of a striking convergence of selected international environmental standards for corporate accountability.Less
This chapter is based on an analysis and comparison of the instruments elaborated in the framework of the United Nations and the Organization for Economic Development and Cooperation. It serves to assess whether a significant convergence in the choice of international environmental standards for private companies is occurring. Such assessment provides further historical and conceptual background to this research, in highlighting the different approaches adopted to ensure the responsible conduct of the private sector and the different processes and actors involved in the definition of these standards. Notwithstanding the different levels of international acceptance and the different approaches of these initiatives, the analysis of these instruments led to the identification of a striking convergence of selected international environmental standards for corporate accountability.
David Tajgman
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780197264911
- eISBN:
- 9780191754098
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264911.003.0012
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
The International Labour Organisation's 1998 Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work prioritised four core labour standards' principles and led to a burst of new ratifications of the ...
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The International Labour Organisation's 1998 Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work prioritised four core labour standards' principles and led to a burst of new ratifications of the international treaties that are the subject of those principles. Ten years on there are important identified gaps in state implementation of the ratified Conventions that are the subject of the four principles. These gaps leave important holes in public policy and legislation. In a number of important substantive areas, these gaps have the effect of leaving it to private actors to figure out what would amount to fulfilling the norms of fundamental labour principle inspired codes of conduct. Inescapably left on their own to figure out approaches, corporate social responsibility (CSR)-respecting enterprises are subject to criticism levelled on the basis of interpretations of these principles given by civil society organisations and labour rights' campaigners. This chapter details this situation. The first part provides the necessary background information. The second part gives concrete examples of how this governance gap raises challenges to implementing CSR initiatives. The third part suggests that, considering the arguable origins of CSR in neo-liberal deregulatory fervour, social dialogue and reform by non-compliant state actors is the only sustainable solution.Less
The International Labour Organisation's 1998 Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work prioritised four core labour standards' principles and led to a burst of new ratifications of the international treaties that are the subject of those principles. Ten years on there are important identified gaps in state implementation of the ratified Conventions that are the subject of the four principles. These gaps leave important holes in public policy and legislation. In a number of important substantive areas, these gaps have the effect of leaving it to private actors to figure out what would amount to fulfilling the norms of fundamental labour principle inspired codes of conduct. Inescapably left on their own to figure out approaches, corporate social responsibility (CSR)-respecting enterprises are subject to criticism levelled on the basis of interpretations of these principles given by civil society organisations and labour rights' campaigners. This chapter details this situation. The first part provides the necessary background information. The second part gives concrete examples of how this governance gap raises challenges to implementing CSR initiatives. The third part suggests that, considering the arguable origins of CSR in neo-liberal deregulatory fervour, social dialogue and reform by non-compliant state actors is the only sustainable solution.
Stephen D. Cohen
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195179354
- eISBN:
- 9780199783779
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179354.003.0012
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
This chapter provides yet another eclectic analysis, this time of the still-irreconcilable controversy surrounding the “appropriate” kinds and extent of governmental regulation of MNCs as entities ...
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This chapter provides yet another eclectic analysis, this time of the still-irreconcilable controversy surrounding the “appropriate” kinds and extent of governmental regulation of MNCs as entities and FDI as process. The initial section explains why so little progress has been made in establishing meaningful international rules covering these international business phenomena. Next is an abbreviated survey of the major bilateral agreements and voluntary codes of conduct that seek to regulate FDI-related activities to serve the common good. The conflicting attitudes towards the appropriate kinds and extent of multilateral regulations are explained in depth by examining two major loci of contention: the would-be Multilateral Agreement on Investment, and the existing Chapter 11 of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). The increasing significance of activist non-government organizations as unofficial regulators of MNC behavior is examined in the concluding section.Less
This chapter provides yet another eclectic analysis, this time of the still-irreconcilable controversy surrounding the “appropriate” kinds and extent of governmental regulation of MNCs as entities and FDI as process. The initial section explains why so little progress has been made in establishing meaningful international rules covering these international business phenomena. Next is an abbreviated survey of the major bilateral agreements and voluntary codes of conduct that seek to regulate FDI-related activities to serve the common good. The conflicting attitudes towards the appropriate kinds and extent of multilateral regulations are explained in depth by examining two major loci of contention: the would-be Multilateral Agreement on Investment, and the existing Chapter 11 of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). The increasing significance of activist non-government organizations as unofficial regulators of MNC behavior is examined in the concluding section.
Jeffrey Brand-Ballard
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195342291
- eISBN:
- 9780199867011
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195342291.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
This chapter examines whether judges have a legal duty to apply the law correctly—to obey certain adherence rules. Various sources of legal authority on the question are examined, including codes of ...
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This chapter examines whether judges have a legal duty to apply the law correctly—to obey certain adherence rules. Various sources of legal authority on the question are examined, including codes of judicial conduct and case law. It is determined that sanctions are almost never imposed on judges for deviating from the law, unless there is a pattern of error or evidence of improper motive. Judges have not been impeached or removed from office for deviating from the law in the United States. Nevertheless, the chapter concludes that judges may well have a legal duty to adhere to the law, and the rest of the book is consistent with that assumption. Other judicial incentives to adhere are also discussed.Less
This chapter examines whether judges have a legal duty to apply the law correctly—to obey certain adherence rules. Various sources of legal authority on the question are examined, including codes of judicial conduct and case law. It is determined that sanctions are almost never imposed on judges for deviating from the law, unless there is a pattern of error or evidence of improper motive. Judges have not been impeached or removed from office for deviating from the law in the United States. Nevertheless, the chapter concludes that judges may well have a legal duty to adhere to the law, and the rest of the book is consistent with that assumption. Other judicial incentives to adhere are also discussed.
Thomas L. Brewer and Stephen Young
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198293156
- eISBN:
- 9780191684951
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198293156.003.0005
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business, Political Economy
This chapter presents an overview of the expansion of foreign direct investment and the new international economic order in the late 1960s and early 1980s. It describes two recommendations concerning ...
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This chapter presents an overview of the expansion of foreign direct investment and the new international economic order in the late 1960s and early 1980s. It describes two recommendations concerning the control of multinational enterprises: the establishment of a new and permanent commission on transnational corporations; and the establishment of an information and research centre on transnational corporations within the UN secretariat to provide technical assistance to developing countries on issues relating to MNEs and to undertake preliminary work on the formulation of a code of conduct. This chapter also discusses non-governmental efforts to create international codes of guidelines for multinational enterprises as well as the global policy responses to issues surrounding the regulation of MNEs at national, bilateral, and regional levels.Less
This chapter presents an overview of the expansion of foreign direct investment and the new international economic order in the late 1960s and early 1980s. It describes two recommendations concerning the control of multinational enterprises: the establishment of a new and permanent commission on transnational corporations; and the establishment of an information and research centre on transnational corporations within the UN secretariat to provide technical assistance to developing countries on issues relating to MNEs and to undertake preliminary work on the formulation of a code of conduct. This chapter also discusses non-governmental efforts to create international codes of guidelines for multinational enterprises as well as the global policy responses to issues surrounding the regulation of MNEs at national, bilateral, and regional levels.
R. A. W. Rhodes, John Wanna, and Patrick Weller
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199563494
- eISBN:
- 9780191722721
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199563494.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, UK Politics
This chapter examines how elite political actors are held to account. It examines collective responsibility, individual ministerial responsibility, and their personal accountability for actions not ...
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This chapter examines how elite political actors are held to account. It examines collective responsibility, individual ministerial responsibility, and their personal accountability for actions not directly related to their duties as ministers. Governments confronted the dilemmas posed by the arrival of ‘responsible party government’. The constitutional conventions creaked under the impact of party self-interest. The shared responses to improvise to meet whatever political exigencies confronted the government. So, notions of cabinet solidarity were relaxed to accommodate dissent, ministerial resignations became prime ministerial tactical calculations of political dispensability, and prime ministers found other ways to renew their ministries to ensure turnover. However, such improvization prompted outrage, and calls for a return to responsible government. So, governments sought refuge in new codes. Today, we still operate with ‘heroic’ notions of ministers, yet they are embedded in a web of accountabilities, constantly negotiating their way through overlapping and multiple demands.Less
This chapter examines how elite political actors are held to account. It examines collective responsibility, individual ministerial responsibility, and their personal accountability for actions not directly related to their duties as ministers. Governments confronted the dilemmas posed by the arrival of ‘responsible party government’. The constitutional conventions creaked under the impact of party self-interest. The shared responses to improvise to meet whatever political exigencies confronted the government. So, notions of cabinet solidarity were relaxed to accommodate dissent, ministerial resignations became prime ministerial tactical calculations of political dispensability, and prime ministers found other ways to renew their ministries to ensure turnover. However, such improvization prompted outrage, and calls for a return to responsible government. So, governments sought refuge in new codes. Today, we still operate with ‘heroic’ notions of ministers, yet they are embedded in a web of accountabilities, constantly negotiating their way through overlapping and multiple demands.
Anthony Thornton
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198259312
- eISBN:
- 9780191681936
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198259312.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, Legal Profession and Ethics
This chapter provides the ethical rules pertaining to the English Bar. The professional responsibility and ethics required of barristers can only be understood by examining the structure of the Bar, ...
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This chapter provides the ethical rules pertaining to the English Bar. The professional responsibility and ethics required of barristers can only be understood by examining the structure of the Bar, the way in which its rules of conduct are promulgated, the essential requirements of practice, and the conduct a barrister must observe whilst practising. Although there are only so many employed barristers, the profession is organised and regulated largely for barristers in independent practice. Only fourteen places are reserved for employed barristers on the Bar Council and the Code of Conduct is principally concerned with the court conduct and practising arrangements of independent practitioners. Topics discussed include conduct and etiquette, the Bar council, the courts and legal services ct, barristers in independent practice, employed barristers, non-practising barristers, excepted work, international practice, the Code of Conduct, acceptance of briefs and instructions, conduct of a brief or instructions, conduct at court, written professional standards, publicity, fees, equal opportunities, and practising arrangements. The Bar's Code of Conduct seeks to achieve six ideals: integrity, justice, service, economy, efficiency and equality of opportunity.Less
This chapter provides the ethical rules pertaining to the English Bar. The professional responsibility and ethics required of barristers can only be understood by examining the structure of the Bar, the way in which its rules of conduct are promulgated, the essential requirements of practice, and the conduct a barrister must observe whilst practising. Although there are only so many employed barristers, the profession is organised and regulated largely for barristers in independent practice. Only fourteen places are reserved for employed barristers on the Bar Council and the Code of Conduct is principally concerned with the court conduct and practising arrangements of independent practitioners. Topics discussed include conduct and etiquette, the Bar council, the courts and legal services ct, barristers in independent practice, employed barristers, non-practising barristers, excepted work, international practice, the Code of Conduct, acceptance of briefs and instructions, conduct of a brief or instructions, conduct at court, written professional standards, publicity, fees, equal opportunities, and practising arrangements. The Bar's Code of Conduct seeks to achieve six ideals: integrity, justice, service, economy, efficiency and equality of opportunity.
Eva Storskrubb
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199533176
- eISBN:
- 9780191714504
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199533176.003.0011
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law
This chapter analyses the legislative history, main substantive content, and normative implications of the Commission Green Paper on the Code of Conduct and the proposed Directive all relating to ...
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This chapter analyses the legislative history, main substantive content, and normative implications of the Commission Green Paper on the Code of Conduct and the proposed Directive all relating to Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR). The Commission Green Paper actualised several regulatory questions in relation to legislating ADR on the EU level that are examined in the chapter. The Code of Conduct is a self-regulatory measure of stakeholders supported by the Commission. The principles to which mediators and mediation institutions can voluntarily commit are presented. Finally, the proposed ADR Directive is outlined, including issues such as confidentiality of mediation, limitation periods, and court sponsorship of mediation. The chapter concludes by finding that the measures are tentative steps that raise difficult regulatory choices, among which is the cross-border definition, and that the initiatives, although welcome, potentially raise tensions with procedural guarantees.Less
This chapter analyses the legislative history, main substantive content, and normative implications of the Commission Green Paper on the Code of Conduct and the proposed Directive all relating to Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR). The Commission Green Paper actualised several regulatory questions in relation to legislating ADR on the EU level that are examined in the chapter. The Code of Conduct is a self-regulatory measure of stakeholders supported by the Commission. The principles to which mediators and mediation institutions can voluntarily commit are presented. Finally, the proposed ADR Directive is outlined, including issues such as confidentiality of mediation, limitation periods, and court sponsorship of mediation. The chapter concludes by finding that the measures are tentative steps that raise difficult regulatory choices, among which is the cross-border definition, and that the initiatives, although welcome, potentially raise tensions with procedural guarantees.
Helmut Lethen
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520201095
- eISBN:
- 9780520916418
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520201095.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter examines the Gracián's code of conduct. It evaluates three hundred behavioral precepts from the Art of Worldly Wisdom that help clarify the reasons for Krauss's attraction. It evaluates ...
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This chapter examines the Gracián's code of conduct. It evaluates three hundred behavioral precepts from the Art of Worldly Wisdom that help clarify the reasons for Krauss's attraction. It evaluates Krauss's interpretation of the subject in the courtly codes of conduct. It notes that the subject with whom Krauss becomes acquainted in Gracián's code has no internal compass to call on when it moves into life-threatening territory.Less
This chapter examines the Gracián's code of conduct. It evaluates three hundred behavioral precepts from the Art of Worldly Wisdom that help clarify the reasons for Krauss's attraction. It evaluates Krauss's interpretation of the subject in the courtly codes of conduct. It notes that the subject with whom Krauss becomes acquainted in Gracián's code has no internal compass to call on when it moves into life-threatening territory.
Anna Bryson
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198217657
- eISBN:
- 9780191678264
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198217657.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History, Cultural History
This chapter discusses the development and significance of one further image or stereotype of gentlemanly behaviour. It is one which differs markedly from that of the ‘civil gentleman’ or even, ...
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This chapter discusses the development and significance of one further image or stereotype of gentlemanly behaviour. It is one which differs markedly from that of the ‘civil gentleman’ or even, despite some continuities, the ‘man of honour’, in that it was almost always unequivocally condemned by writers on conduct. For this reason it emerges from codification of manners and from satire almost entirely through criticism and even outrage, and yet it also clearly involved a ‘code’ of conduct which exercised some fascination over a substantial number of young gentlemen. This was the image of the gentleman as ‘libertine’ or ‘rake’ which crystallized in the later 17th century, and which, in its repudiation of much of the code of ‘civility’, presents a major obstacle to any linear theories of the civilization of manners.Less
This chapter discusses the development and significance of one further image or stereotype of gentlemanly behaviour. It is one which differs markedly from that of the ‘civil gentleman’ or even, despite some continuities, the ‘man of honour’, in that it was almost always unequivocally condemned by writers on conduct. For this reason it emerges from codification of manners and from satire almost entirely through criticism and even outrage, and yet it also clearly involved a ‘code’ of conduct which exercised some fascination over a substantial number of young gentlemen. This was the image of the gentleman as ‘libertine’ or ‘rake’ which crystallized in the later 17th century, and which, in its repudiation of much of the code of ‘civility’, presents a major obstacle to any linear theories of the civilization of manners.
Joseph A. McCahery and Erik P. M. Vermeulen
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199203406
- eISBN:
- 9780191707780
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199203406.003.0007
- Subject:
- Law, Company and Commercial Law
This chapter deals explicitly with the gap-filling function that best practice guidelines play in improving the contractual relations between the parties in closely held companies. Besides enhancing ...
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This chapter deals explicitly with the gap-filling function that best practice guidelines play in improving the contractual relations between the parties in closely held companies. Besides enhancing the effects on business, industry guidelines can serve another important goal as a self-regulatory mechanism in response to political pressures. It shows that optional guidelines can offer the public important information about how the industry operates.Less
This chapter deals explicitly with the gap-filling function that best practice guidelines play in improving the contractual relations between the parties in closely held companies. Besides enhancing the effects on business, industry guidelines can serve another important goal as a self-regulatory mechanism in response to political pressures. It shows that optional guidelines can offer the public important information about how the industry operates.
PETER ALLDRIDGE
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199243495
- eISBN:
- 9780191714177
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199243495.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
Criminal statutes specify the necessary and sufficient conditions under which a conviction may be returned. Frequently, definitions of crimes are difficult for anyone not a lawyer to understand. If ...
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Criminal statutes specify the necessary and sufficient conditions under which a conviction may be returned. Frequently, definitions of crimes are difficult for anyone not a lawyer to understand. If we are to take seriously the idea that criminal law is to guide conduct, we should take greater care to ensure that people actually know what is required of them. This chapter is a response to Paul Robinson and Antony Duff concerning their views about a code of conduct for citizens and whether it should include a reference to mental states. It argues that some elements of civil law need to be included in a proper account of the distinction between justification and excuse and a code of advice for citizens, and that the starting point for an account of the relationship between criminal law and citizen should be the rights (especially the human rights) of the citizen, not a conception of the major criminal proscriptions.Less
Criminal statutes specify the necessary and sufficient conditions under which a conviction may be returned. Frequently, definitions of crimes are difficult for anyone not a lawyer to understand. If we are to take seriously the idea that criminal law is to guide conduct, we should take greater care to ensure that people actually know what is required of them. This chapter is a response to Paul Robinson and Antony Duff concerning their views about a code of conduct for citizens and whether it should include a reference to mental states. It argues that some elements of civil law need to be included in a proper account of the distinction between justification and excuse and a code of advice for citizens, and that the starting point for an account of the relationship between criminal law and citizen should be the rights (especially the human rights) of the citizen, not a conception of the major criminal proscriptions.
Paul H. Robinson
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198258865
- eISBN:
- 9780191681875
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198258865.003.0010
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
This chapter describes the strategies for drafting an effective code of conduct. Specifically discussed are the five drafting principles. Eliminating the liability and grading language from the ...
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This chapter describes the strategies for drafting an effective code of conduct. Specifically discussed are the five drafting principles. Eliminating the liability and grading language from the provision leaves a fairly readable and understandable rule. Many offences in current codes prohibit conduct identical to that prohibited by other offences; the offences are defined separately only for grading purposes. The use of simple and plain language can enhance a code's communicative potential. A code of conduct inspires greater compliance if, in the public's view, it describes conduct that the public sees as wrongful. In other words, the code's credibility as an accurate statement of what is wrongful conduct enhances its effectiveness; its lack of credibility can undercut compliance.Less
This chapter describes the strategies for drafting an effective code of conduct. Specifically discussed are the five drafting principles. Eliminating the liability and grading language from the provision leaves a fairly readable and understandable rule. Many offences in current codes prohibit conduct identical to that prohibited by other offences; the offences are defined separately only for grading purposes. The use of simple and plain language can enhance a code's communicative potential. A code of conduct inspires greater compliance if, in the public's view, it describes conduct that the public sees as wrongful. In other words, the code's credibility as an accurate statement of what is wrongful conduct enhances its effectiveness; its lack of credibility can undercut compliance.
Veena Das
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198077404
- eISBN:
- 9780199081172
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198077404.003.0003
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Theory
This chapter continues the discussion of the structure of the Dharmaranya Purana. It is mostly concerned with the myths that are connected to the differentiation among the Vanikas and Brahmas. The ...
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This chapter continues the discussion of the structure of the Dharmaranya Purana. It is mostly concerned with the myths that are connected to the differentiation among the Vanikas and Brahmas. The chapter begins by discussing jatis, where it shows that the jatis is found within the conceptual order of Hinduism. Here, it notes that jatis references a set of relations among the sanyasi, Brahman, and king, and explains that a jati can be classified by three principles of organization. It then looks at the primary divisions among the Brahmans and the reasons—as stated in the Purana—why these divisions occurred. It also discusses the differences that arose between the Chaturvedi Brahmans and the Trivedi Brahmans, the Modh Brahmans' code of conduct, the Puranic thinkers, and the theory of the kalivarjya. The final part of the chapter discusses the conception of caste fission within the Dharmaranya Purana.Less
This chapter continues the discussion of the structure of the Dharmaranya Purana. It is mostly concerned with the myths that are connected to the differentiation among the Vanikas and Brahmas. The chapter begins by discussing jatis, where it shows that the jatis is found within the conceptual order of Hinduism. Here, it notes that jatis references a set of relations among the sanyasi, Brahman, and king, and explains that a jati can be classified by three principles of organization. It then looks at the primary divisions among the Brahmans and the reasons—as stated in the Purana—why these divisions occurred. It also discusses the differences that arose between the Chaturvedi Brahmans and the Trivedi Brahmans, the Modh Brahmans' code of conduct, the Puranic thinkers, and the theory of the kalivarjya. The final part of the chapter discusses the conception of caste fission within the Dharmaranya Purana.
Erika George
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- September 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780199941483
- eISBN:
- 9780199366385
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199941483.003.0007
- Subject:
- Law, Company and Commercial Law, Human Rights and Immigration
This chapter examines what corporations say they are doing to address human rights risks presented by particular business practices in particular contexts. It offers an overview of the different ...
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This chapter examines what corporations say they are doing to address human rights risks presented by particular business practices in particular contexts. It offers an overview of the different strategies being used by transnational business enterprises to respond to concerns expressed by investors, consumers, and affected communities. Among the self-regulation strategies used by businesses examined are participation in multistakeholder initiatives designed to address human rights issues, human rights impact assessments, audits and certifications, supply chain contract provisions, and corporate responses to ratings and reports by concerned stakeholder constituencies. The chapter presents the findings of a discourse analysis of codes created by competing corporations in selected industry sectors assessing over time the extent to which codes incorporate reference to human rights standards and refer to emerging self-regulation strategies. Corporate responses to allegations of complicity in abuse are analyzed. The chapter argues that the discursive frame asserted by corporate responsibility incorporating rights increasingly treats voluntary norms as obligatory to maintaining a “social license” to operate.Less
This chapter examines what corporations say they are doing to address human rights risks presented by particular business practices in particular contexts. It offers an overview of the different strategies being used by transnational business enterprises to respond to concerns expressed by investors, consumers, and affected communities. Among the self-regulation strategies used by businesses examined are participation in multistakeholder initiatives designed to address human rights issues, human rights impact assessments, audits and certifications, supply chain contract provisions, and corporate responses to ratings and reports by concerned stakeholder constituencies. The chapter presents the findings of a discourse analysis of codes created by competing corporations in selected industry sectors assessing over time the extent to which codes incorporate reference to human rights standards and refer to emerging self-regulation strategies. Corporate responses to allegations of complicity in abuse are analyzed. The chapter argues that the discursive frame asserted by corporate responsibility incorporating rights increasingly treats voluntary norms as obligatory to maintaining a “social license” to operate.
Charlotte E. Blattner
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- August 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190948313
- eISBN:
- 9780190948344
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190948313.003.0007
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
This chapter focuses on whether states can use extended forms of extraterritorial jurisdiction to protect animals abroad, including foreign policy rules, investment agreements, jurisdiction assigned ...
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This chapter focuses on whether states can use extended forms of extraterritorial jurisdiction to protect animals abroad, including foreign policy rules, investment agreements, jurisdiction assigned to international bodies, and self-regulation by private actors. These subtler forms of extraterritorial regulation are fully established and widely used in human rights law. When applied to animal law, they yield substantial benefits for states that want to protect animals abroad by reaching beyond traditional command-and-control structures and tapping the expertise of non-state actors. The focus of this chapter is on investment rules, export credit standards, bilateral investment treaties, bilateral free trade agreements, impact assessments, reporting, corporate social responsibility, codes of conduct, and the Guidelines on Multinational Enterprises, issued by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).Less
This chapter focuses on whether states can use extended forms of extraterritorial jurisdiction to protect animals abroad, including foreign policy rules, investment agreements, jurisdiction assigned to international bodies, and self-regulation by private actors. These subtler forms of extraterritorial regulation are fully established and widely used in human rights law. When applied to animal law, they yield substantial benefits for states that want to protect animals abroad by reaching beyond traditional command-and-control structures and tapping the expertise of non-state actors. The focus of this chapter is on investment rules, export credit standards, bilateral investment treaties, bilateral free trade agreements, impact assessments, reporting, corporate social responsibility, codes of conduct, and the Guidelines on Multinational Enterprises, issued by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).
Carsten Hoppe and Ottavio Quirico
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199604555
- eISBN:
- 9780191725180
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199604555.003.0019
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law, Human Rights and Immigration
What is the state of self-regulatory initiatives in the private military and security industry? Private military and security companies (PMSCs) put forward a complex regulation of their own ...
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What is the state of self-regulatory initiatives in the private military and security industry? Private military and security companies (PMSCs) put forward a complex regulation of their own activities through Codes of Conduct (CoC), including best practices and ethics declarations initiated by firms, which aim to complement existing national and international rules. This chapter classifies these initiatives, identified under the heading of ‘corporate social responsibility’, and sets out to analyse them through a two-step inquiry. First, the research focuses on substantive rules, including the licensing regimes, contracts, the activity of PMSCs, resort to force, risk assessment and issues of liability. Second, the study explores procedural rules of implementation and enforcement as well as their viability. The overall self-regulatory framework is critically assessed from the standpoint of both its internal coherence and external consistency with existing public regulation.Less
What is the state of self-regulatory initiatives in the private military and security industry? Private military and security companies (PMSCs) put forward a complex regulation of their own activities through Codes of Conduct (CoC), including best practices and ethics declarations initiated by firms, which aim to complement existing national and international rules. This chapter classifies these initiatives, identified under the heading of ‘corporate social responsibility’, and sets out to analyse them through a two-step inquiry. First, the research focuses on substantive rules, including the licensing regimes, contracts, the activity of PMSCs, resort to force, risk assessment and issues of liability. Second, the study explores procedural rules of implementation and enforcement as well as their viability. The overall self-regulatory framework is critically assessed from the standpoint of both its internal coherence and external consistency with existing public regulation.
George F. DeMartino
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199730568
- eISBN:
- 9780199896776
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199730568.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
Economists alter the course of economic affairs and thereby affect the life chances of current and future generations. They do this through their scholarship and teaching, and through their ...
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Economists alter the course of economic affairs and thereby affect the life chances of current and future generations. They do this through their scholarship and teaching, and through their leadership of and staff-level positions in important government and multilateral agencies, consulting firms, investment banks and other economic institutions. And yet, the economics profession consistently has refused to explore the ethical aspects of its work. There is no field of professional economic ethics. As a consequence, economists are largely unprepared for the ethical challenges they face in their work. This book challenges the economic orthodoxy on the matter of professional ethics. It builds the case for professional economic ethics step by step—first by rebutting the economist’s arguments against and then by presenting an escalating positive case for professional economic ethics. The book surveys what economists do and demonstrates that this work is ethically fraught. It explores the principles, questions and debates that inform professional ethics in other fields, and identifies the lessons that economics can take from the best established bodies of professional ethics. The book demonstrates that in the absence of professional ethics, well-meaning economists have committed basic, preventable ethical errors that have caused severe harm for societies across the globe. The book investigates the reforms in economic education that would be necessary were the profession to recognize its professional ethical obligations; and it concludes with the Economist’s Oath that draws on the book’s central insights and highlights the virtues that are required of the “ethical economist.”Less
Economists alter the course of economic affairs and thereby affect the life chances of current and future generations. They do this through their scholarship and teaching, and through their leadership of and staff-level positions in important government and multilateral agencies, consulting firms, investment banks and other economic institutions. And yet, the economics profession consistently has refused to explore the ethical aspects of its work. There is no field of professional economic ethics. As a consequence, economists are largely unprepared for the ethical challenges they face in their work. This book challenges the economic orthodoxy on the matter of professional ethics. It builds the case for professional economic ethics step by step—first by rebutting the economist’s arguments against and then by presenting an escalating positive case for professional economic ethics. The book surveys what economists do and demonstrates that this work is ethically fraught. It explores the principles, questions and debates that inform professional ethics in other fields, and identifies the lessons that economics can take from the best established bodies of professional ethics. The book demonstrates that in the absence of professional ethics, well-meaning economists have committed basic, preventable ethical errors that have caused severe harm for societies across the globe. The book investigates the reforms in economic education that would be necessary were the profession to recognize its professional ethical obligations; and it concludes with the Economist’s Oath that draws on the book’s central insights and highlights the virtues that are required of the “ethical economist.”
Steven M. Ortiz
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- May 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780252043161
- eISBN:
- 9780252052040
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5622/illinois/9780252043161.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Sport and Leisure
This chapter focuses on the lived experience of the wives who travel with their husbands during the MLB season and the unwritten code of conduct that establishes the wives’ subordinate status by ...
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This chapter focuses on the lived experience of the wives who travel with their husbands during the MLB season and the unwritten code of conduct that establishes the wives’ subordinate status by ensuring their social invisibility. It describes how the players, sport organizations, and the wives themselves use code work to construct, apply, and reinforce the code, and how couples who question the code—called code busters—can reap negative consequences even when the husband enjoys high-level team status. It discusses the importance of code enforcement as a means of maintaining the husband’s standing among teammates, establishing the expectation that teammates will cover up each other’s sexual activities, including the extramarital relationships of married players. Finally, it explores how traveling wives, who are also expected to keep the men’s secrets, become aware of an implicit competition for their husband’s loyalty.Less
This chapter focuses on the lived experience of the wives who travel with their husbands during the MLB season and the unwritten code of conduct that establishes the wives’ subordinate status by ensuring their social invisibility. It describes how the players, sport organizations, and the wives themselves use code work to construct, apply, and reinforce the code, and how couples who question the code—called code busters—can reap negative consequences even when the husband enjoys high-level team status. It discusses the importance of code enforcement as a means of maintaining the husband’s standing among teammates, establishing the expectation that teammates will cover up each other’s sexual activities, including the extramarital relationships of married players. Finally, it explores how traveling wives, who are also expected to keep the men’s secrets, become aware of an implicit competition for their husband’s loyalty.
