Richard E. Ocejo
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780691165493
- eISBN:
- 9781400884865
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691165493.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Occupations, Professions, and Work
This chapter talks about how cocktail bartenders are most likely to respect, discuss, and debate the history of their craft and its culture, and recognize its importance in the work they do. Classic ...
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This chapter talks about how cocktail bartenders are most likely to respect, discuss, and debate the history of their craft and its culture, and recognize its importance in the work they do. Classic cocktail culture appears in their recipes and personal style, the motifs of their bars, and their professional identity. To them, the spread of craft cocktails throughout the nightlife industry and the rise of bartending to what they see as its rightful place as a respected trade are true revivals and rebirths. Cocktail bartenders build on and reshape the past, for their own livelihood and for a drinking public who want special bar experiences and crave a story behind their drink. Bringing their cocktail knowledge to bear on their service helps to elevate their work to an elite level.Less
This chapter talks about how cocktail bartenders are most likely to respect, discuss, and debate the history of their craft and its culture, and recognize its importance in the work they do. Classic cocktail culture appears in their recipes and personal style, the motifs of their bars, and their professional identity. To them, the spread of craft cocktails throughout the nightlife industry and the rise of bartending to what they see as its rightful place as a respected trade are true revivals and rebirths. Cocktail bartenders build on and reshape the past, for their own livelihood and for a drinking public who want special bar experiences and crave a story behind their drink. Bringing their cocktail knowledge to bear on their service helps to elevate their work to an elite level.
Willem J.M. Levelt
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199653669
- eISBN:
- 9780191742040
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199653669.003.0015
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter outlines the unifying new efforts that led to modern psycholinguistics, in order to form a practical science of the users of language. It first takes a look at the 1950 Conference on ...
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This chapter outlines the unifying new efforts that led to modern psycholinguistics, in order to form a practical science of the users of language. It first takes a look at the 1950 Conference on Speech Communication, where the different papers presented reveal that engineers, mathematicians, biophysicists, etc. did not consider behaviorism as a vital feature of communication. It then identifies some developments in Britain that contributed to psycholinguistics, including Colin Cherry's ‘cocktail party effect’ and Dennis Fry's interdisciplinary perspective in the analysis of speech communication. The next section focuses on other developments on brain and language in certain countries, including Russia, the United States, and Italy. It also discusses Géza Révèsz, his ‘contact theory’, and a symposium on thinking and speaking that was held in Amsterdam. This chapter concludes with a discussion on old and new approaches in developmental psycholinguistics and the state of general psycholinguistics since 1951.Less
This chapter outlines the unifying new efforts that led to modern psycholinguistics, in order to form a practical science of the users of language. It first takes a look at the 1950 Conference on Speech Communication, where the different papers presented reveal that engineers, mathematicians, biophysicists, etc. did not consider behaviorism as a vital feature of communication. It then identifies some developments in Britain that contributed to psycholinguistics, including Colin Cherry's ‘cocktail party effect’ and Dennis Fry's interdisciplinary perspective in the analysis of speech communication. The next section focuses on other developments on brain and language in certain countries, including Russia, the United States, and Italy. It also discusses Géza Révèsz, his ‘contact theory’, and a symposium on thinking and speaking that was held in Amsterdam. This chapter concludes with a discussion on old and new approaches in developmental psycholinguistics and the state of general psycholinguistics since 1951.
Richard E. Ocejo
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780691165493
- eISBN:
- 9781400884865
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691165493.003.0006
- Subject:
- Sociology, Occupations, Professions, and Work
This chapter considers how, for young urbanites with hip tastes, the culture of the cocktail world exude cool. To them, visiting the hidden bar for craft cocktails and unique small-batch spirits, the ...
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This chapter considers how, for young urbanites with hip tastes, the culture of the cocktail world exude cool. To them, visiting the hidden bar for craft cocktails and unique small-batch spirits, the lodge-like masculine barbershop for a classic-looking haircut and an old-fashioned shave, and the local butcher for a rare cut of locally raised meat are fundamental to life in the city. People with certain sensibilities toward what they buy and do for leisure seek out these new urban luxuries among the city's many other options. They represent fun, cool, and urbane alternatives to the more popular sports bars and loud nightclubs, branded booze, cheap and quick haircuts, and shrink-wrapped meat on Styrofoam trays.Less
This chapter considers how, for young urbanites with hip tastes, the culture of the cocktail world exude cool. To them, visiting the hidden bar for craft cocktails and unique small-batch spirits, the lodge-like masculine barbershop for a classic-looking haircut and an old-fashioned shave, and the local butcher for a rare cut of locally raised meat are fundamental to life in the city. People with certain sensibilities toward what they buy and do for leisure seek out these new urban luxuries among the city's many other options. They represent fun, cool, and urbane alternatives to the more popular sports bars and loud nightclubs, branded booze, cheap and quick haircuts, and shrink-wrapped meat on Styrofoam trays.
Andrew F. Smith
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231151177
- eISBN:
- 9780231530996
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231151177.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
This chapter describes the history of cocktails in America. From the earliest colonial days, Americans enjoyed combining other ingredients with their alcoholic beverages. Many mixtures were based on ...
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This chapter describes the history of cocktails in America. From the earliest colonial days, Americans enjoyed combining other ingredients with their alcoholic beverages. Many mixtures were based on European—particularly English—traditions. The word “cock-tail,” describing a drink, first appeared in print in 1803. Many tales have been offered as to how the cocktail acquired its name but the only common thread among them was that it was an American invention. As bars became popular, a new profession emerged: the bartender. In 1862, Jerry Thomas, New York’s Metropolitan Hotel’s most prominent bartender, assembled a collection that was published as The Bar-Tender’s Guide; or How to Mix Drinks. The book would be reprinted many times under various names, with revisions and amplifications. Its recipes became the national standard for mixed drinks served in American saloons, hotel bars, restaurants, and homes. This was only the first in a long line of American cocktail manuals, and American cocktails would soon dominate the mixed drink world.Less
This chapter describes the history of cocktails in America. From the earliest colonial days, Americans enjoyed combining other ingredients with their alcoholic beverages. Many mixtures were based on European—particularly English—traditions. The word “cock-tail,” describing a drink, first appeared in print in 1803. Many tales have been offered as to how the cocktail acquired its name but the only common thread among them was that it was an American invention. As bars became popular, a new profession emerged: the bartender. In 1862, Jerry Thomas, New York’s Metropolitan Hotel’s most prominent bartender, assembled a collection that was published as The Bar-Tender’s Guide; or How to Mix Drinks. The book would be reprinted many times under various names, with revisions and amplifications. Its recipes became the national standard for mixed drinks served in American saloons, hotel bars, restaurants, and homes. This was only the first in a long line of American cocktail manuals, and American cocktails would soon dominate the mixed drink world.
Simon Lewis
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813036021
- eISBN:
- 9780813038636
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813036021.003.0006
- Subject:
- Literature, World Literature
This chapter tries to portray that the British drama's canon illustrates the stubborn “otherness” of Africa, permitting the repetition of stereotypical, historically incurious representations of ...
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This chapter tries to portray that the British drama's canon illustrates the stubborn “otherness” of Africa, permitting the repetition of stereotypical, historically incurious representations of Africa by British dramatists—whether conservative or progressive—while still holding Anglophone African writers at arm's length. The chapter scrutinizes three plays: The Cocktail Party by T. S. Eliot, Death and the King's Horseman by Wole Soyinka, and Cloud Nine by Caryl Churchill. All these novels re-create a moment in colonial history as per the author's modern point of view.Less
This chapter tries to portray that the British drama's canon illustrates the stubborn “otherness” of Africa, permitting the repetition of stereotypical, historically incurious representations of Africa by British dramatists—whether conservative or progressive—while still holding Anglophone African writers at arm's length. The chapter scrutinizes three plays: The Cocktail Party by T. S. Eliot, Death and the King's Horseman by Wole Soyinka, and Cloud Nine by Caryl Churchill. All these novels re-create a moment in colonial history as per the author's modern point of view.
Susan Chandler and Jill B. Jones
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801450143
- eISBN:
- 9780801462696
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801450143.003.0003
- Subject:
- Sociology, Occupations, Professions, and Work
This chapter examines the world of cocktail waitresses. It is a collection of body stories—revealed breasts, protruding bunions, trashed wrists, and smoke-blackened lungs; of sexual come-ons and ...
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This chapter examines the world of cocktail waitresses. It is a collection of body stories—revealed breasts, protruding bunions, trashed wrists, and smoke-blackened lungs; of sexual come-ons and closely regulated weight requirements; of exhaustion and drugs that make smiles brighter and wearing high heels easier. It plays close attention to what those breasts, bunions, wrists, and lungs tell us about who has power and who does not. It notes the tight control casino executives exercise over cocktail waitresses and their bodies in this world where ostensibly “anything goes.” But control, it turns out, is never total. Cocktail waitresses are rarely docile; guests may consider them babes, but most are working-class women with strong ethics of care for each other and their families. And because they are regularly exposed to the raw side of both management and guests, they have few illusions, something that generally serves women and workers well. Cocktail waitresses, who feminists worry might be the least likely to come back at men in power, actually can do it with gusto.Less
This chapter examines the world of cocktail waitresses. It is a collection of body stories—revealed breasts, protruding bunions, trashed wrists, and smoke-blackened lungs; of sexual come-ons and closely regulated weight requirements; of exhaustion and drugs that make smiles brighter and wearing high heels easier. It plays close attention to what those breasts, bunions, wrists, and lungs tell us about who has power and who does not. It notes the tight control casino executives exercise over cocktail waitresses and their bodies in this world where ostensibly “anything goes.” But control, it turns out, is never total. Cocktail waitresses are rarely docile; guests may consider them babes, but most are working-class women with strong ethics of care for each other and their families. And because they are regularly exposed to the raw side of both management and guests, they have few illusions, something that generally serves women and workers well. Cocktail waitresses, who feminists worry might be the least likely to come back at men in power, actually can do it with gusto.
Charles Kooperberg, James Y. Dai, and Li Hsu
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780262034685
- eISBN:
- 9780262335522
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262034685.003.0002
- Subject:
- Biology, Biomathematics / Statistics and Data Analysis / Complexity Studies
Genome-wide association studies and next generation sequencing studies offer us an unprecedented opportunity to study the genetic etiology of diseases and other traits. Over the last few years, many ...
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Genome-wide association studies and next generation sequencing studies offer us an unprecedented opportunity to study the genetic etiology of diseases and other traits. Over the last few years, many replicated associations between SNPs and traits have been published. It is of particular interest to identify how genes may interact with environmental factors and other genes. In this chapter, we show that a two-stage approach, where in the first stage SNPs are screened for their potential to be involved in interactions, and interactions are then tested only among SNPs that pass the screening can greatly enhance power for detecting gene-environment and gene-gene interaction in large genetic studies compared to the tests without screening.Less
Genome-wide association studies and next generation sequencing studies offer us an unprecedented opportunity to study the genetic etiology of diseases and other traits. Over the last few years, many replicated associations between SNPs and traits have been published. It is of particular interest to identify how genes may interact with environmental factors and other genes. In this chapter, we show that a two-stage approach, where in the first stage SNPs are screened for their potential to be involved in interactions, and interactions are then tested only among SNPs that pass the screening can greatly enhance power for detecting gene-environment and gene-gene interaction in large genetic studies compared to the tests without screening.
Matthew Schruers
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781479841936
- eISBN:
- 9781479822980
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479841936.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, Intellectual Property, IT, and Media Law
Matt Schruers demonstrates that from their earliest days as delivery mechanisms for medicines, to the era of patent elixirs, to today’s resurgence of craft cocktails, alcoholic beverages have been ...
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Matt Schruers demonstrates that from their earliest days as delivery mechanisms for medicines, to the era of patent elixirs, to today’s resurgence of craft cocktails, alcoholic beverages have been fruitful ground for innovation. Although cocktail recipes are unprotected by copyright or patent law, new cocktail recipes are far from scarce, despite the fact that these inventions can be freely copied and used by competitors. While culinary creations are regulated through informal norms, innovation in the mixological arts is driven by market strategies, in particular by cross-financing the investments made in easily copied information. Cocktails are often devised and sold as services, rather than products, as well as promotion for the spirits they contain. As this chapter colorfully illustrates, classic intellectual property theory often fails to account for market-based innovation incentives.Less
Matt Schruers demonstrates that from their earliest days as delivery mechanisms for medicines, to the era of patent elixirs, to today’s resurgence of craft cocktails, alcoholic beverages have been fruitful ground for innovation. Although cocktail recipes are unprotected by copyright or patent law, new cocktail recipes are far from scarce, despite the fact that these inventions can be freely copied and used by competitors. While culinary creations are regulated through informal norms, innovation in the mixological arts is driven by market strategies, in particular by cross-financing the investments made in easily copied information. Cocktails are often devised and sold as services, rather than products, as well as promotion for the spirits they contain. As this chapter colorfully illustrates, classic intellectual property theory often fails to account for market-based innovation incentives.
Stephen Citron
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300100822
- eISBN:
- 9780300133240
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300100822.003.0003
- Subject:
- Music, Popular
This chapter focuses on Jerry Herman's experience in college and after his graduation. It explains that Herman's education at the University of Miami taught him various aspects of the theater ...
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This chapter focuses on Jerry Herman's experience in college and after his graduation. It explains that Herman's education at the University of Miami taught him various aspects of the theater including built scenery and lighting effects, and that he also joined the school's dramatic society and the Zeta Beta Tau. After graduation Herman was drafted in the army, worked in cocktail lounges, and finished the revue titled Parade in 1960.Less
This chapter focuses on Jerry Herman's experience in college and after his graduation. It explains that Herman's education at the University of Miami taught him various aspects of the theater including built scenery and lighting effects, and that he also joined the school's dramatic society and the Zeta Beta Tau. After graduation Herman was drafted in the army, worked in cocktail lounges, and finished the revue titled Parade in 1960.
Adrian Miller
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781469632537
- eISBN:
- 9781469632551
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469632537.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, African-American History
This chapter explores the ways that presidents have used beverages as either subterfuge or a symbol for their presidency. This chapter shows how the power of the U.S. temperance movement in the ...
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This chapter explores the ways that presidents have used beverages as either subterfuge or a symbol for their presidency. This chapter shows how the power of the U.S. temperance movement in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries affected the public drinking habits of presidents and the presence of alcoholic drinks at White House functions. Such power also affected public acknowledgement of a wine cellar in the White House and to what extent such cellar was stocked with wine. This chapter chronologically profiles Arthur Brooks (White House wine cellar custodian), Charles Ficklin (White House wine steward), and Alonzo Fields. The chapter elaborates on presidential drinkways through a succession of beverages: wine, punch, eggnog, cocktails, and beer. The chapter ends with recipes for Inauguration punch, White House eggnog, and White House honey ale.Less
This chapter explores the ways that presidents have used beverages as either subterfuge or a symbol for their presidency. This chapter shows how the power of the U.S. temperance movement in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries affected the public drinking habits of presidents and the presence of alcoholic drinks at White House functions. Such power also affected public acknowledgement of a wine cellar in the White House and to what extent such cellar was stocked with wine. This chapter chronologically profiles Arthur Brooks (White House wine cellar custodian), Charles Ficklin (White House wine steward), and Alonzo Fields. The chapter elaborates on presidential drinkways through a succession of beverages: wine, punch, eggnog, cocktails, and beer. The chapter ends with recipes for Inauguration punch, White House eggnog, and White House honey ale.
Barbara Demeneix
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- August 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199917518
- eISBN:
- 9780190232382
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199917518.003.0006
- Subject:
- Psychology, Behavioural Neuroendocrinology
The current EPA Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA) inventory lists over 84,000 chemicals manufactured or imported into the United States in quantities above 10 tons. This list does not include ...
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The current EPA Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA) inventory lists over 84,000 chemicals manufactured or imported into the United States in quantities above 10 tons. This list does not include substances covered by other legislations such as pesticides, foodstuffs, or food additives and cosmetics. Given that many of these substances are released into the environment, it is hardly surprising to find that each one of us is contaminated with dozens of them. Even more disquieting are the reports showing that amniotic fluid, umbilical cord blood, and breast milk are also cocktails of contaminants. Thus, the most vulnerable periods of life are played out in an unprecedented mixture of chemical compounds of industrial origin. Although many of these substances are present at low doses, there are very little data on the effects of these multiple low-dose mixtures on developmental processes.Less
The current EPA Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA) inventory lists over 84,000 chemicals manufactured or imported into the United States in quantities above 10 tons. This list does not include substances covered by other legislations such as pesticides, foodstuffs, or food additives and cosmetics. Given that many of these substances are released into the environment, it is hardly surprising to find that each one of us is contaminated with dozens of them. Even more disquieting are the reports showing that amniotic fluid, umbilical cord blood, and breast milk are also cocktails of contaminants. Thus, the most vulnerable periods of life are played out in an unprecedented mixture of chemical compounds of industrial origin. Although many of these substances are present at low doses, there are very little data on the effects of these multiple low-dose mixtures on developmental processes.
Jos Eggerrmont
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780198719090
- eISBN:
- 9780191802232
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198719090.003.0010
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, Development
It is amazing that in a noisy, multiple-people-talking environment, listeners with normal hearing can still recognize and understand the attended speech and simultaneously ignore background noise and ...
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It is amazing that in a noisy, multiple-people-talking environment, listeners with normal hearing can still recognize and understand the attended speech and simultaneously ignore background noise and irrelevant speech stimuli. How do we recognize what one person is saying when others are speaking at the same time? There are two challenges for a listener in a “cocktail party” situation. The first is the problem of sound segregation. The auditory system must derive the properties of individual sounds from the mixture entering the ears. The second challenge is that of directing attention to the sound source of interest while ignoring the others. In addition temporal structure has a key role in stream segregation. Timing synchrony of frequency partials allow fusion into a more complex sound, and if the frequency partials are harmonic the fusion is more likely. In contrast, timing asynchrony is a major element to distinguish one stream from two streams. Animal experiments have highlighted the role of temporal aspects by comparing behavioral data and recordings from the forebrain in the same species. Feature dependent forward suppression in auditory cortex may underlie streaming. Modeling studies suggest that stream formation depends primarily on temporal coherence between responses that encode various features of a sound source. Furthermore, it is postulated that only when attention is directed towards a particular feature (e.g. pitch) do all other temporally coherent features of that source (e.g. timbre and location) become bound together as a stream that is segregated from the incoherent features of other sources.Less
It is amazing that in a noisy, multiple-people-talking environment, listeners with normal hearing can still recognize and understand the attended speech and simultaneously ignore background noise and irrelevant speech stimuli. How do we recognize what one person is saying when others are speaking at the same time? There are two challenges for a listener in a “cocktail party” situation. The first is the problem of sound segregation. The auditory system must derive the properties of individual sounds from the mixture entering the ears. The second challenge is that of directing attention to the sound source of interest while ignoring the others. In addition temporal structure has a key role in stream segregation. Timing synchrony of frequency partials allow fusion into a more complex sound, and if the frequency partials are harmonic the fusion is more likely. In contrast, timing asynchrony is a major element to distinguish one stream from two streams. Animal experiments have highlighted the role of temporal aspects by comparing behavioral data and recordings from the forebrain in the same species. Feature dependent forward suppression in auditory cortex may underlie streaming. Modeling studies suggest that stream formation depends primarily on temporal coherence between responses that encode various features of a sound source. Furthermore, it is postulated that only when attention is directed towards a particular feature (e.g. pitch) do all other temporally coherent features of that source (e.g. timbre and location) become bound together as a stream that is segregated from the incoherent features of other sources.
Martin V. Butz and Esther F. Kutter
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- July 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198739692
- eISBN:
- 9780191834462
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198739692.003.0011
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Models and Architectures, Cognitive Psychology
Cognition does not work without attention. Attention enables us to focus on particular tasks and particular aspects in the environment. Psychological insights show that attention exhibits bottom-up ...
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Cognition does not work without attention. Attention enables us to focus on particular tasks and particular aspects in the environment. Psychological insights show that attention exhibits bottom-up and top-down components. Attention is attracted from the bottom-up towards unusual, exceptional, and unexpected sensory information. Top-down attention, on the other hand, filters information dependent on the current task-oriented expectations, which depend on the available generative models. This computational interpretation enables the explanation of conjunctive and disjunctive search. Different models of attention emphasize the importance of the unfolding interaction processes and a processing bottleneck can be detected. As a result, attention can be viewed as a dynamic control process that unfolds in redundant, neural fields, in which the selection of one interpretation and thus the processing bottleneck is strongest at the current focus of attention. The actual focus of attention itself is determined by the current behavioral and cognitive goals.Less
Cognition does not work without attention. Attention enables us to focus on particular tasks and particular aspects in the environment. Psychological insights show that attention exhibits bottom-up and top-down components. Attention is attracted from the bottom-up towards unusual, exceptional, and unexpected sensory information. Top-down attention, on the other hand, filters information dependent on the current task-oriented expectations, which depend on the available generative models. This computational interpretation enables the explanation of conjunctive and disjunctive search. Different models of attention emphasize the importance of the unfolding interaction processes and a processing bottleneck can be detected. As a result, attention can be viewed as a dynamic control process that unfolds in redundant, neural fields, in which the selection of one interpretation and thus the processing bottleneck is strongest at the current focus of attention. The actual focus of attention itself is determined by the current behavioral and cognitive goals.
Arthur M. Diamond Jr.
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- June 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190263669
- eISBN:
- 9780190263706
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190263669.003.0013
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
Pessimists predict the end of technological progress, but secular (long-term) stagnation is due to bad policies, not to having picked the low-hanging fruit, as illustrated by innovative medical ...
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Pessimists predict the end of technological progress, but secular (long-term) stagnation is due to bad policies, not to having picked the low-hanging fruit, as illustrated by innovative medical entrepreneurs who have been constrained from bringing us quicker and better cures for cancer. Funded researchers must stick to their original protocols even in the face of promising serendipitous discoveries. Medical incumbents protect their turf by mandating costly double-blind studies for innovations, and then refusing to enroll their patients in the studies. Trial-and-error experimental tinkering allowed Emil Freireich and his Society of Jabbering Idiots to develop the chemotherapy cocktail that allowed many to be cured of childhood leukemia, and allowed Vincent DeVita to develop the chemotherapy cocktail that allowed many to be cured of Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Yet FDA protocols restrict trial-and-error experimentation, resulting in many needless deaths. In medicine, as elsewhere, our future will be better if we unbind the innovative entrepreneur.Less
Pessimists predict the end of technological progress, but secular (long-term) stagnation is due to bad policies, not to having picked the low-hanging fruit, as illustrated by innovative medical entrepreneurs who have been constrained from bringing us quicker and better cures for cancer. Funded researchers must stick to their original protocols even in the face of promising serendipitous discoveries. Medical incumbents protect their turf by mandating costly double-blind studies for innovations, and then refusing to enroll their patients in the studies. Trial-and-error experimental tinkering allowed Emil Freireich and his Society of Jabbering Idiots to develop the chemotherapy cocktail that allowed many to be cured of childhood leukemia, and allowed Vincent DeVita to develop the chemotherapy cocktail that allowed many to be cured of Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Yet FDA protocols restrict trial-and-error experimentation, resulting in many needless deaths. In medicine, as elsewhere, our future will be better if we unbind the innovative entrepreneur.
