John McGarry and Brendan O'Leary
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- August 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199266579
- eISBN:
- 9780191601446
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199266573.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, UK Politics
The chapter analyses the significance of the Anglo-Irish Agreement of 1985, and using research and interview material critically assesses explanations as to why it was signed. It evaluates the ...
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The chapter analyses the significance of the Anglo-Irish Agreement of 1985, and using research and interview material critically assesses explanations as to why it was signed. It evaluates the consequences of the Agreement (up to 12 July 1986) and considers the prospects for its survival. The article provides a normative defence of the Agreement, including its provisions for the promotion of a consociational settlement.Less
The chapter analyses the significance of the Anglo-Irish Agreement of 1985, and using research and interview material critically assesses explanations as to why it was signed. It evaluates the consequences of the Agreement (up to 12 July 1986) and considers the prospects for its survival. The article provides a normative defence of the Agreement, including its provisions for the promotion of a consociational settlement.
Sydney D. Bailey and Sam Daws
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198280736
- eISBN:
- 9780191598746
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198280734.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
The Procedure of the UN Security Council is the definitive book of its kind and has been widely used by UN practitioners and scholars for over twenty years. This new revised and ...
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The Procedure of the UN Security Council is the definitive book of its kind and has been widely used by UN practitioners and scholars for over twenty years. This new revised and thoroughly updated third edition encompasses the many changes in Council procedure that have occurred since the end of the Cold War, which ushered in new possibilities for international co‐operation, and increased recourse to the UN. The last decade has seen the Gulf War and a plethora of new and often complex peacekeeping operations, from Bosnia to Rwanda, and such increased demands and associated expectations have placed a spotlight on the role and functioning of the Security Council. Recent years have seen a greater recourse to informal consultations of Council members prior to Council meetings, and the search for consensual Council decision‐making has led to differences of opinion on both procedural and substantive matters being dealt with largely during such consultations. This has produced calls from non‐members for greater Council transparency. Other proposals, both from within and outside the UN, have advocated reforms to the Council's composition or working methods to ensure its continued effectiveness and legitimacy. The new edition attempts to reflect the many recent developments in the procedure of the Security Council, while still reflecting the considerable continuity that exists with the past. In particular, to illustrate and illuminate aspects of Council procedure, many examples have been used from the UN's early years, since this was the time when many of the original precedents were created. Some of the anecdotes that touch on the human side of Council diplomacy have also been retained. The new edition includes new information on the following: the Provisional Rules of Procedure; public and private meetings; consultations and briefings with non‐members and troop‐contributors, including transparency, Presidential briefings, and orientation debates; informal consultations and ‘Arria formula’ meetings; the appointment of the Secretary‐General of the UN; relationships with the UN General Assembly, the UN International Court of Justice, the UN Trusteeship Council, and the UN Military Staff Committee; subsidiary organs, including sanctions committees; the veto and Security Council membership; Chapter VII resolutions, UN peacekeeping and UN‐authorized enforcement; Council enlargement and de jure and de facto Charter amendments; changes in Council documentation; and ad hoc and regional groupings in the Council.Less
The Procedure of the UN Security Council is the definitive book of its kind and has been widely used by UN practitioners and scholars for over twenty years. This new revised and thoroughly updated third edition encompasses the many changes in Council procedure that have occurred since the end of the Cold War, which ushered in new possibilities for international co‐operation, and increased recourse to the UN. The last decade has seen the Gulf War and a plethora of new and often complex peacekeeping operations, from Bosnia to Rwanda, and such increased demands and associated expectations have placed a spotlight on the role and functioning of the Security Council. Recent years have seen a greater recourse to informal consultations of Council members prior to Council meetings, and the search for consensual Council decision‐making has led to differences of opinion on both procedural and substantive matters being dealt with largely during such consultations. This has produced calls from non‐members for greater Council transparency. Other proposals, both from within and outside the UN, have advocated reforms to the Council's composition or working methods to ensure its continued effectiveness and legitimacy. The new edition attempts to reflect the many recent developments in the procedure of the Security Council, while still reflecting the considerable continuity that exists with the past. In particular, to illustrate and illuminate aspects of Council procedure, many examples have been used from the UN's early years, since this was the time when many of the original precedents were created. Some of the anecdotes that touch on the human side of Council diplomacy have also been retained. The new edition includes new information on the following: the Provisional Rules of Procedure; public and private meetings; consultations and briefings with non‐members and troop‐contributors, including transparency, Presidential briefings, and orientation debates; informal consultations and ‘Arria formula’ meetings; the appointment of the Secretary‐General of the UN; relationships with the UN General Assembly, the UN International Court of Justice, the UN Trusteeship Council, and the UN Military Staff Committee; subsidiary organs, including sanctions committees; the veto and Security Council membership; Chapter VII resolutions, UN peacekeeping and UN‐authorized enforcement; Council enlargement and de jure and de facto Charter amendments; changes in Council documentation; and ad hoc and regional groupings in the Council.
Catherine Wilson
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199267675
- eISBN:
- 9780191601859
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199267677.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
Moral Animals offers a set of anthropological and conceptual foundations for moral theory before turning to the problem of overdemandingness or exigency as it afflicts contemporary ...
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Moral Animals offers a set of anthropological and conceptual foundations for moral theory before turning to the problem of overdemandingness or exigency as it afflicts contemporary egalitarianism. The first half of the book is devoted to a discussion of the bearing of evolutionary theory on ethics and metaethics. After arguing that morality presupposes and compensates for asymmetrical relations of advantage and social power, the author addresses the problem of objectivity, showing in what sense moral judgements are susceptible of confirmation, whether or not moral realism is tenable. In the second half of the book, a number of vexed issues in the theory of social justice, including the problems of affluence and the subordination of women, are examined. Taking the fair division of the co‐operative surplus as the basic problem of distributive justice, the author shows how most co‐operation between human beings fails to allocate goods to individuals and groups according to appropriate standards of need and merit. It is shown that neither the special nature of the first‐person standpoint, nor the importance of non‐moral projects and ambitions, nor the different needs, social understandings, competencies, and emotions of different persons and groups pose a serious challenge to the view that greater global equality in levels of well‐being, as well as greater equality between the sexes, is not only morally desirable but morally required.Less
Moral Animals offers a set of anthropological and conceptual foundations for moral theory before turning to the problem of overdemandingness or exigency as it afflicts contemporary egalitarianism. The first half of the book is devoted to a discussion of the bearing of evolutionary theory on ethics and metaethics. After arguing that morality presupposes and compensates for asymmetrical relations of advantage and social power, the author addresses the problem of objectivity, showing in what sense moral judgements are susceptible of confirmation, whether or not moral realism is tenable. In the second half of the book, a number of vexed issues in the theory of social justice, including the problems of affluence and the subordination of women, are examined. Taking the fair division of the co‐operative surplus as the basic problem of distributive justice, the author shows how most co‐operation between human beings fails to allocate goods to individuals and groups according to appropriate standards of need and merit. It is shown that neither the special nature of the first‐person standpoint, nor the importance of non‐moral projects and ambitions, nor the different needs, social understandings, competencies, and emotions of different persons and groups pose a serious challenge to the view that greater global equality in levels of well‐being, as well as greater equality between the sexes, is not only morally desirable but morally required.
Matt Matravers
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198295730
- eISBN:
- 9780191599828
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198295731.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
Argues that the better realization of the agent's non‐social interests is only one condition for moral cooperation; it does not provide decisive reason to enter such cooperation. Instead, what is ...
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Argues that the better realization of the agent's non‐social interests is only one condition for moral cooperation; it does not provide decisive reason to enter such cooperation. Instead, what is needed is an existential commitment to the moral; a commitment that is ungrounded but not irrational. It is argued that such a choice is plausible if constructivist theory drops its commitment to the assumption of non‐tuism, and that there are independent grounds for this assumption to be dropped.Less
Argues that the better realization of the agent's non‐social interests is only one condition for moral cooperation; it does not provide decisive reason to enter such cooperation. Instead, what is needed is an existential commitment to the moral; a commitment that is ungrounded but not irrational. It is argued that such a choice is plausible if constructivist theory drops its commitment to the assumption of non‐tuism, and that there are independent grounds for this assumption to be dropped.
Junji Nakagawa
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199604661
- eISBN:
- 9780191731679
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199604661.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
International harmonization of economic regulation is an attempt to eliminate, or at least reduce, regulatory diversity in economic policy areas where states have autonomous regulatory jurisdiction. ...
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International harmonization of economic regulation is an attempt to eliminate, or at least reduce, regulatory diversity in economic policy areas where states have autonomous regulatory jurisdiction. In some regulatory areas, its history dates back to the late 19th century, but harmonization efforts have accelerated and intensified particularly since the 1980s. This book is a first attempt to comprehend the phenomenon of international harmonization of economic regulation in its entirety by analyzing its causes and backgrounds as well as negotiating processes involved in a broad range of areas, and by elucidating the impact of harmonization on domestic laws and global economic governance. Through its analysis, this book emphasizes the existence of dynamic regulatory structures and processes of global economic governance consisting of different actors (notably, international harmonizing bodies, states and the private sector) and the interconnectedness of international rule-making and domestic implementation. It also highlights non-legislative (soft law) and non‐juridical aspects (collegial implementation) of the drafting and implementation of harmonized regulation. It thus provides new empirical and theoretical perspectives for understanding international economic law and global economic governance. This book will be of interest to scholars and students of international economic law and international relations, as well as government officials and corporate lawyers dealing with economic regulation in a wide range of areas.Less
International harmonization of economic regulation is an attempt to eliminate, or at least reduce, regulatory diversity in economic policy areas where states have autonomous regulatory jurisdiction. In some regulatory areas, its history dates back to the late 19th century, but harmonization efforts have accelerated and intensified particularly since the 1980s. This book is a first attempt to comprehend the phenomenon of international harmonization of economic regulation in its entirety by analyzing its causes and backgrounds as well as negotiating processes involved in a broad range of areas, and by elucidating the impact of harmonization on domestic laws and global economic governance. Through its analysis, this book emphasizes the existence of dynamic regulatory structures and processes of global economic governance consisting of different actors (notably, international harmonizing bodies, states and the private sector) and the interconnectedness of international rule-making and domestic implementation. It also highlights non-legislative (soft law) and non‐juridical aspects (collegial implementation) of the drafting and implementation of harmonized regulation. It thus provides new empirical and theoretical perspectives for understanding international economic law and global economic governance. This book will be of interest to scholars and students of international economic law and international relations, as well as government officials and corporate lawyers dealing with economic regulation in a wide range of areas.
Mark Casson
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199213979
- eISBN:
- 9780191707469
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213979.003.0005
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History, Organization Studies
There were over 1,000 route miles of jointly-owned track on the British railways system, and several joint stations too. Joint ownership did not imply co-operation, however. Joint lines often marked ...
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There were over 1,000 route miles of jointly-owned track on the British railways system, and several joint stations too. Joint ownership did not imply co-operation, however. Joint lines often marked the boundaries between the territories of hostile companies, or represented a truce in which an invader got so far, but no further, in entering a rival's territory. Co-operation, when it did occur, was usually focused on joining Iforces to reduce the cost of an invasion of the territory of a common rival. The main exceptions were joint lines used for freight distribution in major urban areas, or far access to mines and coalfields; joint lines in coalfields were a relatively late development, however.Less
There were over 1,000 route miles of jointly-owned track on the British railways system, and several joint stations too. Joint ownership did not imply co-operation, however. Joint lines often marked the boundaries between the territories of hostile companies, or represented a truce in which an invader got so far, but no further, in entering a rival's territory. Co-operation, when it did occur, was usually focused on joining Iforces to reduce the cost of an invasion of the territory of a common rival. The main exceptions were joint lines used for freight distribution in major urban areas, or far access to mines and coalfields; joint lines in coalfields were a relatively late development, however.
Simon J. Nuttall
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198273189
- eISBN:
- 9780191684005
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198273189.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
This chapter describes how the European Political Co-operation (EPC), the foreign policy arm of the European Community (EC), is organized and what it does today. For the first 17 years of its ...
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This chapter describes how the European Political Co-operation (EPC), the foreign policy arm of the European Community (EC), is organized and what it does today. For the first 17 years of its existence, EPC had no legal or formal standing. It is based on a private agreement among Foreign Ministers to organize regular meetings and follow certain conventions. EPC officials are included in the meetings of the European Council, which allows them to establish relationships with foreign ministers and other high-ranking state officials. Since political co-operation is an inter-governmental activity, the EPC has its own management functions, which are different from those of the EC.Less
This chapter describes how the European Political Co-operation (EPC), the foreign policy arm of the European Community (EC), is organized and what it does today. For the first 17 years of its existence, EPC had no legal or formal standing. It is based on a private agreement among Foreign Ministers to organize regular meetings and follow certain conventions. EPC officials are included in the meetings of the European Council, which allows them to establish relationships with foreign ministers and other high-ranking state officials. Since political co-operation is an inter-governmental activity, the EPC has its own management functions, which are different from those of the EC.
Simon J. Nuttall
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198273189
- eISBN:
- 9780191684005
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198273189.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
This chapter discusses the accomplishments and challenges faced by the European Political Co-operation (EPC) from 1973 to 1977. The EPC reached its first high in July 1973 when the Copenhagen Report ...
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This chapter discusses the accomplishments and challenges faced by the European Political Co-operation (EPC) from 1973 to 1977. The EPC reached its first high in July 1973 when the Copenhagen Report was approved and the Danish Foreign Minister opened the Ministerial phase of the Helsinki Conference on behalf of the Nine. But after that, the EPC found itself with no clear future agenda and facing the challenge of defining its relationship with the U.S. in response to the ‘Year of Europe’ initiative by Henry Kissinger. The October War further elevated tensions with the U.S. but the EPC continued to make decisive input into the Commission on Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) and in July 1975 the Final Act of Helsinki was signed. During this period, the EPC's scope began to widen and it was no longer confined to the CSCE and the Middle East.Less
This chapter discusses the accomplishments and challenges faced by the European Political Co-operation (EPC) from 1973 to 1977. The EPC reached its first high in July 1973 when the Copenhagen Report was approved and the Danish Foreign Minister opened the Ministerial phase of the Helsinki Conference on behalf of the Nine. But after that, the EPC found itself with no clear future agenda and facing the challenge of defining its relationship with the U.S. in response to the ‘Year of Europe’ initiative by Henry Kissinger. The October War further elevated tensions with the U.S. but the EPC continued to make decisive input into the Commission on Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) and in July 1975 the Final Act of Helsinki was signed. During this period, the EPC's scope began to widen and it was no longer confined to the CSCE and the Middle East.
Simon J. Nuttall
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198273189
- eISBN:
- 9780191684005
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198273189.003.0011
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
This chapter discusses Member States' use of the inter-governmental machinery of the European Political Co-operation (EPC) for areas of co-operation other than foreign policy. These include judicial ...
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This chapter discusses Member States' use of the inter-governmental machinery of the European Political Co-operation (EPC) for areas of co-operation other than foreign policy. These include judicial co-operation and co-operation on anti-terrorism and national security. The judicial co-operation brings together representatives of the Ministries of Justice of Member States with the objective of moving towards a single European judicial area. The co-operation among security authorities and police takes place in a separate framework called the Trevi. For anti-terrorism initiatives, the EPC has its own Working Group on Terrorism.Less
This chapter discusses Member States' use of the inter-governmental machinery of the European Political Co-operation (EPC) for areas of co-operation other than foreign policy. These include judicial co-operation and co-operation on anti-terrorism and national security. The judicial co-operation brings together representatives of the Ministries of Justice of Member States with the objective of moving towards a single European judicial area. The co-operation among security authorities and police takes place in a separate framework called the Trevi. For anti-terrorism initiatives, the EPC has its own Working Group on Terrorism.
Nicholas Deakin and Justin Davis Smith
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780197264829
- eISBN:
- 9780191754036
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264829.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter overturns the simplistic characterisation of the twentieth-century Labour party as antagonistic to voluntarism. As it sets out, while opposition to voluntarism has indeed been a theme ...
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This chapter overturns the simplistic characterisation of the twentieth-century Labour party as antagonistic to voluntarism. As it sets out, while opposition to voluntarism has indeed been a theme throughout Labour's history, particularly on the hard left, the notion of a broad and consistent antagonism is largely a myth, based upon a confusion of charity and philanthropy with other forms of co-operation, mutual aid and active citizenship. Instead, what Attlee called ‘the associative instinct’ has been an overlooked, but nevertheless important, constant in Labour's social thought, from Attlee's experiences as a young man at Toynbee Hall, through the promotion of active and local democracy in the 1940s and the revisionist turn away from macro-economics, and towards quality-of-life issues in the 1950s and 1960s, to the ‘rainbow coalition’ partnerships between local Labour administrations and voluntary groups in the 1980s.Less
This chapter overturns the simplistic characterisation of the twentieth-century Labour party as antagonistic to voluntarism. As it sets out, while opposition to voluntarism has indeed been a theme throughout Labour's history, particularly on the hard left, the notion of a broad and consistent antagonism is largely a myth, based upon a confusion of charity and philanthropy with other forms of co-operation, mutual aid and active citizenship. Instead, what Attlee called ‘the associative instinct’ has been an overlooked, but nevertheless important, constant in Labour's social thought, from Attlee's experiences as a young man at Toynbee Hall, through the promotion of active and local democracy in the 1940s and the revisionist turn away from macro-economics, and towards quality-of-life issues in the 1950s and 1960s, to the ‘rainbow coalition’ partnerships between local Labour administrations and voluntary groups in the 1980s.
Simon J. Nuttall
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198273189
- eISBN:
- 9780191684005
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198273189.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
This introductory chapter discusses the coverage of the book, which is about the development of the European Political Co-operation (EPC). EPC is the foreign policy arm of the European Community (EC) ...
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This introductory chapter discusses the coverage of the book, which is about the development of the European Political Co-operation (EPC). EPC is the foreign policy arm of the European Community (EC) and the process by which Member States co-ordinate their foreign policies. It was introduced in 1970 as a way to achieve economic and foreign policy identity among Member States and to avoid institutional conflicts that had thwarted earlier attempts to create unified economic and foreign policies. Since its founding, the EPC has grown in significance both for the institutional development of the EC and for its impact on international events.Less
This introductory chapter discusses the coverage of the book, which is about the development of the European Political Co-operation (EPC). EPC is the foreign policy arm of the European Community (EC) and the process by which Member States co-ordinate their foreign policies. It was introduced in 1970 as a way to achieve economic and foreign policy identity among Member States and to avoid institutional conflicts that had thwarted earlier attempts to create unified economic and foreign policies. Since its founding, the EPC has grown in significance both for the institutional development of the EC and for its impact on international events.
Simon J. Nuttall
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198273189
- eISBN:
- 9780191684005
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198273189.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
This chapter discusses the origins of the European Political Co-operation (EPC), the foreign policy arm of the European Community (EC). The EPC did not develop solely out the Davignon Report of 1970. ...
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This chapter discusses the origins of the European Political Co-operation (EPC), the foreign policy arm of the European Community (EC). The EPC did not develop solely out the Davignon Report of 1970. It originated from several attempts to develop a political authority that would be responsible for foreign policy issues in Western Europe. Thus, its structure and approach reflect twenty-five years of debate about the desirability of such a political body in the region. Though the EPC has focused on practical matters since 1970, the debate between federalism and inter-governmentalism is still very much alive.Less
This chapter discusses the origins of the European Political Co-operation (EPC), the foreign policy arm of the European Community (EC). The EPC did not develop solely out the Davignon Report of 1970. It originated from several attempts to develop a political authority that would be responsible for foreign policy issues in Western Europe. Thus, its structure and approach reflect twenty-five years of debate about the desirability of such a political body in the region. Though the EPC has focused on practical matters since 1970, the debate between federalism and inter-governmentalism is still very much alive.
Simon J. Nuttall
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198273189
- eISBN:
- 9780191684005
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198273189.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
This chapter discusses the formative years of the European Political Co-operation (EPC) from 1970 to 1973. The directives issued by the 1969 Hague Summit were carried out within the year and the ...
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This chapter discusses the formative years of the European Political Co-operation (EPC) from 1970 to 1973. The directives issued by the 1969 Hague Summit were carried out within the year and the Luxembourg Report of 1970 established the ground rules for the EPC. The first ministerial meeting was held in November 1970 and the EPC was tested by the issues concerning the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe and the Middle East. Foreign ministers of Member States readily accepted the EPC and within three years substantial progress had been made both in policy and in developing procedures which would enable it to produce a second report. The second report was the Copenhagen Report of July 1973, which consolidated the achievements of the EPC.Less
This chapter discusses the formative years of the European Political Co-operation (EPC) from 1970 to 1973. The directives issued by the 1969 Hague Summit were carried out within the year and the Luxembourg Report of 1970 established the ground rules for the EPC. The first ministerial meeting was held in November 1970 and the EPC was tested by the issues concerning the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe and the Middle East. Foreign ministers of Member States readily accepted the EPC and within three years substantial progress had been made both in policy and in developing procedures which would enable it to produce a second report. The second report was the Copenhagen Report of July 1973, which consolidated the achievements of the EPC.
Simon J. Nuttall
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198273189
- eISBN:
- 9780191684005
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198273189.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
This chapter discusses the maturation of the European Political Co-operation (EPC) during the period from 1978–1981. It is widely held that after 1977 the EPC had reached a plateau and for two years ...
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This chapter discusses the maturation of the European Political Co-operation (EPC) during the period from 1978–1981. It is widely held that after 1977 the EPC had reached a plateau and for two years it became little more than a forum for the exchange of diplomatic information. The EPC was shaken out of its complacency by the Soviet Union's invasion of Afghanistan and its failure to deal with the crisis. This led the EPC to rethink its working methods, which resulted in the Venice Declaration of 1980 and the formulation of policies for the Afghanistan issue. After both initiatives failed, the EPC strengthened its working methods by adopting the London Report and launching the movement which would lead to the Stuttgart Solemn Declaration.Less
This chapter discusses the maturation of the European Political Co-operation (EPC) during the period from 1978–1981. It is widely held that after 1977 the EPC had reached a plateau and for two years it became little more than a forum for the exchange of diplomatic information. The EPC was shaken out of its complacency by the Soviet Union's invasion of Afghanistan and its failure to deal with the crisis. This led the EPC to rethink its working methods, which resulted in the Venice Declaration of 1980 and the formulation of policies for the Afghanistan issue. After both initiatives failed, the EPC strengthened its working methods by adopting the London Report and launching the movement which would lead to the Stuttgart Solemn Declaration.
Simon J. Nuttall
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198273189
- eISBN:
- 9780191684005
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198273189.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
This chapter discusses the activities of the European Political Co-operation (EPC) during the period from 1982 to 1986. After the adoption of the London Report in 1981, the EPC established a ...
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This chapter discusses the activities of the European Political Co-operation (EPC) during the period from 1982 to 1986. After the adoption of the London Report in 1981, the EPC established a Secretariat and ended the restrictions on its full association with the European Commission (EC). During the following years, there was an increasing unease in Europe, particularly on the issue of East—West relations, and this left the EPC torn between supporting its ally and maintaining the policies it believed to be right. This was further complicated by the Solemn Declaration of Stuttgart initiated by Federal German Foreign Minister Hans-Dietrich Genscher and his Italian counterpart Emilio Colombo. But the EPC was able to effectively deal with these issues with the assistance provided by the EC.Less
This chapter discusses the activities of the European Political Co-operation (EPC) during the period from 1982 to 1986. After the adoption of the London Report in 1981, the EPC established a Secretariat and ended the restrictions on its full association with the European Commission (EC). During the following years, there was an increasing unease in Europe, particularly on the issue of East—West relations, and this left the EPC torn between supporting its ally and maintaining the policies it believed to be right. This was further complicated by the Solemn Declaration of Stuttgart initiated by Federal German Foreign Minister Hans-Dietrich Genscher and his Italian counterpart Emilio Colombo. But the EPC was able to effectively deal with these issues with the assistance provided by the EC.
Simon J. Nuttall
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198273189
- eISBN:
- 9780191684005
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198273189.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
This chapter discusses the codification of the European Political Co-operation with the Single European Act, which came into effect on July 1, 1987. Since 1970, the EPC had no legal basis and the ...
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This chapter discusses the codification of the European Political Co-operation with the Single European Act, which came into effect on July 1, 1987. Since 1970, the EPC had no legal basis and the codification gave it a personality in international law. At became associated with the legal and institutional order in the European Community. The movement towards codification was started as early as June 1979 in the European Parliament by Altiero Spinelli, a lifelong federalist who aimed to secure for his vision of a European Union a broad measure of parliamentary support that would transcend party and national divisions.Less
This chapter discusses the codification of the European Political Co-operation with the Single European Act, which came into effect on July 1, 1987. Since 1970, the EPC had no legal basis and the codification gave it a personality in international law. At became associated with the legal and institutional order in the European Community. The movement towards codification was started as early as June 1979 in the European Parliament by Altiero Spinelli, a lifelong federalist who aimed to secure for his vision of a European Union a broad measure of parliamentary support that would transcend party and national divisions.
Simon J. Nuttall
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198273189
- eISBN:
- 9780191684005
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198273189.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
This chapter discusses the interaction between the European Political Co-operation (EPC) and the European Community (EC). One of the best examples of the use of Community instruments to pursue EPC ...
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This chapter discusses the interaction between the European Political Co-operation (EPC) and the European Community (EC). One of the best examples of the use of Community instruments to pursue EPC policies is the application of sanctions. The decision to impose sanctions is taken as a political judgment issue at EPC and the corresponding measure is then adopted by the Community. The EPC is dependent on the Community for its financial needs, having no budget of its own, and the pooling of Member States has proved to be ineffective. The process of rapprochement of the EPC and the Community was temporarily halted in 1984 by the affair concerning the precursors of chemical weapons and was resumed with the launch of the EC-COMECON.Less
This chapter discusses the interaction between the European Political Co-operation (EPC) and the European Community (EC). One of the best examples of the use of Community instruments to pursue EPC policies is the application of sanctions. The decision to impose sanctions is taken as a political judgment issue at EPC and the corresponding measure is then adopted by the Community. The EPC is dependent on the Community for its financial needs, having no budget of its own, and the pooling of Member States has proved to be ineffective. The process of rapprochement of the EPC and the Community was temporarily halted in 1984 by the affair concerning the precursors of chemical weapons and was resumed with the launch of the EC-COMECON.
Simon J. Nuttall
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198273189
- eISBN:
- 9780191684005
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198273189.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
This chapter discusses the perception that the European Political Co-operation (EPC) is introspective. Members States were often seen as being more intent on reaching a common position from the ...
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This chapter discusses the perception that the European Political Co-operation (EPC) is introspective. Members States were often seen as being more intent on reaching a common position from the starting point of divergent national positions rather than projecting the common position once it has been reached. This may be attributed to the absence of a permanent spokesperson who will convey EPC positions and policies to third countries. To address issues concerning third countries, the EPC invented whatever procedures seemed most appropriate as each case arose, in the first instance with Turkey and the U.S. This ad hoc approach continued until a hierarchy of formulas for dialogues was introduced.Less
This chapter discusses the perception that the European Political Co-operation (EPC) is introspective. Members States were often seen as being more intent on reaching a common position from the starting point of divergent national positions rather than projecting the common position once it has been reached. This may be attributed to the absence of a permanent spokesperson who will convey EPC positions and policies to third countries. To address issues concerning third countries, the EPC invented whatever procedures seemed most appropriate as each case arose, in the first instance with Turkey and the U.S. This ad hoc approach continued until a hierarchy of formulas for dialogues was introduced.
Simon J. Nuttall
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198273189
- eISBN:
- 9780191684005
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198273189.003.0012
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
This chapter evaluates the survival chances of the European Political Co-operation (EPC). Optimists believe that the EPC Members States have already developed common positions on a wide range of ...
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This chapter evaluates the survival chances of the European Political Co-operation (EPC). Optimists believe that the EPC Members States have already developed common positions on a wide range of issues based on shared information and that these have a cumulative effect on world affairs. The pessimists who criticize the EPC should be reminded that the EPC has already made significant contributions to the development of a common foreign policy, and it has also introduced a new dimension into the national foreign policy-making process, which no Foreign Ministry of Member States can ignore any longer.Less
This chapter evaluates the survival chances of the European Political Co-operation (EPC). Optimists believe that the EPC Members States have already developed common positions on a wide range of issues based on shared information and that these have a cumulative effect on world affairs. The pessimists who criticize the EPC should be reminded that the EPC has already made significant contributions to the development of a common foreign policy, and it has also introduced a new dimension into the national foreign policy-making process, which no Foreign Ministry of Member States can ignore any longer.
Donald Fairbairn
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199256143
- eISBN:
- 9780191600586
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199256144.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, Early Christian Studies
This chapter finds that Theodore of Mopsuestia and Nestorius understand salvation as the human ascent from the current imperfect age to a perfect future age (the second katastasis), and grace is ...
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This chapter finds that Theodore of Mopsuestia and Nestorius understand salvation as the human ascent from the current imperfect age to a perfect future age (the second katastasis), and grace is God's gift of indwelling, aid, and co‐operation in that ascent. Christ is the supreme example of this co‐operative grace and is divine in the sense that he is indwelt by God the Son in a unique way. As this uniquely graced man, Christ is the one who blazes the trail for Christians, who then follow him in the ascent to the future age.Less
This chapter finds that Theodore of Mopsuestia and Nestorius understand salvation as the human ascent from the current imperfect age to a perfect future age (the second katastasis), and grace is God's gift of indwelling, aid, and co‐operation in that ascent. Christ is the supreme example of this co‐operative grace and is divine in the sense that he is indwelt by God the Son in a unique way. As this uniquely graced man, Christ is the one who blazes the trail for Christians, who then follow him in the ascent to the future age.
