Dale H. Clayton, Sarah E. Bush, and Kevin P. Johnson
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780226302133
- eISBN:
- 9780226302300
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226302300.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
This book provides an introduction to coevolution in both microevolutionary (ecological) and macroevolutionary (historical) time. It emphasizes the integration of cophylogenetic, comparative, and ...
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This book provides an introduction to coevolution in both microevolutionary (ecological) and macroevolutionary (historical) time. It emphasizes the integration of cophylogenetic, comparative, and experimental approaches for testing coevolutionary hypotheses. Recent work in coevolutionary biology has been successful in demonstrating coadaptation between species in response to reciprocal selection. Fewer studies have tested the influence of coadaptation on the diversification of interacting taxa. We review studies that have attempted to do just this. The overriding question addressed is “how do ecological interactions influence patterns of codiversification?”. We focus on the coevolution of interacting species, particularly those involving external parasites that live on hosts. Such parasites include a diverse assemblage of organisms, ranging from herbivorous insects on plants, to monogenean worms on fish, to feather lice on birds. Ectoparasites are powerful models for studies of coevolution because they are easy to observe, mark, and count. Many of the examples in the book involve parasitic lice of birds and mammals. Lice and their hosts are unusually tractable systems for studies that attempt to integrate coevolutionary ecology and history. Some chapters in the book are very broad in scope, introducing coevolutionary concepts that apply to all interacting species. Other chapters are more narrowly focused on the biology and coevolution of lice and their hosts. The overall goal of the book is to integrate coevolutionary concepts with examples of empirical tests of coevolutionary theory in micro- and macro-evolutionary time. The book concludes with a framework for better integration of coadaptation and codiversification.Less
This book provides an introduction to coevolution in both microevolutionary (ecological) and macroevolutionary (historical) time. It emphasizes the integration of cophylogenetic, comparative, and experimental approaches for testing coevolutionary hypotheses. Recent work in coevolutionary biology has been successful in demonstrating coadaptation between species in response to reciprocal selection. Fewer studies have tested the influence of coadaptation on the diversification of interacting taxa. We review studies that have attempted to do just this. The overriding question addressed is “how do ecological interactions influence patterns of codiversification?”. We focus on the coevolution of interacting species, particularly those involving external parasites that live on hosts. Such parasites include a diverse assemblage of organisms, ranging from herbivorous insects on plants, to monogenean worms on fish, to feather lice on birds. Ectoparasites are powerful models for studies of coevolution because they are easy to observe, mark, and count. Many of the examples in the book involve parasitic lice of birds and mammals. Lice and their hosts are unusually tractable systems for studies that attempt to integrate coevolutionary ecology and history. Some chapters in the book are very broad in scope, introducing coevolutionary concepts that apply to all interacting species. Other chapters are more narrowly focused on the biology and coevolution of lice and their hosts. The overall goal of the book is to integrate coevolutionary concepts with examples of empirical tests of coevolutionary theory in micro- and macro-evolutionary time. The book concludes with a framework for better integration of coadaptation and codiversification.
Dale H. Clayton, Sarah E. Bush, and Kevin P. Johnson
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780226302133
- eISBN:
- 9780226302300
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226302300.003.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
This chapter provides an overview of basic principles of coevolutionary biology, including both microevolutionary (ecological) and macroevolutionary (historical) approaches and their integration. It ...
More
This chapter provides an overview of basic principles of coevolutionary biology, including both microevolutionary (ecological) and macroevolutionary (historical) approaches and their integration. It defines the main terminology used in coevolutionary biology. It discusses the relationship between coadaptation, codiversification, and coevolution. The chapter considers the relationship of reciprocal phenotypic selection to coadaptive responses of heritable traits. It introduces the geographic mosaic theory of coevolution and considers the central roles of dispersal and population structure, as well as GxGxE interactions. Chapter 1 briefly reviews the fossil evidence for coevolution. It introduces co-phylogenetic approaches and the cospeciation - host-switching continuum. The chapter concludes by considering why permanent parasites are unusually tractable model systems for studies of coevolution, and by introducing the concept of “ecological replicates.”Less
This chapter provides an overview of basic principles of coevolutionary biology, including both microevolutionary (ecological) and macroevolutionary (historical) approaches and their integration. It defines the main terminology used in coevolutionary biology. It discusses the relationship between coadaptation, codiversification, and coevolution. The chapter considers the relationship of reciprocal phenotypic selection to coadaptive responses of heritable traits. It introduces the geographic mosaic theory of coevolution and considers the central roles of dispersal and population structure, as well as GxGxE interactions. Chapter 1 briefly reviews the fossil evidence for coevolution. It introduces co-phylogenetic approaches and the cospeciation - host-switching continuum. The chapter concludes by considering why permanent parasites are unusually tractable model systems for studies of coevolution, and by introducing the concept of “ecological replicates.”
Dale H. Clayton, Sarah E. Bush, and Kevin P. Johnson
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780226302133
- eISBN:
- 9780226302300
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226302300.003.0006
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
The preceding chapters of the book focused on interactions between hosts and parasites. This chapter focuses on competitive interactions between different species of parasites, and the role of the ...
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The preceding chapters of the book focused on interactions between hosts and parasites. This chapter focuses on competitive interactions between different species of parasites, and the role of the host in mediating those interactions. Parasites do not live in isolation, but are members of diverse parasite communities that share hosts. While no individual harbors all parasites known from that host species, most individuals support more than one species of parasite at a time. The presence of a given parasite species can have a negative effect on other parasites due to competition for limiting resources in or on the shared host. Even parasites that exploit very different parts of a host's body may compete, because each host individual is ultimately a single resource. Interspecific competition can lead to the coadaptation of traits that reduce the intensity of competition. Thus, in addition to coevolving with the host species, parasites coevolve with other parasites that share that same host species. The chapter begins by considering competition between parasite species, in general. It then provides a more detailed overview of competition between species of lice.Less
The preceding chapters of the book focused on interactions between hosts and parasites. This chapter focuses on competitive interactions between different species of parasites, and the role of the host in mediating those interactions. Parasites do not live in isolation, but are members of diverse parasite communities that share hosts. While no individual harbors all parasites known from that host species, most individuals support more than one species of parasite at a time. The presence of a given parasite species can have a negative effect on other parasites due to competition for limiting resources in or on the shared host. Even parasites that exploit very different parts of a host's body may compete, because each host individual is ultimately a single resource. Interspecific competition can lead to the coadaptation of traits that reduce the intensity of competition. Thus, in addition to coevolving with the host species, parasites coevolve with other parasites that share that same host species. The chapter begins by considering competition between parasite species, in general. It then provides a more detailed overview of competition between species of lice.
Dale H. Clayton, Sarah E. Bush, and Kevin P. Johnson
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780226302133
- eISBN:
- 9780226302300
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226302300.003.0011
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
Coadaptive diversification occurs when one of two interacting lineages diversifies in response to coadaptation between those lineages. This chapter reviews evidence suggesting that bird lice have ...
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Coadaptive diversification occurs when one of two interacting lineages diversifies in response to coadaptation between those lineages. This chapter reviews evidence suggesting that bird lice have undergone coadaptive diversification. For example, coadaptation between lice and their hosts can trigger the diversification of lice across different host species. Lineages of feather lice on different host species live largely in isolation, punctuated by occasional dispersal between hosts. The isolation causes lice to diverge in behavior and morphology in response to interactions with their respective host species. This, in turn, leads to coadaptive diversification of lice across host species. Lice also compete with other species of lice, further contributing to the coadaptive radiation of lice. Divergence and speciation, followed by periodic dispersal, may also result in divergent lineages coming into secondary contact with former conspecifics, triggering even more competition and diversification. In summary, the distribution of feather louse ecomorphs across the feather louse phylogeny is a consequence of infrequent dispersal events, followed by the repeated, independent evolution of similar ecomorphs.Less
Coadaptive diversification occurs when one of two interacting lineages diversifies in response to coadaptation between those lineages. This chapter reviews evidence suggesting that bird lice have undergone coadaptive diversification. For example, coadaptation between lice and their hosts can trigger the diversification of lice across different host species. Lineages of feather lice on different host species live largely in isolation, punctuated by occasional dispersal between hosts. The isolation causes lice to diverge in behavior and morphology in response to interactions with their respective host species. This, in turn, leads to coadaptive diversification of lice across host species. Lice also compete with other species of lice, further contributing to the coadaptive radiation of lice. Divergence and speciation, followed by periodic dispersal, may also result in divergent lineages coming into secondary contact with former conspecifics, triggering even more competition and diversification. In summary, the distribution of feather louse ecomorphs across the feather louse phylogeny is a consequence of infrequent dispersal events, followed by the repeated, independent evolution of similar ecomorphs.
Dale H. Clayton, Sarah E. Bush, and Kevin P. Johnson
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780226302133
- eISBN:
- 9780226302300
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226302300.003.0012
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
This chapter summarizes the book using a graphical framework that integrates the coadaption and codiversification ends of coevolution with five “zones” of coevolution. This framework can be applied ...
More
This chapter summarizes the book using a graphical framework that integrates the coadaption and codiversification ends of coevolution with five “zones” of coevolution. This framework can be applied to any host-parasite system. Indeed, it can be used with any coevolving system. Differences in the five coevolutionary zones are operational, yet subtle. Delineating these different zones helps to clarify the ways in which dispersal and selection influence the adapation, coadapation, diversification, and codiversification of interacting groups. Coevolution in this framework varies from a purely microevolutionary focus in the case of coadapation, to a purely macroevolutionary focus in the case of codiversification. These extremes are first considered in more detail. Then the three combinations of adaptation and diversification that comprise the middle portions of the framework are discussed. The importance of integrating phylogenetic, comparative, and experimental approaches cannot be overstated in studies of coevolution, or evolutionary ecology in general.Less
This chapter summarizes the book using a graphical framework that integrates the coadaption and codiversification ends of coevolution with five “zones” of coevolution. This framework can be applied to any host-parasite system. Indeed, it can be used with any coevolving system. Differences in the five coevolutionary zones are operational, yet subtle. Delineating these different zones helps to clarify the ways in which dispersal and selection influence the adapation, coadapation, diversification, and codiversification of interacting groups. Coevolution in this framework varies from a purely microevolutionary focus in the case of coadapation, to a purely macroevolutionary focus in the case of codiversification. These extremes are first considered in more detail. Then the three combinations of adaptation and diversification that comprise the middle portions of the framework are discussed. The importance of integrating phylogenetic, comparative, and experimental approaches cannot be overstated in studies of coevolution, or evolutionary ecology in general.
Geoffrey E. Hill
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- June 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198818250
- eISBN:
- 9780191859465
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198818250.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
Eukaryotes were born of a chimeric union of two prokaryotes. The legacy of this fusion is organisms with both a nuclear and mitochondrial genome that must work in a coordinated fashion to enable ...
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Eukaryotes were born of a chimeric union of two prokaryotes. The legacy of this fusion is organisms with both a nuclear and mitochondrial genome that must work in a coordinated fashion to enable cellular respiration. The coexistence of two genomes in a single organism requires tight coadaptation to enable function. The need for coadaptation, the challenge of co-transmission, and the possibility of genomic conflict between mitochondrial and nuclear genes have profound consequences for the ecology and evolution of eukaryotic life. This book defines mitonuclear ecology as an emerging field that reassesses core concepts in evolutionary ecology in light of the necessity of mitonuclear coadaptation. I discuss and summarize research that tests new mitonuclear-based theories for the evolution of sex, two sexes, senescence, a sequestered germ line, speciation, sexual selection, and adaptation. The ideas presented in this book represent a paradigm shift for evolutionary ecology. Through the twentieth century, mitochondrial genomes were dismissed as unimportant to the evolution of complex life because variation within mitochondrial genomes was proposed to be functionally neutral. These conceptions about mitochondrial genomes and mitonuclear genomic interactions have been changing rapidly, and a growing literature in top journals is making it increasingly clear that the interactions of the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes over the past 2 billion years have played a major role in shaping the evolution of eukaryotes. These new hypotheses for the evolution of quintessential characteristics of complex life hold the potential to fundamentally reshape the field of evolutionary ecology and to inform the emerging fields of mitochondrial medicine and mitochondrial-based reproductive therapies.Less
Eukaryotes were born of a chimeric union of two prokaryotes. The legacy of this fusion is organisms with both a nuclear and mitochondrial genome that must work in a coordinated fashion to enable cellular respiration. The coexistence of two genomes in a single organism requires tight coadaptation to enable function. The need for coadaptation, the challenge of co-transmission, and the possibility of genomic conflict between mitochondrial and nuclear genes have profound consequences for the ecology and evolution of eukaryotic life. This book defines mitonuclear ecology as an emerging field that reassesses core concepts in evolutionary ecology in light of the necessity of mitonuclear coadaptation. I discuss and summarize research that tests new mitonuclear-based theories for the evolution of sex, two sexes, senescence, a sequestered germ line, speciation, sexual selection, and adaptation. The ideas presented in this book represent a paradigm shift for evolutionary ecology. Through the twentieth century, mitochondrial genomes were dismissed as unimportant to the evolution of complex life because variation within mitochondrial genomes was proposed to be functionally neutral. These conceptions about mitochondrial genomes and mitonuclear genomic interactions have been changing rapidly, and a growing literature in top journals is making it increasingly clear that the interactions of the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes over the past 2 billion years have played a major role in shaping the evolution of eukaryotes. These new hypotheses for the evolution of quintessential characteristics of complex life hold the potential to fundamentally reshape the field of evolutionary ecology and to inform the emerging fields of mitochondrial medicine and mitochondrial-based reproductive therapies.
David A. West
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780813062600
- eISBN:
- 9780813051581
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813062600.003.0006
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Latin American Studies
Müller reacted to Darwin in three phases. First, between 1861 and 1863 he restructured his own research after reading Darwin’s Origin. Next, in 1865, he initiated correspondence with Darwin in direct ...
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Müller reacted to Darwin in three phases. First, between 1861 and 1863 he restructured his own research after reading Darwin’s Origin. Next, in 1865, he initiated correspondence with Darwin in direct engagement of Darwin’s projects. Third, after returning to Blumenau in 1867, he developed research on new groups of organisms. Three topics pursued by Müller between 1865 and 1867 were stimulated directly by Darwin: climbing plants (over 50 genera near Desterro with disparate ways of twining, some new to Darwin); heterostyly; and complex orchid adaptations affecting fertilization involving coadaptations with insect pollinators. Much of Müller’s research on orchids is now lost; it was set aside for an abandoned book project. His independent research often engaged Darwinian topics, including species formation, adaptations of plants to prevent self-fertilization, and the role of natural selection in shaping plant–insect coadaptations. The chapter also covers the changing fortunes of the Blumenau colony and August and Fritz Müller’s efforts to devise and teach improved agricultural methods.Less
Müller reacted to Darwin in three phases. First, between 1861 and 1863 he restructured his own research after reading Darwin’s Origin. Next, in 1865, he initiated correspondence with Darwin in direct engagement of Darwin’s projects. Third, after returning to Blumenau in 1867, he developed research on new groups of organisms. Three topics pursued by Müller between 1865 and 1867 were stimulated directly by Darwin: climbing plants (over 50 genera near Desterro with disparate ways of twining, some new to Darwin); heterostyly; and complex orchid adaptations affecting fertilization involving coadaptations with insect pollinators. Much of Müller’s research on orchids is now lost; it was set aside for an abandoned book project. His independent research often engaged Darwinian topics, including species formation, adaptations of plants to prevent self-fertilization, and the role of natural selection in shaping plant–insect coadaptations. The chapter also covers the changing fortunes of the Blumenau colony and August and Fritz Müller’s efforts to devise and teach improved agricultural methods.
David A. West
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780813062600
- eISBN:
- 9780813051581
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813062600.003.0007
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Latin American Studies
This chapter deals with diverse natural historical projects Müller pursued between 1868 and1876. He investigated numerous plants (including their means of pollen and seed dispersal) and animals ...
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This chapter deals with diverse natural historical projects Müller pursued between 1868 and1876. He investigated numerous plants (including their means of pollen and seed dispersal) and animals (including leaf-cutter ants, armadillos, stingless bees, caddis flies, crabs, and termites). His correspondence and publications cover several Darwinian themes, including intraspecific variation, the importance of outcrossing, effects of inbreeding, systems of sexuality (e.g., alternation of sexual and asexual generations), coadaptations in complex interspecific mutualisms (such as, ant–acacia symbioses), and the importance for phylogeny (e.g., among wasps, bumblebees, stingless bees, and hive bees) of utilizing comparative studies, not only of morphologies but also of the development patterns, behaviors, and social systems of the organisms under investigation. Chapter 6 also reports on several family crises, the significant burdens of Müller’s external obligations, difficulties with the Brazilian bureaucracy, and his appointment as a traveling naturalist of the National Museum of Rio de Janeiro, a position offered in 1874, but delayed until 1876.Less
This chapter deals with diverse natural historical projects Müller pursued between 1868 and1876. He investigated numerous plants (including their means of pollen and seed dispersal) and animals (including leaf-cutter ants, armadillos, stingless bees, caddis flies, crabs, and termites). His correspondence and publications cover several Darwinian themes, including intraspecific variation, the importance of outcrossing, effects of inbreeding, systems of sexuality (e.g., alternation of sexual and asexual generations), coadaptations in complex interspecific mutualisms (such as, ant–acacia symbioses), and the importance for phylogeny (e.g., among wasps, bumblebees, stingless bees, and hive bees) of utilizing comparative studies, not only of morphologies but also of the development patterns, behaviors, and social systems of the organisms under investigation. Chapter 6 also reports on several family crises, the significant burdens of Müller’s external obligations, difficulties with the Brazilian bureaucracy, and his appointment as a traveling naturalist of the National Museum of Rio de Janeiro, a position offered in 1874, but delayed until 1876.
