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Western Africa

COLIN NEWBURY

in Patrons, Clients, and Empire: Chieftaincy and Over-rule in Asia, Africa, and the Pacific

In Western Africa, practices of clientage were applied to incorporate merchants for as long as they accepted the terms of trade and residence. The establishment of imperial enclaves modified this ... More

In Western Africa, practices of clientage were applied to incorporate merchants for as long as they accepted the terms of trade and residence. The establishment of imperial enclaves modified this dependency. Governors and consuls worked for a wider sphere of influence through African allies, treaty states, and stipending chiefs. Reversal of status from the 1870s followed from greater reliance on treaty jurisdiction and use of force against the Asante, some Yoruba states and the Hausa–Fulani emirates. But officials had to come to terms with the chiefdoms and hierarchies they found to meet the obligations of protectorate administration. Chiefs were utilized for judicial and financial purposes as official clients. In each of the colonial states the pattern of over-rule was conditioned by local political structures. Administrative histories provide contrasting examples of the decline of chieftaincy or its empowerment, in the face of elite competition in local government and in state politics during decolonization.Less

Southern Africa

COLIN NEWBURY

in Patrons, Clients, and Empire: Chieftaincy and Over-rule in Asia, Africa, and the Pacific

In South Africa, there are some significant examples of alliance and imperial patronage by co-optation of Zulu chiefdoms for warfare, and in using client chiefs to bring about the downfall of King ... More

In South Africa, there are some significant examples of alliance and imperial patronage by co-optation of Zulu chiefdoms for warfare, and in using client chiefs to bring about the downfall of King Cetschwayo in 1883. Lesotho, Botswana, and Swaziland, as High Commission territories, became imperial clients under traditional chiefs and assemblies, forming their own patron parties in the 1960s to protect traditional lineages that predominated over small educated elites in states that became nominally independent, 1965-66. Thus, in the former High Commission territories the politics of patronage triumphed over constitutional blueprints. There is also evidence that neo-traditonal forms of clientage have survived among Xhosa communities and in peri-urban slums in South Africa.Less

Introduction

COLIN NEWBURY

in Patrons, Clients, and Empire: Chieftaincy and Over-rule in Asia, Africa, and the Pacific

This introductory chapter examines the terminology of subordination including ‘paramountcy’, ‘protection’, ‘subsidiary alliance’, ‘indirect rule’, and ‘collaboration’, drawn mainly from British ... More

This introductory chapter examines the terminology of subordination including ‘paramountcy’, ‘protection’, ‘subsidiary alliance’, ‘indirect rule’, and ‘collaboration’, drawn mainly from British experience in India and Africa. The advantages of adopting a patron-client model derived from anthropological work on clientage in segmentary societies and patrimonial states are contrasted with older terms in imperial history. Semantic debate aside, it became clear by the 1980s that a bridge between administrative history and the dynamics of political clientage was already available in the case of Indian history to explain the transformation of the Indian Mughal empire and its successor states under pressure from Europeans. Indian historiography has moved between two images of empire — British and Indian — towards a greater synthesis with less on justification and administrative categories and more on the exercise of power at lower levels. That example can be applied elsewhere in Asia, Africa, and the Pacific.Less

Becoming a Civilian

Mark Edele

in Soviet Veterans of World War II: A Popular Movement in an Authoritarian Society, 1941-1991

This chapter explores the fragility of veterans' networks in the immediate postwar decade and the alternatives to this continuation of the ‘frontline brotherhood’. Soon, the family, networks of ... More

This chapter explores the fragility of veterans' networks in the immediate postwar decade and the alternatives to this continuation of the ‘frontline brotherhood’. Soon, the family, networks of friends and reciprocal exchange (blat), as well as patronage–clientage became more important in the struggle for survival than connections to frontline buddies. As many of these institutions were centred around women, and most veterans were men, the return to civilian life had a distinctly gendered dimension to it. The chapter also explores the role in the transition to civilian life of phenomena the regime would have preferred to decree out of existence. The second economy, for example, proved central to the overcoming of many material difficulties. Religion and religious communities remained central to civilian life, despite the long‐standing hostility of the Soviet state to such ‘obscurantism’. They took over important commemorative and welfare functions and eased the transition to civilian life.Less

The Absolutist State

Julian Goodare

in State and Society in Early Modern Scotland

This chapter looks in more detail at the absolutist state. In its supporters' view, the absolutist state could defend national integrity, maintain political stability, prevent civil war, suppress ... More

This chapter looks in more detail at the absolutist state. In its supporters' view, the absolutist state could defend national integrity, maintain political stability, prevent civil war, suppress violent feuds in order to offer impartial justice to all, and extend state authority and true religion into outlying regions, while providing employment for administrators and handouts for courtiers. Absolutism arose through central institutions and structures of power that would extend the scope of government and transform the nature of the state. From a legal and constitutional point of view, such a state gradually became predominant over older forms of government in the 1580s and 1590s, extending and consolidating its position over the next few decades. However, a broader view sees the absolutist polity as being recreated every day in the actions of members of the political nation.Less

Orvietan Society and the Early Popolo

Carol Lansing

in Power & Purity: Cathar Heresy in Medieval Italy

Only one contemporary reference to Orvietan Cathars survives from the first four decades of the 13th century. The faith did not die out during this period. The inquisitors of the mid-13th century ... More

Only one contemporary reference to Orvietan Cathars survives from the first four decades of the 13th century. The faith did not die out during this period. The inquisitors of the mid-13th century were convinced that it persisted and considered a handful of individuals and families to be longstanding Cathars and the involvement of some houses to date back to the time of the murder. When the Franciscan inquisitors of 1268–9 pursued the Orvietan Cathars, the sentences they imposed were retrospective: they mentioned events long past and ancestors involved in heresy, and in some cases they convicted the dead. As a result, there is enough evidence to construct a list of a large part of the Orvietan Cathar community as it existed in the 1240s and 1250s. This chapter provides the context needed to make that list meaningful: a portrait of the social makeup and institutional structure of the larger community. It turns first to Orvietan society, drawing on tax surveys and wills to analyze something of the population, the distribution of wealth, and the patterns of family structure. Because scholars have argued that Cathar beliefs were spread through networks of clientage, the chapter considers the meager evidence for 13th-century urban clientage. Then, it looks at the crucial political transformation of the period, the rise of popular political institutions. The last section describes the failure of the early efforts against heresy.Less

Introduction

CLAUDE EILERS

in Roman Patrons of Greek Cities

This introductory chapter begins with a brief description of patronage. It then discusses the definition and origins of the term ‘patronage’. An overview of the subsequent chapters is presented.

What was New in the 1620s? (Trevelyan VI)

Conrad Russell

in King James VI and I and his English Parliaments

The concluding chapter looks at the changes to be seen in the parliaments of 1621 and 1624, compared with the earlier assemblies of the reign. It argues that the central issues had changed, with the ... More

The concluding chapter looks at the changes to be seen in the parliaments of 1621 and 1624, compared with the earlier assemblies of the reign. It argues that the central issues had changed, with the Union project now abandoned and the issue of finance much less pressing as a result of the king's improved circumstances. During these two parliaments foreign policy was the central issue; but divisions were much less clearly drawn than in previous parliaments and in these circumstances the links between courtiers and councillors in the Lords and their clients in the Commons became much more significant. It also provides an assessment of James's changing approach to kingship and explains the relatively low importance which parliamentary diarists attached to the passage of routine bills. It concludes by again highlighting the problems caused by low taxation.Less

Politics, Patronage, and Paper: Books and Broadsides as Political Objects

Joshua Teplitsky

in Prince of the Press: How One Collector Built History's Most Enduring and Remarkable Jewish Library

This chapter examines how David Oppenheim used his courtly connections for his own political struggles and interventions on behalf of others. He continued to purchase books himself, but many Jews ... More

This chapter examines how David Oppenheim used his courtly connections for his own political struggles and interventions on behalf of others. He continued to purchase books himself, but many Jews found that they had much to gain by giving him books as presents. These books-as-gifts came from as far away as Jerusalem and as near as local communities in Moravia, but all were given in the hopes that Oppenheim's favor might be converted into a form of political patronage. Oppenheim's world of favor and families represents an important instance of this widespread political culture, one that was conducted by Court Jews as much as by princely courtiers. In this system, patronage and clientage were not simply vital elements of individual fortunes or the callously corrupt, but were decisive for the operations of an entire structure of governance, securing the welfare of its constituents and the power of its leaders.Less

‘Decayed Feudalism’ and ‘Royal Clienteles’: Royal Office and Magnate Service in the Fifteenth Century1

Gareth Prosser

in War, Government and Power in Late Medieval France

In 1964, Peter Lewis noted how the patrons of France during the later medieval period needed service, support, and following just like those in England. There is evidence that royal government ... More

In 1964, Peter Lewis noted how the patrons of France during the later medieval period needed service, support, and following just like those in England. There is evidence that royal government resorted to clientage to articulate and energise the crown's formal structures while ensuring that the dynamic of politics generally came from below. This chapter examines how power was distributed and exercised in Normandy in the period after the English were expelled from the duchy in 1450. Patronage was created as part of the royal army system that emerged in the 1440s but would change substantially over time. The patronage system allowed the locality (the ‘periphery’) to contribute to the formulation of royal policy at the ‘centre’.Less

Families and friends

Steven Gunn

in Henry VII’s New Men and the Making of Tudor England

Wider relations of friendship and kinship were also important in the new men’s exercise of power. Brothers, sons, uncles, and nephews often played roles in local affairs that complemented the ... More

Wider relations of friendship and kinship were also important in the new men’s exercise of power. Brothers, sons, uncles, and nephews often played roles in local affairs that complemented the activity of the new men at the centre of government, while kin of all sorts were important in securing landed property. Close relations with circles of gentry likewise anchored the new men in county society. Relations with senior churchmen and noblemen could be more ambivalent, ranging from the close cooperation at the centre of Henry’s conciliar elite to wary recognition of one another’s power. The new men stuck close to one another, but also split into groups, leaving Empson and Dudley increasingly isolated as the reign neared its end.Less

‘Other People’ and ‘Different Ministers’: A Factionless Era?

Alistair Malcolm

in Royal Favouritism and the Governing Elite of the Spanish Monarchy, 1640-1665

The sixth chapter identifies the political and family networks associated with don Luis de Haro. At the apex of the government was a triumvirate of the king, his valido, and the secretary of the ... More

The sixth chapter identifies the political and family networks associated with don Luis de Haro. At the apex of the government was a triumvirate of the king, his valido, and the secretary of the universal dispatch, don Fernando de Fonseca Ruiz de Contreras. They directed and coordinated a close-knit regime of council presidents, each of whom possessed their own clients who could be placed at the service of the regime. Alongside this political network, Haro possessed ties of kinship with aristocrats of the highest status. Together, they succeeded remarkably well in the business of mobilizing the resources of the monarchy. However, the valido’s management of patronage and kinship also suggests an underlying insecurity evidenced by his desire to associate his dynasty with royal blood, and by his unwillingness in his political relationships to countenance failure or disloyalty.Less

Of Followers and Friends: Problems of Definition

Richard A. McCabe

in 'Ungainefull Arte': Poetry, Patronage, and Print in the Early Modern Era

This chapter examines the struggle to define patronage in ways designed to circumvent the potentially demeaning implications of clientage or paid service. The influence of Classical authorities was ... More

This chapter examines the struggle to define patronage in ways designed to circumvent the potentially demeaning implications of clientage or paid service. The influence of Classical authorities was immensely influential here, especially Cicero’s Pro Archia and Seneca’s De Beneficiis, and their influence is considered on a range of Early Modern authors, most notably Petrarch, Alberti, Shakespeare, and Churchyard. What emerges is the crucial importance of presenting patronage as something other than it was—friendship, altruism, or public service, for example—in the hope of reifying that alternative in practice. Since no official ‘system’ of patronage existed, all the participants were involved in creating the myth of an inherently symbiotic relationship between prince and poet, creativity and power—a myth that was virtually impossible to sustain over the course of any given career.Less

Temple–Arlington and Evelyn–Arlington: Client–Patron Friendships at Court

Cedric C. Brown

in Friendship and its Discourses in the Seventeenth Century

The Temple–Arlington correspondence is taken from 1665, the beginning of Temple’s diplomatic career in Brussels, up to early 1668, after the triumph of the Triple Alliance, and then from summer 1668 ... More

The Temple–Arlington correspondence is taken from 1665, the beginning of Temple’s diplomatic career in Brussels, up to early 1668, after the triumph of the Triple Alliance, and then from summer 1668 until 1670 and Temple’s recall from The Hague following the secret signing of the Treaty of Dover. The lexicon and protocols of clientage are closely examined, with the help of comparisons with Temple’s letters to Ormonde and Lord Keeper Bridgeman. The growth and fragility of affective expressions is noted, and many acts of gift-exchange observed. Then the spectacular evidence of Temple’s sense of betrayal at his recall is reviewed, and his whole experience of being a client of Arlington is compared to Evelyn’s experience from 1670 onwards, when he was recruited to provide historical propaganda against the Dutch and advise Arlington on house and garden. Both client–patron relationships show a remarkable unwillingness or delay in judging the patron negatively.Less

The Company, 1752–54

Andrew D. M. Beaumont

in Colonial America and the Earl of Halifax, 1748–1761

This chapter explores the systematic reorganization of the board and its personnel following its empowerment in 1752. Addressing the flawed status quo, the chapter explores how the board sought to ... More

This chapter explores the systematic reorganization of the board and its personnel following its empowerment in 1752. Addressing the flawed status quo, the chapter explores how the board sought to revise colonial legislation in order to create cross-colonial uniformity. The chapter then examines the board’s appointees during Halifax’s tenure, identifying three distinct types of appointment to the role of colonial governors, and explaining their respective connections and motivations as part of the systemic whole. The chapter considers what Halifax was able to offer the governors in return for their commitment to his interest, and concludes by suggesting what he sought to achieve through his appointees to office.Less

Reflections

Peter Coss

in The Aristocracy in England and Tuscany, 1000 - 1250

The book closes by reflecting on a number of features of aristocratic society, beginning with lordship and clientage. The chapter then turns to the issue of space and to ‘landscapes of lordship’. ... More

The book closes by reflecting on a number of features of aristocratic society, beginning with lordship and clientage. The chapter then turns to the issue of space and to ‘landscapes of lordship’. Then there are the issues of centre and locality and public versus private. The chapter then turns to the communal dimension to aristocratic life. Collective action, however, was by no means antithetical to vertical ties; in fact they flourished together. Finally, we need to address the question of what prompted, or indeed governed, change within aristocratic society. There are three approaches here, looking to: changes that were intrinsic to the aristocratic world itself; developments within the societies which the aristocracy strove to dominate; and to exogenous factors. The separation of approaches is, however, an illusion. The reality was more complex, and few developments, if any, were totally monocausal. The attitudes and behavioural traits which have been emphasized in this book underpinned and conditioned how the aristocracies responded to the multiple stimuli.Less

Beyond the City: The Counts Guidi and their World

Peter Coss

in The Aristocracy in England and Tuscany, 1000 - 1250

Chapter 5 complements the previous chapter with a study of members of the aristocracy who chose to remain aloof from the cities. It begins with city–contado relations and the expansion of city ... More

Chapter 5 complements the previous chapter with a study of members of the aristocracy who chose to remain aloof from the cities. It begins with city–contado relations and the expansion of city control from the late twelfth century. Primary attention is fixed on the Guidi, powerful Tuscan counts whose area of control expanded and whose power intensified to such a degree that they effectively ruled a principality. It concentrates on the origins of their property and rights, on private and privatized public rights, and on their social relations and ambitions. It will look at their behavioural traits and at their wars. Key figures are Guido Guerra I, Guido Guerra III, and Countess Matilda. The chapter will also look at their clientage, their control of the populace, and at forms of dependence. The Guidi ultimately took the title of count palatine. From the Guidi, the chapter turns to examples of the aristocrazia intermedia in this context, specifically the Malapresa and the lords of Figline.Less