Jonathan Wolff and Avner De-Shalit
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199278268
- eISBN:
- 9780191707902
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199278268.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
If disadvantage is plural, how could we know who are the least advantaged? One possible way of treating this ‘indexing problem’ is to claim that pluralism is not the problem but the solution: that ...
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If disadvantage is plural, how could we know who are the least advantaged? One possible way of treating this ‘indexing problem’ is to claim that pluralism is not the problem but the solution: that is, the state should isolate each functioning and challenge each area of disadvantage separately (sectoral justice). It is argued this approach is unable to show how to set priorities between different budget heads. A method is suggested for indexing disadvantages relying on the idea of ‘weighting sensitivity’, which looks for convergence in ordering between different weighting schemes. However, this method is complex and a simpler, pragmatic method is proposed, which looks directly for clustering of disadvantage between six ‘high-weight’ functionings which appeared as the most important ones in the interviews: life, bodily health, bodily integrity, affiliation, control over environment, and sense of imagination and thought. Those who do poorly on several of these categories will be among the least advantaged in society.Less
If disadvantage is plural, how could we know who are the least advantaged? One possible way of treating this ‘indexing problem’ is to claim that pluralism is not the problem but the solution: that is, the state should isolate each functioning and challenge each area of disadvantage separately (sectoral justice). It is argued this approach is unable to show how to set priorities between different budget heads. A method is suggested for indexing disadvantages relying on the idea of ‘weighting sensitivity’, which looks for convergence in ordering between different weighting schemes. However, this method is complex and a simpler, pragmatic method is proposed, which looks directly for clustering of disadvantage between six ‘high-weight’ functionings which appeared as the most important ones in the interviews: life, bodily health, bodily integrity, affiliation, control over environment, and sense of imagination and thought. Those who do poorly on several of these categories will be among the least advantaged in society.
Guo Shenyang
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195337518
- eISBN:
- 9780199864256
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195337518.003.0008
- Subject:
- Social Work, Research and Evaluation
This chapter presents some concluding thoughts from the author. It comments on criticisms of studies using survival analysis, and on directions for future development. It calls for the continuous ...
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This chapter presents some concluding thoughts from the author. It comments on criticisms of studies using survival analysis, and on directions for future development. It calls for the continuous development and improvement of approaches to handling clustered event times, the need to solidify the statistical theories of survival analysis by connecting the existing models (e.g., the Kaplan–Meier estimator and the Cox proportional hazards model) to the study of counting process and martingale theory, and a more innovative and wider application of the advanced survival models to solving research problems outside the field of biomedics.Less
This chapter presents some concluding thoughts from the author. It comments on criticisms of studies using survival analysis, and on directions for future development. It calls for the continuous development and improvement of approaches to handling clustered event times, the need to solidify the statistical theories of survival analysis by connecting the existing models (e.g., the Kaplan–Meier estimator and the Cox proportional hazards model) to the study of counting process and martingale theory, and a more innovative and wider application of the advanced survival models to solving research problems outside the field of biomedics.
Dirk U. Pfeiffer, Timothy P. Robinson, Mark Stevenson, Kim B. Stevens, David J. Rogers, and Archie C. A. Clements
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198509882
- eISBN:
- 9780191709128
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198509882.003.0004
- Subject:
- Biology, Disease Ecology / Epidemiology
This chapter begins with a brief discussion of disease cluster alarms and cluster investigation protocols. This is followed by a review of some statistical concepts and terminology relevant to ...
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This chapter begins with a brief discussion of disease cluster alarms and cluster investigation protocols. This is followed by a review of some statistical concepts and terminology relevant to spatial clustering. It concludes with an outline of some of the more commonly-used global clustering methods for point and area data, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of each technique and exploring their application through a review of their use in the literature.Less
This chapter begins with a brief discussion of disease cluster alarms and cluster investigation protocols. This is followed by a review of some statistical concepts and terminology relevant to spatial clustering. It concludes with an outline of some of the more commonly-used global clustering methods for point and area data, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of each technique and exploring their application through a review of their use in the literature.
Stephen Davies
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199202423
- eISBN:
- 9780191708541
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199202423.003.0003
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Aesthetics
Berys Gaut has defended a cluster account of art, according to which no one property is necessary for something's being art, and various different combinations of properties from a fairly long list ...
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Berys Gaut has defended a cluster account of art, according to which no one property is necessary for something's being art, and various different combinations of properties from a fairly long list can each be sufficient for something's being art. He proposes this view as a superior form of anti-essentialism, but this chapter argues that the cluster theory is not inherently anti-essentialist in conception. It generates a disjunctive catalogue of sufficient conditions that, because it is exhaustive, allows for a necessary condition; viz., that something is art only if it satisfies at least one of the disjuncts on the list. The result may be long and messy, but no less a definition on that account.Less
Berys Gaut has defended a cluster account of art, according to which no one property is necessary for something's being art, and various different combinations of properties from a fairly long list can each be sufficient for something's being art. He proposes this view as a superior form of anti-essentialism, but this chapter argues that the cluster theory is not inherently anti-essentialist in conception. It generates a disjunctive catalogue of sufficient conditions that, because it is exhaustive, allows for a necessary condition; viz., that something is art only if it satisfies at least one of the disjuncts on the list. The result may be long and messy, but no less a definition on that account.
Beng Huat Chua and Koichi Iwabuchi (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789622098923
- eISBN:
- 9789882206885
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789622098923.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Media Studies
In this book, an international group of contributors provide a multi-layered analysis of the emerging East Asian media culture, using the Korean TV drama as its analytic vehicle. This collection of ...
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In this book, an international group of contributors provide a multi-layered analysis of the emerging East Asian media culture, using the Korean TV drama as its analytic vehicle. This collection of essays is also the result of a workshop organized by the Cultural Studies in Asia Research Cluster at the Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore. The aim of the Cluster is to promote collaborative research in contemporary cultural practices which are influenced by intensifying transnational exchanges across historical, linguistic and cultural boundaries in Asia.Less
In this book, an international group of contributors provide a multi-layered analysis of the emerging East Asian media culture, using the Korean TV drama as its analytic vehicle. This collection of essays is also the result of a workshop organized by the Cultural Studies in Asia Research Cluster at the Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore. The aim of the Cluster is to promote collaborative research in contemporary cultural practices which are influenced by intensifying transnational exchanges across historical, linguistic and cultural boundaries in Asia.
Steven Casper
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199269525
- eISBN:
- 9780191710025
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199269525.003.0003
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy
The ability of the US economy to generate new technology industries, such as biotechnology, provides support to the contention that liberal market economies (LMEs) have a comparative institutional ...
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The ability of the US economy to generate new technology industries, such as biotechnology, provides support to the contention that liberal market economies (LMEs) have a comparative institutional advantage in generating radically innovative firms. However, the link between varieties of capitalism and innovation within LMEs has not been systematically explored. This chapter explores the link between institutions and the management of innovative competencies within a successful US biotechnology cluster — San Diego, California. It empirically examines whether national institutional frameworks within the US generate patterns of economic coordination in the areas of finance, employee incentive structures, and labor market organization that benefit firms, and are consistent with predictions of the varieties of capitalism approach. The policy context surrounding the US biotechnology industry is also discussed.Less
The ability of the US economy to generate new technology industries, such as biotechnology, provides support to the contention that liberal market economies (LMEs) have a comparative institutional advantage in generating radically innovative firms. However, the link between varieties of capitalism and innovation within LMEs has not been systematically explored. This chapter explores the link between institutions and the management of innovative competencies within a successful US biotechnology cluster — San Diego, California. It empirically examines whether national institutional frameworks within the US generate patterns of economic coordination in the areas of finance, employee incentive structures, and labor market organization that benefit firms, and are consistent with predictions of the varieties of capitalism approach. The policy context surrounding the US biotechnology industry is also discussed.
Dirk U. Pfeiffer, Timothy P. Robinson, Mark Stevenson, Kim B. Stevens, David J. Rogers, and Archie C. A. Clements
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198509882
- eISBN:
- 9780191709128
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198509882.003.0005
- Subject:
- Biology, Disease Ecology / Epidemiology
This chapter explores various methods by which spatial and spatio-temporal disease clusters can be identified statistically. It argues that a priori choice of cluster size can have profound effects ...
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This chapter explores various methods by which spatial and spatio-temporal disease clusters can be identified statistically. It argues that a priori choice of cluster size can have profound effects on the results. The grave concern arises that by exploring a range of maximum cluster sizes an upper cluster size threshold can be chosen that presents a pattern of clustering best suited to support a particular argument, rather than that which best reflects reality. This may cast doubt on the validity of the numerous studies that have been reported using scan circles, and in particular those based on the spatial scan statistic.Less
This chapter explores various methods by which spatial and spatio-temporal disease clusters can be identified statistically. It argues that a priori choice of cluster size can have profound effects on the results. The grave concern arises that by exploring a range of maximum cluster sizes an upper cluster size threshold can be chosen that presents a pattern of clustering best suited to support a particular argument, rather than that which best reflects reality. This may cast doubt on the validity of the numerous studies that have been reported using scan circles, and in particular those based on the spatial scan statistic.
Michael Penfold
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199233755
- eISBN:
- 9780191715549
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199233755.003.0007
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business
As a consequence of the great economic and institutional volatility experienced during the last two decades, Venezuela has registered low economic growth rates that hindered the development of a ...
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As a consequence of the great economic and institutional volatility experienced during the last two decades, Venezuela has registered low economic growth rates that hindered the development of a competitive non-oil export sector. One of the few exceptions is the emergence, expansion, and consolidation of the shrimp industry which is dominated by both national and international firms. Although the Venezuelan shrimp production has not attained the same importance as its counterparts in countries like China, Vietnam, and Thailand, it is among the most important regional players in that field in Latin America, behind countries such as Brasil, Ecuador, and Colombia. This chapter explores the competitiveness of the shrimp industry using cluster analysis. It highlights how the emerging shrimp cluster in Venezuela lacks the tools for cooperation between its producers and the support institutions that could enhance its productivity and guarantee its long-term consolidation.Less
As a consequence of the great economic and institutional volatility experienced during the last two decades, Venezuela has registered low economic growth rates that hindered the development of a competitive non-oil export sector. One of the few exceptions is the emergence, expansion, and consolidation of the shrimp industry which is dominated by both national and international firms. Although the Venezuelan shrimp production has not attained the same importance as its counterparts in countries like China, Vietnam, and Thailand, it is among the most important regional players in that field in Latin America, behind countries such as Brasil, Ecuador, and Colombia. This chapter explores the competitiveness of the shrimp industry using cluster analysis. It highlights how the emerging shrimp cluster in Venezuela lacks the tools for cooperation between its producers and the support institutions that could enhance its productivity and guarantee its long-term consolidation.
Raymond L. Chambers and Robert G. Clark
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198566625
- eISBN:
- 9780191738449
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198566625.003.0009
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Probability / Statistics
Robust estimation of the prediction variance discusses the issues that arise when model misspecification is second order. That is, when the second order moments of the working model for the ...
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Robust estimation of the prediction variance discusses the issues that arise when model misspecification is second order. That is, when the second order moments of the working model for the population are incorrect, as is typically the case. Here balanced sampling is of no avail, and alternative, more robust, methods of prediction variance must be used. This chapter focuses on development of these methods for the case where the working population model is the ratio model, as well as when a general linear predictor is used and the working model has quite general first and second order moments. The case of a clustered population with unknown within cluster heteroskedasticity is also discussed and the ultimate cluster variance estimator derived.Less
Robust estimation of the prediction variance discusses the issues that arise when model misspecification is second order. That is, when the second order moments of the working model for the population are incorrect, as is typically the case. Here balanced sampling is of no avail, and alternative, more robust, methods of prediction variance must be used. This chapter focuses on development of these methods for the case where the working population model is the ratio model, as well as when a general linear predictor is used and the working model has quite general first and second order moments. The case of a clustered population with unknown within cluster heteroskedasticity is also discussed and the ultimate cluster variance estimator derived.
Gilles Duranton, Philippe Martin, Thierry Mayer, and Florian Mayneris
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199592203
- eISBN:
- 9780191595615
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199592203.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics, Microeconomics
Cluster policies have become very popular among policy makers over the last thirty years. However, the mechanisms at work behind cluster dynamics, the gains that can be expected from more clustering, ...
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Cluster policies have become very popular among policy makers over the last thirty years. However, the mechanisms at work behind cluster dynamics, the gains that can be expected from more clustering, and the determinants of cluster policies that are implemented are not so clear. This book addresses these issues theoretically and empirically on the French case. Studying France is interesting because there is a long tradition of strong government intervention regarding the location of economic activity and because French cluster initiatives are more or less unified across the country. From a theoretical point of view, spatial agglomeration brings gains until a certain point from which congestion effects can offset these gains, and under certain conditions, it is likely that firms tend to cluster too much. This raises questions about cluster policies that would aim at always increasing concentration. Moreover, cluster policies are very demanding in terms of information and are subject to many political economy issues. The empirical analysis on French firm‐level data confirms that, in the short run, firms reap gains from agglomeration until a given level of agglomeration from which congestion effects become more important. Given these agglomeration economies, the current geography in France does not seem vastly suboptimal. On the other hand, the analysis of the first cluster policy implemented in this country shows that traditional equity determinants of regional policies, instead of competitiveness considerations, were still in play. In that sense, while acknowledging the positive impact of spatial agglomeration on firm‐level performance, this book tends to tone down the worldwide enthusiasm for cluster policies.Less
Cluster policies have become very popular among policy makers over the last thirty years. However, the mechanisms at work behind cluster dynamics, the gains that can be expected from more clustering, and the determinants of cluster policies that are implemented are not so clear. This book addresses these issues theoretically and empirically on the French case. Studying France is interesting because there is a long tradition of strong government intervention regarding the location of economic activity and because French cluster initiatives are more or less unified across the country. From a theoretical point of view, spatial agglomeration brings gains until a certain point from which congestion effects can offset these gains, and under certain conditions, it is likely that firms tend to cluster too much. This raises questions about cluster policies that would aim at always increasing concentration. Moreover, cluster policies are very demanding in terms of information and are subject to many political economy issues. The empirical analysis on French firm‐level data confirms that, in the short run, firms reap gains from agglomeration until a given level of agglomeration from which congestion effects become more important. Given these agglomeration economies, the current geography in France does not seem vastly suboptimal. On the other hand, the analysis of the first cluster policy implemented in this country shows that traditional equity determinants of regional policies, instead of competitiveness considerations, were still in play. In that sense, while acknowledging the positive impact of spatial agglomeration on firm‐level performance, this book tends to tone down the worldwide enthusiasm for cluster policies.
Rolf Niedermeier
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198566076
- eISBN:
- 9780191713910
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198566076.003.0008
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Combinatorics / Graph Theory / Discrete Mathematics
This chapter presents the second very basic design technique for fixed-parameter algorithms: depth-bounded search trees. It starts with simple observations and some basic definitions and facts, ...
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This chapter presents the second very basic design technique for fixed-parameter algorithms: depth-bounded search trees. It starts with simple observations and some basic definitions and facts, including recurrences and branching vectors as a tool for analysing search tree sizes. It continues giving several specific search tree results, including outlines of problems such as Cluster Editing, Vertex Cover, Hitting Set, Closest String, and Dominating Set in Planar Graphs. Moreover, it discusses how to interleave search tree and kernelization procedures to further speed up computation, and it proposes a way to generate automatically search trees (also analysing their sizes) using Cluster Deletion as an illustrative example.Less
This chapter presents the second very basic design technique for fixed-parameter algorithms: depth-bounded search trees. It starts with simple observations and some basic definitions and facts, including recurrences and branching vectors as a tool for analysing search tree sizes. It continues giving several specific search tree results, including outlines of problems such as Cluster Editing, Vertex Cover, Hitting Set, Closest String, and Dominating Set in Planar Graphs. Moreover, it discusses how to interleave search tree and kernelization procedures to further speed up computation, and it proposes a way to generate automatically search trees (also analysing their sizes) using Cluster Deletion as an illustrative example.
Roland Hinterhölzl
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195308211
- eISBN:
- 9780199867318
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195308211.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This book studies three salient phenomena of the West Germanic language group, namely scrambling, remnant movement and restructuring, and discusses their interrelatedness. It shows that scrambling ...
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This book studies three salient phenomena of the West Germanic language group, namely scrambling, remnant movement and restructuring, and discusses their interrelatedness. It shows that scrambling cannot be taken to create the remnant categories necessary for VO-topicalization and the formation of verb clusters in restructuring infinitives. Instead, the book argues that remnant categories are created by licensing movement and that restructuring involves remnant movement of large portions of the infinitival clause. Restructuring breaks down into movement of the infinitival AspP, which accounts for the formation of verb clusters, and the infinitival TP, which is responsible for the general transparency of restructuring infinitives, into dedicated licensing positions in the matrix clause. These movements follow from a general theory of sentential complementation. Furthermore, the book argues that only a biclausal account can provide a uniform explanation for the properties of all types of restructuring infinitives; and it shows that the distribution of adverbs/adjuncts differs from the one found in single clauses and therefore calls for the existence of (at least) two licensing domains in restructuring infinitives. Secondly, it shows that the binding properties of all types of coherent infinitives differ from the binding properties of simple clauses, and arguments for the presumed monoclausal nature of coherent to-infinitives, derived from the existence of long passives, are discarded. Finally, the book proposes a uniform format for the different types of verb clusters in German, Dutch, and West Flemish, which accounts for the appearance/non-appearance of the IPP-effect and provides the basis for accounting for the different properties of VP-topicalization in these languages. These properties follow from the fine structure, in essence the branching nature, of the different verb clusters in these languages and the Phase Impenetrability Condition.Less
This book studies three salient phenomena of the West Germanic language group, namely scrambling, remnant movement and restructuring, and discusses their interrelatedness. It shows that scrambling cannot be taken to create the remnant categories necessary for VO-topicalization and the formation of verb clusters in restructuring infinitives. Instead, the book argues that remnant categories are created by licensing movement and that restructuring involves remnant movement of large portions of the infinitival clause. Restructuring breaks down into movement of the infinitival AspP, which accounts for the formation of verb clusters, and the infinitival TP, which is responsible for the general transparency of restructuring infinitives, into dedicated licensing positions in the matrix clause. These movements follow from a general theory of sentential complementation. Furthermore, the book argues that only a biclausal account can provide a uniform explanation for the properties of all types of restructuring infinitives; and it shows that the distribution of adverbs/adjuncts differs from the one found in single clauses and therefore calls for the existence of (at least) two licensing domains in restructuring infinitives. Secondly, it shows that the binding properties of all types of coherent infinitives differ from the binding properties of simple clauses, and arguments for the presumed monoclausal nature of coherent to-infinitives, derived from the existence of long passives, are discarded. Finally, the book proposes a uniform format for the different types of verb clusters in German, Dutch, and West Flemish, which accounts for the appearance/non-appearance of the IPP-effect and provides the basis for accounting for the different properties of VP-topicalization in these languages. These properties follow from the fine structure, in essence the branching nature, of the different verb clusters in these languages and the Phase Impenetrability Condition.
John F. Padgett and Walter W. Powell
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691148670
- eISBN:
- 9781400845552
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691148670.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Economic Sociology
The social sciences have sophisticated models of choice and equilibrium but little understanding of the emergence of novelty. Where do new alternatives, new organizational forms, and new types of ...
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The social sciences have sophisticated models of choice and equilibrium but little understanding of the emergence of novelty. Where do new alternatives, new organizational forms, and new types of people come from? Combining biochemical insights about the origin of life with innovative and historically oriented social network analyses, this book develops a theory about the emergence of organizational, market, and biographical novelty from the coevolution of multiple social networks. The book demonstrates that novelty arises from spillovers across intertwined networks in different domains. In the short run actors make relations, but in the long run relations make actors. This theory of novelty emerging from intersecting production and biographical flows is developed through formal deductive modeling and through a wide range of original historical case studies. The book builds on the biochemical concept of autocatalysis—the chemical definition of life—and then extends this autocatalytic reasoning to social processes of production and communication. The chapters analyze a wide range of cases of emergence. They look at the emergence of organizational novelty in early capitalism and state formation; they examine the transformation of communism; and they analyze with detailed network data contemporary science-based capitalism: the biotechnology industry, regional high-tech clusters, and the open source community.Less
The social sciences have sophisticated models of choice and equilibrium but little understanding of the emergence of novelty. Where do new alternatives, new organizational forms, and new types of people come from? Combining biochemical insights about the origin of life with innovative and historically oriented social network analyses, this book develops a theory about the emergence of organizational, market, and biographical novelty from the coevolution of multiple social networks. The book demonstrates that novelty arises from spillovers across intertwined networks in different domains. In the short run actors make relations, but in the long run relations make actors. This theory of novelty emerging from intersecting production and biographical flows is developed through formal deductive modeling and through a wide range of original historical case studies. The book builds on the biochemical concept of autocatalysis—the chemical definition of life—and then extends this autocatalytic reasoning to social processes of production and communication. The chapters analyze a wide range of cases of emergence. They look at the emergence of organizational novelty in early capitalism and state formation; they examine the transformation of communism; and they analyze with detailed network data contemporary science-based capitalism: the biotechnology industry, regional high-tech clusters, and the open source community.
Steven Casper
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199269525
- eISBN:
- 9780191710025
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199269525.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy
Through the 1990s and early 2000s, a strength of the United States economy has been its ability to foster large numbers of small innovative technology companies, a few of which have grown to dominate ...
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Through the 1990s and early 2000s, a strength of the United States economy has been its ability to foster large numbers of small innovative technology companies, a few of which have grown to dominate new industries, such as Microsoft, Genentech, or Google. US technology clusters such as Silicon Valley have become engines of innovation and wealth creation, and the envy of governments around the world. This book examines trajectories by which new technology industries emerge and become sustainable across different types of economies. Governments around the world have poured vast sums of money into policies designed to foster clusters of similar start-up firms in their economies. The book employs empirical studies of the biotechnology and software industries in the US and several European economies to examine the relative success of policies aimed at cultivating the “Silicon Valley Model” of organizing and financing companies in Europe. Research associated with the “varieties of capitalism” literature has argued that countries with liberal market orientations, such as the US and the UK, can more easily design policies to cultivate success in new technology industries compared to countries associated with organized economies, such as Germany and Sweden. The book's empirical findings support the view that national institutional factors strongly condition the success of new technology policies. However, the study also identifies important cases in which radically innovative new technology firms have thrived within organized economy. Through examining cases of both success and failure, this book helps identify constellations of market and governmental activities that can lead to the emergence of sustainable clusters of new technology firms across both organized and liberal market economies.Less
Through the 1990s and early 2000s, a strength of the United States economy has been its ability to foster large numbers of small innovative technology companies, a few of which have grown to dominate new industries, such as Microsoft, Genentech, or Google. US technology clusters such as Silicon Valley have become engines of innovation and wealth creation, and the envy of governments around the world. This book examines trajectories by which new technology industries emerge and become sustainable across different types of economies. Governments around the world have poured vast sums of money into policies designed to foster clusters of similar start-up firms in their economies. The book employs empirical studies of the biotechnology and software industries in the US and several European economies to examine the relative success of policies aimed at cultivating the “Silicon Valley Model” of organizing and financing companies in Europe. Research associated with the “varieties of capitalism” literature has argued that countries with liberal market orientations, such as the US and the UK, can more easily design policies to cultivate success in new technology industries compared to countries associated with organized economies, such as Germany and Sweden. The book's empirical findings support the view that national institutional factors strongly condition the success of new technology policies. However, the study also identifies important cases in which radically innovative new technology firms have thrived within organized economy. Through examining cases of both success and failure, this book helps identify constellations of market and governmental activities that can lead to the emergence of sustainable clusters of new technology firms across both organized and liberal market economies.
San Duanmu
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199267590
- eISBN:
- 9780191708367
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199267590.003.0008
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Phonetics / Phonology, Theoretical Linguistics
This chapter investigates the maximal syllable size in English. It shows that given the concepts of a potential V, the affix rule, and complex sounds, the maximal syllable in English is CVX. The ...
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This chapter investigates the maximal syllable size in English. It shows that given the concepts of a potential V, the affix rule, and complex sounds, the maximal syllable in English is CVX. The analysis is checked against an exhaustive examination of the CELEX lexicon of English.Less
This chapter investigates the maximal syllable size in English. It shows that given the concepts of a potential V, the affix rule, and complex sounds, the maximal syllable in English is CVX. The analysis is checked against an exhaustive examination of the CELEX lexicon of English.
San Duanmu
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199267590
- eISBN:
- 9780191708367
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199267590.003.0010
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Phonetics / Phonology, Theoretical Linguistics
This chapter offers an exhaustive analysis of German words in the CELEX lexicon. It shows that given the concepts of a potential V, the affix rule, and complex sounds, the maximal syllable in German ...
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This chapter offers an exhaustive analysis of German words in the CELEX lexicon. It shows that given the concepts of a potential V, the affix rule, and complex sounds, the maximal syllable in German is CVX.Less
This chapter offers an exhaustive analysis of German words in the CELEX lexicon. It shows that given the concepts of a potential V, the affix rule, and complex sounds, the maximal syllable in German is CVX.
San Duanmu
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199267590
- eISBN:
- 9780191708367
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199267590.003.0011
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Phonetics / Phonology, Theoretical Linguistics
This chapter analyzes Jiarong, a Tibeto‐Burman language that was thought to be quite unusual in having large onset and coda clusters that violate expected sonority contours. It shows that, given the ...
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This chapter analyzes Jiarong, a Tibeto‐Burman language that was thought to be quite unusual in having large onset and coda clusters that violate expected sonority contours. It shows that, given the concepts of a potential V, the affix rule, and complex sounds, the maximal syllable in Jiarong is CVX.Less
This chapter analyzes Jiarong, a Tibeto‐Burman language that was thought to be quite unusual in having large onset and coda clusters that violate expected sonority contours. It shows that, given the concepts of a potential V, the affix rule, and complex sounds, the maximal syllable in Jiarong is CVX.
Elaine Romanelli and Maryann Feldman
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199207183
- eISBN:
- 9780191708886
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199207183.003.0005
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation
This chapter examines the spatial and temporal dimension of a variety of forms of entrepreneurship across cities in the United States in the human biotherapeutics. The first finding is that clusters ...
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This chapter examines the spatial and temporal dimension of a variety of forms of entrepreneurship across cities in the United States in the human biotherapeutics. The first finding is that clusters grow predominantly through the investments of local entrepreneurs, local firms, and local venture capitalists. Second, for three of the regions with the largest clusters — San Diego, Boston, and San Francisco — the critical spur to growth appears to be a tendency of entrepreneurs to leave local, established firms to found additional firms. Moreover, only those regions, however, that exhibited this secondary, or second-generation growth grew to substantial sizes relative to other clusters. The attraction of entrepreneurs and firms to a region is a tertiary influence on growth, occurring late in the history of the industry and the clusters.Less
This chapter examines the spatial and temporal dimension of a variety of forms of entrepreneurship across cities in the United States in the human biotherapeutics. The first finding is that clusters grow predominantly through the investments of local entrepreneurs, local firms, and local venture capitalists. Second, for three of the regions with the largest clusters — San Diego, Boston, and San Francisco — the critical spur to growth appears to be a tendency of entrepreneurs to leave local, established firms to found additional firms. Moreover, only those regions, however, that exhibited this secondary, or second-generation growth grew to substantial sizes relative to other clusters. The attraction of entrepreneurs and firms to a region is a tertiary influence on growth, occurring late in the history of the industry and the clusters.
Martha Prevezer and Han Tang
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199207183
- eISBN:
- 9780191708886
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199207183.003.0006
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation
The Chinese government has the ambition to develop China into a globally leading biotech nation. The genesis of three major biotechnology clusters along the east coast of China is considered in this ...
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The Chinese government has the ambition to develop China into a globally leading biotech nation. The genesis of three major biotechnology clusters along the east coast of China is considered in this chapter. Two main phases are distinguished in the evolution of government policy with respect to these clusters. A preceding phase is mainly concerned with institutional reform, creating new forms of property rights, setting out strategic programmes for the development of the biotechnology, and building up the appropriate knowledge base. Partly as a result of these policies, the entry of companies into the biotech clusters in each region more than doubled during the period 1995-2003 as compared to the period before 1995. Scientists returning from abroad frequently founded the new companies formed in the latter period.Less
The Chinese government has the ambition to develop China into a globally leading biotech nation. The genesis of three major biotechnology clusters along the east coast of China is considered in this chapter. Two main phases are distinguished in the evolution of government policy with respect to these clusters. A preceding phase is mainly concerned with institutional reform, creating new forms of property rights, setting out strategic programmes for the development of the biotechnology, and building up the appropriate knowledge base. Partly as a result of these policies, the entry of companies into the biotech clusters in each region more than doubled during the period 1995-2003 as compared to the period before 1995. Scientists returning from abroad frequently founded the new companies formed in the latter period.
Marco Giarratana, Alessandro Pagano, and Salvatore Torrisi
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199275601
- eISBN:
- 9780191705823
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199275601.003.0008
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business
This chapter analyzes the role of MNCs in the development of the software industry in India, Ireland, and Israel. It shows that the evolution of software activities and the role of MNCs varied ...
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This chapter analyzes the role of MNCs in the development of the software industry in India, Ireland, and Israel. It shows that the evolution of software activities and the role of MNCs varied considerably across these three countries in terms of the timing of entry and the type of activities conducted by MNCs. Ireland MNCs provided the domestic industry with market access and trained managers. In Israel and India, MNCs provided finance, marketing, and managerial capabilities to domestic firms, but only after a regional software cluster had already developed. The analysis shows that people mobility and spin-offs appear to be significant, especially in Ireland. However, there was very limited evidence of MNCs technology externalities measured by patent citations.Less
This chapter analyzes the role of MNCs in the development of the software industry in India, Ireland, and Israel. It shows that the evolution of software activities and the role of MNCs varied considerably across these three countries in terms of the timing of entry and the type of activities conducted by MNCs. Ireland MNCs provided the domestic industry with market access and trained managers. In Israel and India, MNCs provided finance, marketing, and managerial capabilities to domestic firms, but only after a regional software cluster had already developed. The analysis shows that people mobility and spin-offs appear to be significant, especially in Ireland. However, there was very limited evidence of MNCs technology externalities measured by patent citations.
