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A series of large scale disasters has long impacted Indonesia, and the tsunami in 2004 hit the hardest. The Indonesian government has indeed accelerated its policies and activities to be better prepared and to manage the impacts of disasters. Immediately after the 2004 tsunami the Hyogo Framework for Action was adopted globally. In Indonesia a series of laws and regulations were enacted, most notably the Disaster Management Law in 2007. However, some challenges are still remaining for implementation at the local level due to the capacity of local government. This paper examines how local governments try to mainstream risks into their urban planning and policies. The cities of Semarang and Padang in Indonesia have been selected as case studies to represent coastal cities that are very vulnerable to coastal disasters. The analysis is conducted through literature review and semi-structured interviews with city government and non-government officers.

The Western perspective of mainland China as a country dominated by a harsh, paranoid, and obsessive-compulsive leadership has not been without some merit. Movies and television programs have tended to perpetuate a somewhat distorted, one-sided view of China as a culture devoid of “fun.” Certainly, the people of mainland China under Mao Zedong and his followers experienced decades of cultural squalor. This chapter shows that prior to Mao's ascent to power in 1949 there is clear evidence that China, especially in coastal cities such as Shanghai and Peking (now Beijing), were “jumpin” with music, especially jazz.

In 1886, James Olcott, a farmer, “having been bred in the old anti-slavery reform,” gave a speech before the Agricultural Board of Connecticut. Recalling an earlier age, he encouraged his audience and “the common people” of Connecticut to “agitate, agitate,” in order to “cleanse” the state of the “social evil” of the pollution “by sewage from families and factories, festering in every pool, and mill pond—formerly trout holes.” Olcott reminded the farmers that “our best hold on polluted streams reform lies in the fact that the mischief has brought on us its calamitous consequences in this country with such rapidity that men and women too not very greyhaired and in full bodily and mental vigor can shut their eyes and review the whole matter from its beginning.” The history Olcott conjured up was the transformation of a clean, clear environment from “one of the most salubrious to one of the worst in the world.” The change was intimately linked to the rise of industrial cities like Bellows Falls, Chicopee, Hartford, New Britain, and Holyoke. Although Olcott’s remembrance of the past was partly colored by romantic notions of a purer age, the pollution he pointed to was indeed a problem of growing obviousness and concern. Reflecting the rapid change that had occurred over the last quarter century, the Massachusetts State Board of Health complained that with the growth of densely populated industrial cities, the old habits of disposing of waste contributed to “a large part of the filth in our state,” and that “often the water which is used for domestic purposes [is disposed of] by being thrown upon the surface of the ground, or collected in loosewalled vaults and cesspools,” which might have been acceptable in a rural community but caused concern in the new industrial cities. As the New Hampshire Board of Health noted in 1887, looking back over the last few decades, “when men mass, . . . the conditions at once become aggravated. . . . Man comes in with his artificial constructions and sweeps away much of this economy of nature.”