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Watchdogs of the Sea: Bantay Dagat

Barbara Goldoftas

in The Green Tiger: The Costs of Ecological Decline in the Philippines

The Philippines depends on its coastal coral reef fisheries as a critical source of livelihood and seafood for both export and domestic consumption. By the mid-1990s, these fisheries had been ... More

The Philippines depends on its coastal coral reef fisheries as a critical source of livelihood and seafood for both export and domestic consumption. By the mid-1990s, these fisheries had been over-exploited by both large-scale commercial and small-scale subsistence fishermen. Nearly all the coastal fisheries had been over-fished, and three-fourths of the coral reefs were being eroded. This chapter profiles Apo Island, one of the oldest marine protected areas in the country; the scientific research on marine conservation and coastal resource management that led to its creation; and the challenges that the community has faced in maintaining its no-take zone. The chapter also describes the USAID-funded Coastal Resource Management Project and its work building local government capacity to manage coastal resources at a larger scale, using Malalag Bay, Mindanao, as an example.Less

Co‐Management as a New Approach to Regulation of Common Property Resources

Jean‐Marie Baland and Jean‐Philippe Platteau

in Halting Degradation of Natural Resources: Is There a Role for Rural Communities?

This paper focuses on the co-management approach to regulating common property resources. The nature of co-management arrangements or contracts, and applications of co-management in various ... More

This paper focuses on the co-management approach to regulating common property resources. The nature of co-management arrangements or contracts, and applications of co-management in various countries, particularly coastal fishery management in Japan are discussed. The success of co-management lies in its operation within a framework where the state integrates the populations concerned during the early design stages of the resource-preserving strategy. Given the ‘culture of distrust’ in relationships between the State and local resource users, development projects initiated by local or foreign donor agencies play a key role within a co-management framework of action.Less

Public Values: Multiattribute-Utility Measurement for Social Decision Making

Jie W Weiss and David J Weiss

in A Science of Decision Making: The Legacy of Ward Edwards

This chapter defines the problem of public values and summarizes some of the difficulties of present approaches to its solution. It then presents a technology, based on ideas drawn from contemporary ... More

This chapter defines the problem of public values and summarizes some of the difficulties of present approaches to its solution. It then presents a technology, based on ideas drawn from contemporary decision theory, for amelioration of some of these problems, together with a study illustrating and applying that technology. Although the technology is quite general, the discussion focuses on problems of social decision making about land-use management, and in particular about coastal-zone management.Less

Managing the Coastal Zone

David L. Callies

in Regulating Paradise: Land Use Controls in Hawai'i

This chapter analyzes how coastal zone management has been the subject of state and local regulation through much of the last five decades in the United States. However, it was not until the ... More

This chapter analyzes how coastal zone management has been the subject of state and local regulation through much of the last five decades in the United States. However, it was not until the mid-1970s that a national program of coastal zone management commenced under the federal Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA). Designed largely to encourage states in coastal areas to plan, manage, and regulate the use of land therein, the CZMA provides funds for the creation and implementation of state coastal zone management plans. In 1975, the State of Hawaiʻi responded to this federal coastal zone initiative, first with a Shoreland Protection Act, then with a Coastal Zone Management Act of its own: the Hawaiʻi Coastal Zone Management Act (HCZMA).Less

Ecosystem Approach

Bruce Mitchell

in Resource and Environmental Management: Third Edition

An ecosystem approach ideally focuses on determining vision, goals, and objectives in order to guide management of the interrelationships between and among relevant biophysical and socioeconomic ... More

An ecosystem approach ideally focuses on determining vision, goals, and objectives in order to guide management of the interrelationships between and among relevant biophysical and socioeconomic variables for a specified ecosystem of interest. A distinction between ends and means is important, as too often in resource and environmental management the ecosystem approach is treated as an end in itself, rather than as a means to an end. Various views regarding the ecosystem approach are considered, followed by an examination of comprehensive and integrated interpretations of the ecosystem approach, and applications of the concept with reference to river basin management in Ontario, Canada, coastal management in Trinidad and Tobago, and the water–energy–food nexus. Jeff Lewis’s guest statement examines the experience in applying the ecosystem approach regarding water quality and flood damage reduction by the Red River Basin Commission in Minnesota, North Dakota, and Manitoba.Less

The Role of the Political Branches: Negotiating Federalism

Erin Ryan

in Federalism and the Tug of War Within

Chapter Eight summarizes the federalism safeguards debate, considers the role of negotiated governance, and highlights potential contributions from the academic negotiation literature. Most ... More

Chapter Eight summarizes the federalism safeguards debate, considers the role of negotiated governance, and highlights potential contributions from the academic negotiation literature. Most importantly, Chapter Eight introduces the phenomenon of federalism bargaining among all branches of government. Using the negotiation theorist’s definition, it broadly understands bargaining as “an iterative process of joint decision-making,” encompassing conventional political haggling, formalized methods of collaborative policymaking, and even more remote signaling processes by which state and federal actors negotiate consensus. Reverse-engineering the most successful examples would reveal the very considerations built into the Chapter Six balancing test—rendering bilateral bargaining by the political branches the functional ex ante equivalent of the ex post balancing analysis contemplated there. The federalism bargaining taxonomy charts opportunities for intergovernmental negotiation within various constitutional and statutory frameworks. It begins with the most familiar forms of negotiation used in lawmaking, including conventional negotiations over law enforcement, under the federal spending power, and for exceptions from otherwise applicable laws. It then considers more interesting forms of negotiated policymaking, including negotiated federal rulemaking with state and local stakeholders, federal statutes that share policy design with states, and intersystemic signaling negotiations, by which independently operating state and federal actors trade influence over the direction of evolving interjurisdictional policies. Examples include the 2008 Stimulus Bill, banking and financial services reform, criminal law enforcement, immigration, radioactive waste siting, offshore drilling, hydroelectric dam licensing, medical marijuana, climate governance, and the No Child Left Behind, Endangered Species, Clean Water, Clean Air, Real ID, Coastal Zone Management, and Medicaid Acts.Less

How Climate Change Will Affect Coastal Wetlands and Coastal Communities

Robert Van de Noort

in Climate Change Archaeology: Building Resilience from Research in the World's Coastal Wetlands

This chapter examines the effects of climate change on coastal wetlands. It introduces the biogeographical principles and concepts that underpin the relationships between climate change, sea-level ... More

This chapter examines the effects of climate change on coastal wetlands. It introduces the biogeographical principles and concepts that underpin the relationships between climate change, sea-level change, and coastal evolution. Climate change is the key driver in Eustatic Sea Levels, and sea levels are the most important determinant in the formation of coastal wetlands. Rivers, and especially the sediment outputs from these, also play an important role in coastal evolution, and the impacts of climate change on sediment flows are generally well understood. The chapter also considers future scenarios for the impact of climate and sea-level change on the coastal communities around the world. It introduces the concept of the Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) as a tool that can guide the way in which groups and individuals with an interest in the coast can work together.Less

Conclusions

Robert Van de Noort

in Climate Change Archaeology: Building Resilience from Research in the World's Coastal Wetlands

This chapter draws out the main themes from the adaptive pathways followed by communities in the past in dealing with climate and environmental change, and explores how these can contribute to ... More

This chapter draws out the main themes from the adaptive pathways followed by communities in the past in dealing with climate and environmental change, and explores how these can contribute to building the socioecological resilience for twenty-first century coastal communities. The findings from this study can be summarized by answering four questions: Is a long-term understanding of sea-level-coast interaction applied in coastal management? Is an understanding of past successes and failures applied in coastal management? Is attention given to communities’ sense of place in coastal management? Are logistical solutions from the past adopted in coastal management?Less

Coastal Planning, Recreation and Tourism

David M. Williams and Andrew P. White

in A Select Bibliography of British and Irish University Theses about Maritime History, 1792-1990

A bibliography of post-graduate theses concerning Coastal Planning, Recreation, and Tourism, subdivided into Historical and Modern Studies.

Research Reserves as a Model for Conservation Science and Management of Tidal Marshes

Matthew C. Ferner

in Ecology, Conservation, and Restoration of Tidal Marshes: The San Francisco Estuary

Research reserves are protected natural areas where scientists conduct environmental and ecological studies. Coordinated monitoring, long-term datasets, experimental infrastructure, and the ... More

Research reserves are protected natural areas where scientists conduct environmental and ecological studies. Coordinated monitoring, long-term datasets, experimental infrastructure, and the accumulation of knowledge in research reserves combine to offer tangible benefits to scientists, improve resource conservation, and increase scientific literacy of the public. In estuaries exposed to concentrated human impacts, research reserves can be utilized to address specific coastal management problems. The National Estuarine Research Reserve System exemplifies this approach in two tidal marshes within the San Francisco estuary: China Camp State Park and Rush Ranch Open Space Preserve. Ongoing characterizations of short-term variability and long-term change at these sites are especially important as regional tidal marshes face the imminent threat of accelerating sea-level rise.Less