Irwin Epstein
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195335521
- eISBN:
- 9780199777433
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335521.001.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Research and Evaluation
Clinical data-mining (CDM) involves the conceptualization, extraction, analysis, and interpretation of available clinical data for practice knowledge-building, clinical decision-making, and ...
More
Clinical data-mining (CDM) involves the conceptualization, extraction, analysis, and interpretation of available clinical data for practice knowledge-building, clinical decision-making, and practitioner reflection. Depending upon the type of data mined, CDM can be qualitative or quantitative; it is generally retrospective, but may be meaningfully combined with original data collection. Any research method that relies on the contents of case records or information systems data inevitably has limitations, but with proper safeguards these can be minimized. Among CDM's strengths however, are that it is unobtrusive, inexpensive, presents little risk to research subjects, and is ethically compatible with practitioner value commitments. When conducted by practitioners, CDM yields conceptual as well as data-driven insight into their own practice- and program-generated questions. This book covers all the basics of conducting practitioner-initiated CDM studies or CDM doctoral dissertations, drawing extensively on published CDM studies and completed CDM dissertations from multiple social work settings in the United States, Australia, Israel, Hong Kong, and the United Kingdom. In addition, it describes consulting principles to help with forging collaborative university-agency CDM partnerships.Less
Clinical data-mining (CDM) involves the conceptualization, extraction, analysis, and interpretation of available clinical data for practice knowledge-building, clinical decision-making, and practitioner reflection. Depending upon the type of data mined, CDM can be qualitative or quantitative; it is generally retrospective, but may be meaningfully combined with original data collection. Any research method that relies on the contents of case records or information systems data inevitably has limitations, but with proper safeguards these can be minimized. Among CDM's strengths however, are that it is unobtrusive, inexpensive, presents little risk to research subjects, and is ethically compatible with practitioner value commitments. When conducted by practitioners, CDM yields conceptual as well as data-driven insight into their own practice- and program-generated questions. This book covers all the basics of conducting practitioner-initiated CDM studies or CDM doctoral dissertations, drawing extensively on published CDM studies and completed CDM dissertations from multiple social work settings in the United States, Australia, Israel, Hong Kong, and the United Kingdom. In addition, it describes consulting principles to help with forging collaborative university-agency CDM partnerships.
Eugene Baker
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195393804
- eISBN:
- 9780199863495
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195393804.003.0013
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Disorders of the Nervous System
In the context of Employment Assistance Programs (EAP), personalizing treatment means distinguishing those who could benefit from psychotherapy versus medication, and using the review of ...
More
In the context of Employment Assistance Programs (EAP), personalizing treatment means distinguishing those who could benefit from psychotherapy versus medication, and using the review of neurocognitive markers to facilitate therapeutic conversations between the client and clinician, thereby building the treatment alliance. This chapter outlines this context and illustrates an exemplar to achieve this using WebNeuro as a clinical decision support tool for EAP practitioners. Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS) are an existing prelude to personalized medicine in clinical practice and delivery of overall healthcare programs that best match each individual.Less
In the context of Employment Assistance Programs (EAP), personalizing treatment means distinguishing those who could benefit from psychotherapy versus medication, and using the review of neurocognitive markers to facilitate therapeutic conversations between the client and clinician, thereby building the treatment alliance. This chapter outlines this context and illustrates an exemplar to achieve this using WebNeuro as a clinical decision support tool for EAP practitioners. Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS) are an existing prelude to personalized medicine in clinical practice and delivery of overall healthcare programs that best match each individual.
Michael R. Kohn, Simon D. Clarke, and Leanne M. Williams
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195393804
- eISBN:
- 9780199863495
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195393804.003.0007
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Disorders of the Nervous System
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is the most common disorder of childhood-adolescent brain health. Here, we take an integrative neuroscience approach to personalized medicine. The goal ...
More
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is the most common disorder of childhood-adolescent brain health. Here, we take an integrative neuroscience approach to personalized medicine. The goal of this approach is: 1) to identify promising markers that bridge cognitive and brain measures, as well as genomics; these currently have value for supporting diagnostic and personalized treatment decisions in clinical practice. These markers are sensitive and specific for distinguishing ADHD, focusing on the triad of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. These markers are assessed with straightforward cognitive tests that relate to brain function and genes affecting dopamine. The same markers are also implicated in predicting response to stimulants. A different set of markers capturing alterations in emotion, feeling and their regulation shows promise in identifying comorbid internalizing conditions, such as anxiety, and externalizing conditions, such as conduct disorder.Less
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is the most common disorder of childhood-adolescent brain health. Here, we take an integrative neuroscience approach to personalized medicine. The goal of this approach is: 1) to identify promising markers that bridge cognitive and brain measures, as well as genomics; these currently have value for supporting diagnostic and personalized treatment decisions in clinical practice. These markers are sensitive and specific for distinguishing ADHD, focusing on the triad of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. These markers are assessed with straightforward cognitive tests that relate to brain function and genes affecting dopamine. The same markers are also implicated in predicting response to stimulants. A different set of markers capturing alterations in emotion, feeling and their regulation shows promise in identifying comorbid internalizing conditions, such as anxiety, and externalizing conditions, such as conduct disorder.
Dawn Dowding and Miriam J. Johnson
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199232048
- eISBN:
- 9780191730337
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199232048.003.0008
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Pain Management and Palliative Pharmacology
This chapter examines the specific issues connected to clinical decision-making concerning whether or not to treat a venous thromboembolism (VTE) patient with advanced cancer in the palliative care ...
More
This chapter examines the specific issues connected to clinical decision-making concerning whether or not to treat a venous thromboembolism (VTE) patient with advanced cancer in the palliative care setting. It discusses how strategies from the broader literature on decision-making in healthcare could be applied to the palliative care setting. It recommends the use of a tool called clinical decision analysis which can integrate both research evidence and measures of patient preferences in order to suggest what the optimum option may be for that patient.Less
This chapter examines the specific issues connected to clinical decision-making concerning whether or not to treat a venous thromboembolism (VTE) patient with advanced cancer in the palliative care setting. It discusses how strategies from the broader literature on decision-making in healthcare could be applied to the palliative care setting. It recommends the use of a tool called clinical decision analysis which can integrate both research evidence and measures of patient preferences in order to suggest what the optimum option may be for that patient.
Leanne M. Williams and Evian Gordon
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195393804
- eISBN:
- 9780199863495
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195393804.003.0003
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Disorders of the Nervous System
In the emerging new paradigm of “Personalized Medicine,” the goal is to shift the treatment for brain-related illness from trial and error into a bull’s-eye. To date, much of the research in ...
More
In the emerging new paradigm of “Personalized Medicine,” the goal is to shift the treatment for brain-related illness from trial and error into a bull’s-eye. To date, much of the research in Personalized Medicine has focused on genetic “markers” employed as predictors of individual treatment response. The complexity of the brain requires a shift in focus from genetic marker(s) to an integrated approach, in which a wider scope of molecular plus brain-related functional, structural and cognitive information is used in a complementary manner. This chapter provides a brief summary of the current evidence for markers that predict brain-related treatment response in depression, schizophrenia and ADHD. The chapter focuses on the current status of Personalized Medicine, including the principles of an integrative approach to personalized medicine for the brain, and building a new taxonomy for incorporating the most clinically effective markers, is also outlined.Less
In the emerging new paradigm of “Personalized Medicine,” the goal is to shift the treatment for brain-related illness from trial and error into a bull’s-eye. To date, much of the research in Personalized Medicine has focused on genetic “markers” employed as predictors of individual treatment response. The complexity of the brain requires a shift in focus from genetic marker(s) to an integrated approach, in which a wider scope of molecular plus brain-related functional, structural and cognitive information is used in a complementary manner. This chapter provides a brief summary of the current evidence for markers that predict brain-related treatment response in depression, schizophrenia and ADHD. The chapter focuses on the current status of Personalized Medicine, including the principles of an integrative approach to personalized medicine for the brain, and building a new taxonomy for incorporating the most clinically effective markers, is also outlined.
Dan Segal and David E. Williams
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195393804
- eISBN:
- 9780199863495
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195393804.003.0014
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Disorders of the Nervous System
We are in one of the most exciting periods in the evolution of health care. Never before have so many variables (that directly impact the basis of patient care) simultaneously been in transition. ...
More
We are in one of the most exciting periods in the evolution of health care. Never before have so many variables (that directly impact the basis of patient care) simultaneously been in transition. This confluence of changes, including technology, policy, legislation and consumer attitudes, involves and impacts all major health care stakeholder groups. Personalized Medicine is at the core of change and is the utilization of technology to deliver better health care outcomes. It places the consumer at the center, recognizing that individual needs differ and it addresses the full spectrum of personal needs, from disability to well being, and prevention. Health care is the latest in a long line of industries to be transformed by the digital wave. The turning point has already occurred and as seen from the previous waves the extent of change will be transformative. Solutions that fill a consumer need will need to have solid, reproducible effects, be easy to use, and cost effective. This will also require new business case models to ensure ongoing resourcing of marker discovery and implementation of the personalization of the “continuum of care.”Less
We are in one of the most exciting periods in the evolution of health care. Never before have so many variables (that directly impact the basis of patient care) simultaneously been in transition. This confluence of changes, including technology, policy, legislation and consumer attitudes, involves and impacts all major health care stakeholder groups. Personalized Medicine is at the core of change and is the utilization of technology to deliver better health care outcomes. It places the consumer at the center, recognizing that individual needs differ and it addresses the full spectrum of personal needs, from disability to well being, and prevention. Health care is the latest in a long line of industries to be transformed by the digital wave. The turning point has already occurred and as seen from the previous waves the extent of change will be transformative. Solutions that fill a consumer need will need to have solid, reproducible effects, be easy to use, and cost effective. This will also require new business case models to ensure ongoing resourcing of marker discovery and implementation of the personalization of the “continuum of care.”
Fiona Randall and R.S. Downie
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780192630681
- eISBN:
- 9780191730078
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192630681.003.0005
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making
This chapter begins by examining responsibility for outcomes, and then deals mainly with the process of decision making. It clarifies the moral issues that arise in the traditional methods of ...
More
This chapter begins by examining responsibility for outcomes, and then deals mainly with the process of decision making. It clarifies the moral issues that arise in the traditional methods of decision making and explores the moral difficulties inherent in the use of some more recently developed formal systems, such as flow charts and clinical guidelines, which have been proposed as improvements on the traditional process. In palliative care, clinical workers have to make decisions in circumstances that entail factual complexities, uncertainties, and difficult moral choices. Nevertheless, a decision has to be made. Letting someone die is permitted in certain circumstances whereas killing is prohibited. The doctrine of double effect, which relies on a moral distinction between intended and foreseen events, allows the use of measures to relieve suffering even those events carry a significant risk of shortening life.Less
This chapter begins by examining responsibility for outcomes, and then deals mainly with the process of decision making. It clarifies the moral issues that arise in the traditional methods of decision making and explores the moral difficulties inherent in the use of some more recently developed formal systems, such as flow charts and clinical guidelines, which have been proposed as improvements on the traditional process. In palliative care, clinical workers have to make decisions in circumstances that entail factual complexities, uncertainties, and difficult moral choices. Nevertheless, a decision has to be made. Letting someone die is permitted in certain circumstances whereas killing is prohibited. The doctrine of double effect, which relies on a moral distinction between intended and foreseen events, allows the use of measures to relieve suffering even those events carry a significant risk of shortening life.
Julian Tudor Hart
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847427830
- eISBN:
- 9781447303930
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847427830.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
Drawing on clinical experience dating from the birth of the NHS in 1948, the author, a politically active GP in a Welsh coal mining community, charts in this book the progress of the NHS from its ...
More
Drawing on clinical experience dating from the birth of the NHS in 1948, the author, a politically active GP in a Welsh coal mining community, charts in this book the progress of the NHS from its nineteenth-century origins in workers' mutual aid societies, to its current forced return to the market. The book's starting point is a detailed analysis of how clinical decisions are made. It explores the changing social relationships in the NHS as a gift economy, how these may be affected by reducing care to commodity status, and the new directions they might take if the NHS resumed progress independently from the market. The essential principle in the book is that patients need to develop as active citizens and co-producers of health gain in a humanising society and the book's aim is to promote it wherever people recognise that pursuit of profit may be a brake on rational progress.Less
Drawing on clinical experience dating from the birth of the NHS in 1948, the author, a politically active GP in a Welsh coal mining community, charts in this book the progress of the NHS from its nineteenth-century origins in workers' mutual aid societies, to its current forced return to the market. The book's starting point is a detailed analysis of how clinical decisions are made. It explores the changing social relationships in the NHS as a gift economy, how these may be affected by reducing care to commodity status, and the new directions they might take if the NHS resumed progress independently from the market. The essential principle in the book is that patients need to develop as active citizens and co-producers of health gain in a humanising society and the book's aim is to promote it wherever people recognise that pursuit of profit may be a brake on rational progress.
Fiona Randall and Robin Downie
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780192630681
- eISBN:
- 9780191730078
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192630681.001.0001
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making
A book for nurses, doctors, and all who provide end-of-life care, this volume guides readers through the ethical complexities of such care, including policy initiatives, and encourages debate and ...
More
A book for nurses, doctors, and all who provide end-of-life care, this volume guides readers through the ethical complexities of such care, including policy initiatives, and encourages debate and discussion on their controversial aspects. Divided into two parts, it introduces and explains clinical decision-making processes about which there is broad consensus, in line with guidance documents issued by the WHO, the BMA, the GMC, and similar bodies. The changing political and social context, where ‘patient choice’ has become a central idea, and the broadened scope of patients' best interests have added to the complexity of decision making in end-of-life care. The authors discuss issues widely encountered by GPs, nurses, and hospital clinicians, which include patient choice; consent; life-prolonging treatment; and symptom relief, including sedation. Part Two explores the more controversial current end-of-life care initiatives, such as advance care planning, preferred place of care and death, euthanasia and assisted suicide, extended ideas of ‘best interests’, and the view that there are therapeutic duties to the relatives of patients. Throughout their discussion the authors draw attention to loose ends and contradictions in some of the proposals. Examining the current policy of consumerist choice, they reject its place in the health service, proposing a realistic, fair, humane and widely adoptable system of end-of-life care.Less
A book for nurses, doctors, and all who provide end-of-life care, this volume guides readers through the ethical complexities of such care, including policy initiatives, and encourages debate and discussion on their controversial aspects. Divided into two parts, it introduces and explains clinical decision-making processes about which there is broad consensus, in line with guidance documents issued by the WHO, the BMA, the GMC, and similar bodies. The changing political and social context, where ‘patient choice’ has become a central idea, and the broadened scope of patients' best interests have added to the complexity of decision making in end-of-life care. The authors discuss issues widely encountered by GPs, nurses, and hospital clinicians, which include patient choice; consent; life-prolonging treatment; and symptom relief, including sedation. Part Two explores the more controversial current end-of-life care initiatives, such as advance care planning, preferred place of care and death, euthanasia and assisted suicide, extended ideas of ‘best interests’, and the view that there are therapeutic duties to the relatives of patients. Throughout their discussion the authors draw attention to loose ends and contradictions in some of the proposals. Examining the current policy of consumerist choice, they reject its place in the health service, proposing a realistic, fair, humane and widely adoptable system of end-of-life care.
Timothy E. Quill
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195139402
- eISBN:
- 9780199999859
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195139402.003.0009
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Palliative Medicine and Older People
This chapter discusses a consensus-based approach to decision making in palliative care for patients with severe dementia. It relates the author's experience in caring for a 73-year-old woman with ...
More
This chapter discusses a consensus-based approach to decision making in palliative care for patients with severe dementia. It relates the author's experience in caring for a 73-year-old woman with Alzheimer's disease. The chapter explains the core principles with which to plan palliative care and outlines the steps in providing palliative care for patients who lack decision-making capacity. It suggests that a physician's investment of time in dialogue and consensus building with the patient may minimize the time and effort needed for future decisions.Less
This chapter discusses a consensus-based approach to decision making in palliative care for patients with severe dementia. It relates the author's experience in caring for a 73-year-old woman with Alzheimer's disease. The chapter explains the core principles with which to plan palliative care and outlines the steps in providing palliative care for patients who lack decision-making capacity. It suggests that a physician's investment of time in dialogue and consensus building with the patient may minimize the time and effort needed for future decisions.
Russell K. Portenoy and Eduardo Bruera
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195130652
- eISBN:
- 9780199999842
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195130652.003.0014
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Palliative Medicine Research, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making
Utility can be used to rank treatments based on their effect and to calculate cost-utility ratios. Change in utility is difficult to show for palliative care interventions because the effects of the ...
More
Utility can be used to rank treatments based on their effect and to calculate cost-utility ratios. Change in utility is difficult to show for palliative care interventions because the effects of the interventions are small, the effects of the disease are large, and current global instruments do not capture the benefit. This chapter suggests that the most practical use is to quantify the benefits and toxicities of various interventions and to illustrate the future health states that the patient is likely to experience. This may be useful in patient decision making but requires an informed, knowledge-seeking patient, who is willing to make choices informed by data. At present, utility and cost-utility are not useful in resource allocation, except as an implicit way to illustrate benefit for comparative cost and clinical decision making.Less
Utility can be used to rank treatments based on their effect and to calculate cost-utility ratios. Change in utility is difficult to show for palliative care interventions because the effects of the interventions are small, the effects of the disease are large, and current global instruments do not capture the benefit. This chapter suggests that the most practical use is to quantify the benefits and toxicities of various interventions and to illustrate the future health states that the patient is likely to experience. This may be useful in patient decision making but requires an informed, knowledge-seeking patient, who is willing to make choices informed by data. At present, utility and cost-utility are not useful in resource allocation, except as an implicit way to illustrate benefit for comparative cost and clinical decision making.
Jane Heyhoe and Rebecca Lawton
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780190499037
- eISBN:
- 9780190881375
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190499037.003.0018
- Subject:
- Psychology, Health Psychology
In the chapter “Affect and Clinical Decision-Making,” theoretical and empirical literature from within and outside healthcare are drawn on to understand the role of affect in clinical decision-making ...
More
In the chapter “Affect and Clinical Decision-Making,” theoretical and empirical literature from within and outside healthcare are drawn on to understand the role of affect in clinical decision-making at the individual and team level. Theories of individual decision-making are summarized and psychological models of decision-making and current knowledge of thought processes are presented to explain the role of affect in judgment and behavior in healthcare settings. Three types of affect: anticipatory affect, incidental affect, and anticipated affect are discussed in detail and used to illustrate how affective states may play a role in different clinical contexts and settings. Gaps in the existing evidence base are identified, and suggestions are made for interventions that might support health professionals to make better decisions.Less
In the chapter “Affect and Clinical Decision-Making,” theoretical and empirical literature from within and outside healthcare are drawn on to understand the role of affect in clinical decision-making at the individual and team level. Theories of individual decision-making are summarized and psychological models of decision-making and current knowledge of thought processes are presented to explain the role of affect in judgment and behavior in healthcare settings. Three types of affect: anticipatory affect, incidental affect, and anticipated affect are discussed in detail and used to illustrate how affective states may play a role in different clinical contexts and settings. Gaps in the existing evidence base are identified, and suggestions are made for interventions that might support health professionals to make better decisions.
Fiona Randall and R. S. Downie
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199547333
- eISBN:
- 9780191730405
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199547333.003.0001
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Palliative Medicine Research
This chapter examines patient choice and consent and its current status in clinical decision-making in end of life care. The findings indicate that the idea of patient choice can exist comfortably in ...
More
This chapter examines patient choice and consent and its current status in clinical decision-making in end of life care. The findings indicate that the idea of patient choice can exist comfortably in the consensus view of health care and a stress on choice is simply a stress on the patient's right to choose between treatment options offered in the process of joint decision-making. This chapter also suggests the possibility of providing an end of life care service run on consumerist lines.Less
This chapter examines patient choice and consent and its current status in clinical decision-making in end of life care. The findings indicate that the idea of patient choice can exist comfortably in the consensus view of health care and a stress on choice is simply a stress on the patient's right to choose between treatment options offered in the process of joint decision-making. This chapter also suggests the possibility of providing an end of life care service run on consumerist lines.
Fiona Randall and R. S. Downie
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199547333
- eISBN:
- 9780191730405
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199547333.003.0011
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Palliative Medicine Research
This chapter examines the issue of end of life care patients' ‘best interests’ in its various extended forms. It analyses the controversial view of specialist palliative care that the unit of care is ...
More
This chapter examines the issue of end of life care patients' ‘best interests’ in its various extended forms. It analyses the controversial view of specialist palliative care that the unit of care is the patient and relatives and that the best interests of the relatives must also be considered in making clinical decisions. Whole person or holistic care is acceptable as an aim of end of life care, but the term must be used with caution because a patient's wholeness extends well beyond anything that health care interventions at the end of life can encompass. The aims of end of life care should include the sensitive provision to patients of information about their illness in order to enable them to take part in decisions and lessen emotional distress.Less
This chapter examines the issue of end of life care patients' ‘best interests’ in its various extended forms. It analyses the controversial view of specialist palliative care that the unit of care is the patient and relatives and that the best interests of the relatives must also be considered in making clinical decisions. Whole person or holistic care is acceptable as an aim of end of life care, but the term must be used with caution because a patient's wholeness extends well beyond anything that health care interventions at the end of life can encompass. The aims of end of life care should include the sensitive provision to patients of information about their illness in order to enable them to take part in decisions and lessen emotional distress.
Alan Cribb
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781447323211
- eISBN:
- 9781447323235
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447323211.003.0003
- Subject:
- Social Work, Health and Mental Health
This chapter focuses on some of the mainstream and circumscribed examples of rethinking agency. Once one starts seeing and treating people as healthcare actors—as having something to contribute to ...
More
This chapter focuses on some of the mainstream and circumscribed examples of rethinking agency. Once one starts seeing and treating people as healthcare actors—as having something to contribute to their own care and to health systems and environments—many possibilities emerge. Some of these are already absorbed into mainstream thinking and others are more challenging or radical. The former includes the expectation that patients should play an active role in clinical decision making that affects them. The latter extend much more widely—questioning why ‘lay people’ are often allowed to be influential only in circumscribed instances, when their agency and perspectives could be equally influential in agenda setting and design decisions in all aspects of service planning, care provision, research, resource allocation and so on. This question highlights the potential to move beyond an individualist or consumerist conception of agency and towards more civic, social and democratic conceptions of social action.Less
This chapter focuses on some of the mainstream and circumscribed examples of rethinking agency. Once one starts seeing and treating people as healthcare actors—as having something to contribute to their own care and to health systems and environments—many possibilities emerge. Some of these are already absorbed into mainstream thinking and others are more challenging or radical. The former includes the expectation that patients should play an active role in clinical decision making that affects them. The latter extend much more widely—questioning why ‘lay people’ are often allowed to be influential only in circumscribed instances, when their agency and perspectives could be equally influential in agenda setting and design decisions in all aspects of service planning, care provision, research, resource allocation and so on. This question highlights the potential to move beyond an individualist or consumerist conception of agency and towards more civic, social and democratic conceptions of social action.
Sam H. Ahmedzai and Martin F. Muers
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780192631411
- eISBN:
- 9780191730160
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192631411.003.0003
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Pain Management and Palliative Pharmacology
This chapter examines quality of life (QoL) models and measures in relation to palliative care. It compares QoL gains between two treatments and evaluates the use of QoL as part of decision making ...
More
This chapter examines quality of life (QoL) models and measures in relation to palliative care. It compares QoL gains between two treatments and evaluates the use of QoL as part of decision making for patient management. The chapter discusses several proposed definitions of QoL and different ways of obtaining information about the patient's QoL. The findings suggest that the management of a patient's QoL requires an individualised approach to treatment and that the clinician needs to find a way of managing the patient wherein multiple objectives are affected differently by different courses of action.Less
This chapter examines quality of life (QoL) models and measures in relation to palliative care. It compares QoL gains between two treatments and evaluates the use of QoL as part of decision making for patient management. The chapter discusses several proposed definitions of QoL and different ways of obtaining information about the patient's QoL. The findings suggest that the management of a patient's QoL requires an individualised approach to treatment and that the clinician needs to find a way of managing the patient wherein multiple objectives are affected differently by different courses of action.
Vegard Bruun Wyller
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- November 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199989447
- eISBN:
- 9780190207489
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199989447.003.0015
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
Clinical decision making might be based on moral principles focusing exclusively on the individual patient, such as the principles of beneficence, autonomy, and nonmaleficence. Alternatively, ...
More
Clinical decision making might be based on moral principles focusing exclusively on the individual patient, such as the principles of beneficence, autonomy, and nonmaleficence. Alternatively, clinical decisions might include considerations in which the individual patient is seen in relation to others. Such considerations draw upon the moral principles of justice or solidarity and knowledge from health economics. The dilemmas of priority are confined to the latter alternative. This chapter, however, elaborates the negative side effects of a clinical practice that pays increased attention to prioritizing and less to the classical, individually focused virtues. Three fundamental premises constitute a starting point for the discussion: (a) that prioritizing always implies general moral considerations, (b) that prioritizing usually concerns the total usage of resources in society, not only the health budget; and (c) that prioritizing, given points (a) and (b), principally belongs to the political sphere.Less
Clinical decision making might be based on moral principles focusing exclusively on the individual patient, such as the principles of beneficence, autonomy, and nonmaleficence. Alternatively, clinical decisions might include considerations in which the individual patient is seen in relation to others. Such considerations draw upon the moral principles of justice or solidarity and knowledge from health economics. The dilemmas of priority are confined to the latter alternative. This chapter, however, elaborates the negative side effects of a clinical practice that pays increased attention to prioritizing and less to the classical, individually focused virtues. Three fundamental premises constitute a starting point for the discussion: (a) that prioritizing always implies general moral considerations, (b) that prioritizing usually concerns the total usage of resources in society, not only the health budget; and (c) that prioritizing, given points (a) and (b), principally belongs to the political sphere.
