Suzanne Vromen
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195181289
- eISBN:
- 9780199870752
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195181289.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism
At the time of the Nazi invasion in May 1940, Belgium was a Catholic country with linguistic divisions between north and south. The Catholic Church was the only institution untouched by the German ...
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At the time of the Nazi invasion in May 1940, Belgium was a Catholic country with linguistic divisions between north and south. The Catholic Church was the only institution untouched by the German occupiers. Therefore many hunted Jews sought the Church's help, which was spontaneously extended by the lower clergy. The book is based on unstructured interviews with formerly hidden children, with nuns who sheltered them, and with two surviving escorts who worked for the Committee for the Defense of Jews resistance network and took the children from their families to convents willing to hide them. The interviews detail from the point of view of both nuns and children how the children were integrated into daily convent life and how they reacted to Catholic rituals and socialization. The lives are framed by their historical context. The chapter on the escorts and on the Committee for the Defense of Jews leads to a general discussion of the different facets of the Belgian resistance. A chapter on memory and commemoration then traces the emergence of the concept of the hidden child and the construction of collective memories. The chapter also addresses the formal recognition of rescuers as “Righteous Among the Nations” and offers an in‐depth interpretation of Yad Vashem, the memorial institution of Israel. At the same time, it uncovers how gender initially played a major role in the recognition of priests and nuns who were rescuers. The struggle for the souls of some orphaned Jewish children who were baptized during the war and whose return to the Jewish community was contested is discussed as a particularly painful episode. This book contributes to Holocaust literature written in English about Belgium, a country given relatively too little attention. With its focus on commemoration, the book also adds to the understanding of how memory is institutionalized and reinforced by mnemonic practices.Less
At the time of the Nazi invasion in May 1940, Belgium was a Catholic country with linguistic divisions between north and south. The Catholic Church was the only institution untouched by the German occupiers. Therefore many hunted Jews sought the Church's help, which was spontaneously extended by the lower clergy. The book is based on unstructured interviews with formerly hidden children, with nuns who sheltered them, and with two surviving escorts who worked for the Committee for the Defense of Jews resistance network and took the children from their families to convents willing to hide them. The interviews detail from the point of view of both nuns and children how the children were integrated into daily convent life and how they reacted to Catholic rituals and socialization. The lives are framed by their historical context. The chapter on the escorts and on the Committee for the Defense of Jews leads to a general discussion of the different facets of the Belgian resistance. A chapter on memory and commemoration then traces the emergence of the concept of the hidden child and the construction of collective memories. The chapter also addresses the formal recognition of rescuers as “Righteous Among the Nations” and offers an in‐depth interpretation of Yad Vashem, the memorial institution of Israel. At the same time, it uncovers how gender initially played a major role in the recognition of priests and nuns who were rescuers. The struggle for the souls of some orphaned Jewish children who were baptized during the war and whose return to the Jewish community was contested is discussed as a particularly painful episode. This book contributes to Holocaust literature written in English about Belgium, a country given relatively too little attention. With its focus on commemoration, the book also adds to the understanding of how memory is institutionalized and reinforced by mnemonic practices.
David Albert Jones
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199213009
- eISBN:
- 9780191707179
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213009.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
This chapter describes the means by which clergy managed their glebe, whether by cultivating it themselves or letting it, and the means by which tithes were collected. It discusses the extent of ...
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This chapter describes the means by which clergy managed their glebe, whether by cultivating it themselves or letting it, and the means by which tithes were collected. It discusses the extent of their involvement in the agricultural economy of their parishes. It examines the evidence for the size and construction of clergy's parsonage houses, and the steps that were taken from the 1770s to build or improve parsonage houses to promote the residence of incumbents in their parishes. The evidence of the lifestyle of incumbents is investigated, along with the role and position of clergy wives, the provision of support for clergy widows, and the position of clergy in local society. The levels of expenditure of clergy are examined, especially in relation to the overheads in collecting tithe and cultivating glebe, taxation, and charity for the poor of their parishes.Less
This chapter describes the means by which clergy managed their glebe, whether by cultivating it themselves or letting it, and the means by which tithes were collected. It discusses the extent of their involvement in the agricultural economy of their parishes. It examines the evidence for the size and construction of clergy's parsonage houses, and the steps that were taken from the 1770s to build or improve parsonage houses to promote the residence of incumbents in their parishes. The evidence of the lifestyle of incumbents is investigated, along with the role and position of clergy wives, the provision of support for clergy widows, and the position of clergy in local society. The levels of expenditure of clergy are examined, especially in relation to the overheads in collecting tithe and cultivating glebe, taxation, and charity for the poor of their parishes.
Jeremy Gregory
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198208303
- eISBN:
- 9780191677977
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208303.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History, History of Religion
This wide-ranging and original book makes a significant contribution to our understanding of the Church of England in the eighteenth century. It explores the nature of the Restoration ecclesiastical ...
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This wide-ranging and original book makes a significant contribution to our understanding of the Church of England in the eighteenth century. It explores the nature of the Restoration ecclesiastical regime, the character of the clerical profession, the quality of the clergy's pastoral work, and the question of Church reform through a detailed study of the diocese of the Archbishops of Canterbury. In so doing the book covers the political, social, economic, cultural, intellectual and pastoral functions of the Church and, by adopting a broad chronological span, it allows the problems and difficulties often ascribed to the eighteenth-century Church to be viewed as emerging from the seventeenth century and as continuing well into the nineteenth century. Moreover, the author argues that some of the traditional periodisations and characterisations of conventional religious history need modification. Much of the evidence presented here indicates that clergy in the one hundred and seventy years after 1660 were preoccupied with difficulties that had concerned their forebears and would concern their successors. In many ways, clergy in the diocese of Canterbury between 1660 and 1828 continued the work of seventeenth-century clergy, particularly in following through, and in some instances instigating, the pastoral and professional aims of the Reformation, as well as participating in processes relating to Church reform, and further anticipating some of the deals of the Evangelical and Oxford Movements. Reluctance to recognise this has led historians to neglect the strengths of the Church between the Restoration and the 1830s, which, it is argued, should not be judged primarily for its failure to attain the ideals of these other movements, but as an institution possessing its own coherent and positive rationale.Less
This wide-ranging and original book makes a significant contribution to our understanding of the Church of England in the eighteenth century. It explores the nature of the Restoration ecclesiastical regime, the character of the clerical profession, the quality of the clergy's pastoral work, and the question of Church reform through a detailed study of the diocese of the Archbishops of Canterbury. In so doing the book covers the political, social, economic, cultural, intellectual and pastoral functions of the Church and, by adopting a broad chronological span, it allows the problems and difficulties often ascribed to the eighteenth-century Church to be viewed as emerging from the seventeenth century and as continuing well into the nineteenth century. Moreover, the author argues that some of the traditional periodisations and characterisations of conventional religious history need modification. Much of the evidence presented here indicates that clergy in the one hundred and seventy years after 1660 were preoccupied with difficulties that had concerned their forebears and would concern their successors. In many ways, clergy in the diocese of Canterbury between 1660 and 1828 continued the work of seventeenth-century clergy, particularly in following through, and in some instances instigating, the pastoral and professional aims of the Reformation, as well as participating in processes relating to Church reform, and further anticipating some of the deals of the Evangelical and Oxford Movements. Reluctance to recognise this has led historians to neglect the strengths of the Church between the Restoration and the 1830s, which, it is argued, should not be judged primarily for its failure to attain the ideals of these other movements, but as an institution possessing its own coherent and positive rationale.
Amy Nelson Burnett
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195305760
- eISBN:
- 9780199784912
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195305760.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
This book describes the education and ministry of the Reformed ministers who served the church of Basel in the century after the city’s official adoption of the Reformation. It argues that growing ...
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This book describes the education and ministry of the Reformed ministers who served the church of Basel in the century after the city’s official adoption of the Reformation. It argues that growing homogeneity in social and geographical background and in amount of education was countered by a significant evolution in the content of that education, resulting in four distinct generations of clergy. These generational differences in turn influenced the preaching and pastoral care of the city-republic’s parish pastors. The evolution of the curriculum of the city’s university, especially the teaching of dialectic, contributed to the development of Reformed Orthodoxy in the theology faculty. Each generation of Basel’s pastors sought to inculcate a somewhat different understanding of the evangelical faith in their parishioners through their sermons, catechisms, and administration of the sacraments, moving from a general evangelical piety and rejection of late medieval Catholicism in the wake of the Reformation to a more self-conscious Reformed identity and the development of a Reformed religious culture. Over the last two decades of the 16th century, the church’s institutions for supervision of the clergy were strengthened, while the city magistrate and lay officials worked more closely with the clergy to oversee and enforce official standards of belief and conduct. Beginning with the third and fourth generations, it is possible to see the visible impact of both confessionalization and the professionalization of the clergy on popular religion.Less
This book describes the education and ministry of the Reformed ministers who served the church of Basel in the century after the city’s official adoption of the Reformation. It argues that growing homogeneity in social and geographical background and in amount of education was countered by a significant evolution in the content of that education, resulting in four distinct generations of clergy. These generational differences in turn influenced the preaching and pastoral care of the city-republic’s parish pastors. The evolution of the curriculum of the city’s university, especially the teaching of dialectic, contributed to the development of Reformed Orthodoxy in the theology faculty. Each generation of Basel’s pastors sought to inculcate a somewhat different understanding of the evangelical faith in their parishioners through their sermons, catechisms, and administration of the sacraments, moving from a general evangelical piety and rejection of late medieval Catholicism in the wake of the Reformation to a more self-conscious Reformed identity and the development of a Reformed religious culture. Over the last two decades of the 16th century, the church’s institutions for supervision of the clergy were strengthened, while the city magistrate and lay officials worked more closely with the clergy to oversee and enforce official standards of belief and conduct. Beginning with the third and fourth generations, it is possible to see the visible impact of both confessionalization and the professionalization of the clergy on popular religion.
W. M. Jacob
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199213009
- eISBN:
- 9780191707179
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213009.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
This book focuses upon the clergy of the established Church in England and Wales as a professional group, and investigates their role in their parishes and society during the ‘long 18th century’ ...
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This book focuses upon the clergy of the established Church in England and Wales as a professional group, and investigates their role in their parishes and society during the ‘long 18th century’ between 1680 and 1840. It concentrates on the ‘lower clergy’, that is parish clergy, and their role within the broader social context of later Stuart and Georgian society. It considers the nature of professions during the period, and examines the social backgrounds; recruitment and selection; education, at school and university or otherwise; career development; and finances of the clergy. It also investigates what they actually did in their parishes in terms of conducting worship, exercising pastoral care, and providing education in the Christian faith, and their relations with the people amongst whom they lived and worked. It takes account of changing expectations during the period, especially the pressure for, and steps towards, ‘reform’ from the 1780s onwards, and, where possible, offers comparisons with people in other professions, especially doctors, lawyers, and ministers of dissenting churches. It also considers the evidence of the accountability and acceptability of the clergy to their congregations, and the extent of anticlericalism, and the means by which they were supervised by bishops and their officers. The clergy emerge as the most carefully recruited and educated of the ‘learned professions’ with a strong supervisory role exercised by bishops, in relation to a generally responsive but not uncritical or subservient laity. The book effectively challenges the received view that the majority of the clergy were inappropriately educated, poverty-stricken, and inattentive to their canonical duties.Less
This book focuses upon the clergy of the established Church in England and Wales as a professional group, and investigates their role in their parishes and society during the ‘long 18th century’ between 1680 and 1840. It concentrates on the ‘lower clergy’, that is parish clergy, and their role within the broader social context of later Stuart and Georgian society. It considers the nature of professions during the period, and examines the social backgrounds; recruitment and selection; education, at school and university or otherwise; career development; and finances of the clergy. It also investigates what they actually did in their parishes in terms of conducting worship, exercising pastoral care, and providing education in the Christian faith, and their relations with the people amongst whom they lived and worked. It takes account of changing expectations during the period, especially the pressure for, and steps towards, ‘reform’ from the 1780s onwards, and, where possible, offers comparisons with people in other professions, especially doctors, lawyers, and ministers of dissenting churches. It also considers the evidence of the accountability and acceptability of the clergy to their congregations, and the extent of anticlericalism, and the means by which they were supervised by bishops and their officers. The clergy emerge as the most carefully recruited and educated of the ‘learned professions’ with a strong supervisory role exercised by bishops, in relation to a generally responsive but not uncritical or subservient laity. The book effectively challenges the received view that the majority of the clergy were inappropriately educated, poverty-stricken, and inattentive to their canonical duties.
Nigel Yates
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199242382
- eISBN:
- 9780191603815
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199242380.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
This chapter examines the pastoral functions of the churches in Ireland. It considers the educational and social background of the clergy, the role of the laity, public worship, and the principle ...
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This chapter examines the pastoral functions of the churches in Ireland. It considers the educational and social background of the clergy, the role of the laity, public worship, and the principle elements of the programmes of religious reform in Ireland. The chapter is arranged thematically, and not on the basis of denominational divisions.Less
This chapter examines the pastoral functions of the churches in Ireland. It considers the educational and social background of the clergy, the role of the laity, public worship, and the principle elements of the programmes of religious reform in Ireland. The chapter is arranged thematically, and not on the basis of denominational divisions.
Nigel Yates
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199242382
- eISBN:
- 9780191603815
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199242380.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
This chapter examines in detail, based on surviving documentary evidence, the reform programme in specific dioceses and presbyteries.
This chapter examines in detail, based on surviving documentary evidence, the reform programme in specific dioceses and presbyteries.
Amy Nelson Burnett
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195305760
- eISBN:
- 9780199784912
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195305760.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
This chapter presents Basel’s late medieval church and then describes the dramatic changes brought to the church and its clergy by the Reformation and by the long-term political and religious ...
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This chapter presents Basel’s late medieval church and then describes the dramatic changes brought to the church and its clergy by the Reformation and by the long-term political and religious developments in Basel and in Switzerland as a whole over the 16th and early 17th centuries. It also gives a statistical overview of the 254 men who served Basel’s church during this time, tentatively identifying the four generations of pastors who entered the ministry from 1529 to 1550, from 1550 to 1579, from 1580 to 1610, and from 1610 to 1629.Less
This chapter presents Basel’s late medieval church and then describes the dramatic changes brought to the church and its clergy by the Reformation and by the long-term political and religious developments in Basel and in Switzerland as a whole over the 16th and early 17th centuries. It also gives a statistical overview of the 254 men who served Basel’s church during this time, tentatively identifying the four generations of pastors who entered the ministry from 1529 to 1550, from 1550 to 1579, from 1580 to 1610, and from 1610 to 1629.
Amy Nelson Burnett
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195305760
- eISBN:
- 9780199784912
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195305760.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
The leaders of Basel’s Protestant church had to work out a new relationship with the city’s magistrate, recruit new pastors to assist and eventually replace them, and reform the university’s ...
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The leaders of Basel’s Protestant church had to work out a new relationship with the city’s magistrate, recruit new pastors to assist and eventually replace them, and reform the university’s curriculum in order to train this new generation of pastors. In these tasks they were only partially successful. Although the pastors and Senate initially worked together in establishing synods and visitations to oversee church affairs, divisions within the clergy helped the Senate change this partnership to a more hierarchical relationship. A new stipendiary system failed to recruit young men to the ministry, and high turnover among the university faculty undermined its stability and effectiveness. Theology instruction reflected the humanist commitment to the text of Scripture, but its content and niveau did not differ substantially from what was contained in sermons intended for the laity. At mid-century, the city’s reformers could lament their lack of success, but by destroying essential elements of the late medieval church, they had cleared the way for the introduction of more lasting changes by the generation that would begin to enter the ministry in the 1550s.Less
The leaders of Basel’s Protestant church had to work out a new relationship with the city’s magistrate, recruit new pastors to assist and eventually replace them, and reform the university’s curriculum in order to train this new generation of pastors. In these tasks they were only partially successful. Although the pastors and Senate initially worked together in establishing synods and visitations to oversee church affairs, divisions within the clergy helped the Senate change this partnership to a more hierarchical relationship. A new stipendiary system failed to recruit young men to the ministry, and high turnover among the university faculty undermined its stability and effectiveness. Theology instruction reflected the humanist commitment to the text of Scripture, but its content and niveau did not differ substantially from what was contained in sermons intended for the laity. At mid-century, the city’s reformers could lament their lack of success, but by destroying essential elements of the late medieval church, they had cleared the way for the introduction of more lasting changes by the generation that would begin to enter the ministry in the 1550s.
Amy Nelson Burnett
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195305760
- eISBN:
- 9780199784912
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195305760.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
The evolution of dialectic over the course of the 16th century had significant ramifications for the study of theology. Throughout German-speaking Europe, the rhetorical dialectic popularized by the ...
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The evolution of dialectic over the course of the 16th century had significant ramifications for the study of theology. Throughout German-speaking Europe, the rhetorical dialectic popularized by the textbooks of Philipp Melanchthon and others in the first half of the 16th century was gradually followed by greater attention to the logical works of Aristotle, only to be challenged by the Ramism that became popular in Reformed schools at the end of the century. The evolution of Basel’s university curriculum reflected this development. The education of Basel’s future clergy proceeded by stages, focusing on grammar and philology at the Latin school, on rhetoric and dialectic while they were candidates for a bachelor’s degree, and advanced dialectic and natural philosophy in preparation for receiving the master’s degree.Less
The evolution of dialectic over the course of the 16th century had significant ramifications for the study of theology. Throughout German-speaking Europe, the rhetorical dialectic popularized by the textbooks of Philipp Melanchthon and others in the first half of the 16th century was gradually followed by greater attention to the logical works of Aristotle, only to be challenged by the Ramism that became popular in Reformed schools at the end of the century. The evolution of Basel’s university curriculum reflected this development. The education of Basel’s future clergy proceeded by stages, focusing on grammar and philology at the Latin school, on rhetoric and dialectic while they were candidates for a bachelor’s degree, and advanced dialectic and natural philosophy in preparation for receiving the master’s degree.
Amy Nelson Burnett
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195305760
- eISBN:
- 9780199784912
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195305760.003.0009
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
Over the second half of the 16th century, Basel gradually developed ecclesiastical institutions and traditions for the appointment and supervision of its clergy. Pastors of the third and fourth ...
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Over the second half of the 16th century, Basel gradually developed ecclesiastical institutions and traditions for the appointment and supervision of its clergy. Pastors of the third and fourth generations were more homogeneous than previous generations, which made the task of oversight easier. A clearly identifiable career path developed for both rural and urban clergy. An ecclesiastical hierarchy of sorts developed, subordinating the rural to the urban church, and the city’s senior pastors, working with representatives of the Senate, assumed de facto responsibility for the running of the church.Less
Over the second half of the 16th century, Basel gradually developed ecclesiastical institutions and traditions for the appointment and supervision of its clergy. Pastors of the third and fourth generations were more homogeneous than previous generations, which made the task of oversight easier. A clearly identifiable career path developed for both rural and urban clergy. An ecclesiastical hierarchy of sorts developed, subordinating the rural to the urban church, and the city’s senior pastors, working with representatives of the Senate, assumed de facto responsibility for the running of the church.
Gareth Lloyd
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199295746
- eISBN:
- 9780191711701
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199295746.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
The friction between the Wesley brothers reflected rising tensions within Methodism. Points of disagreement included the mutual dislike between Charles and John's wife, disputes over money, and ...
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The friction between the Wesley brothers reflected rising tensions within Methodism. Points of disagreement included the mutual dislike between Charles and John's wife, disputes over money, and Charles's gradual disengagement from the Methodist itinerancy. Charles also experienced increasingly difficult relations with some preachers, whom he suspected of disloyalty to the Church of England. This rash of problems resulted in Charles Wesley's controversial decision to retire from the Methodist itinerancy in 1756. His withdrawal from the itinerancy did not, however, result in Charles's complete isolation within the Methodist movement. He remained a popular figure with many of the laity and his loyalty to the Church was shared by a substantial body of Methodist opinion.Less
The friction between the Wesley brothers reflected rising tensions within Methodism. Points of disagreement included the mutual dislike between Charles and John's wife, disputes over money, and Charles's gradual disengagement from the Methodist itinerancy. Charles also experienced increasingly difficult relations with some preachers, whom he suspected of disloyalty to the Church of England. This rash of problems resulted in Charles Wesley's controversial decision to retire from the Methodist itinerancy in 1756. His withdrawal from the itinerancy did not, however, result in Charles's complete isolation within the Methodist movement. He remained a popular figure with many of the laity and his loyalty to the Church was shared by a substantial body of Methodist opinion.
Amy Nelson Burnett
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195305760
- eISBN:
- 9780199784912
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195305760.003.intro
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
The Reformation transformed the clergy from a socially heterogeneous order with its own privileges and range of responsibilities to a more homogenous social group charged specifically with the tasks ...
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The Reformation transformed the clergy from a socially heterogeneous order with its own privileges and range of responsibilities to a more homogenous social group charged specifically with the tasks of preaching and pastoral care. Changes to university education caused by both humanism and the Reformation contributed to the formation of distinct generations of Protestant clergy. Because of their relative homogeneity, Basel’s pastors make a suitable case study to illustrate the impact of changes in education on their outlook and ministry.Less
The Reformation transformed the clergy from a socially heterogeneous order with its own privileges and range of responsibilities to a more homogenous social group charged specifically with the tasks of preaching and pastoral care. Changes to university education caused by both humanism and the Reformation contributed to the formation of distinct generations of Protestant clergy. Because of their relative homogeneity, Basel’s pastors make a suitable case study to illustrate the impact of changes in education on their outlook and ministry.
David G. Hunter
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199279784
- eISBN:
- 9780191707391
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199279784.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, Early Christian Studies
Although they all concurred in condemning Jovinian, Pope Siricius, Ambrose, and Jerome had different views of asceticism and clerical office. Siricius had long been lukewarm towards ascetic piety; he ...
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Although they all concurred in condemning Jovinian, Pope Siricius, Ambrose, and Jerome had different views of asceticism and clerical office. Siricius had long been lukewarm towards ascetic piety; he insisted that monks had to work their way through the ranks of the clergy before becoming presbyters or bishops, at the same time as he insisted on sexual continence for the higher clergy. Ambrose, by contrast, saw monks as the ideal candidates for the episcopacy, and he encouraged the ascetical life, especially in the form of consecrated female virginity. Jerome favoured the ascetic life and looked down on most of the clergy. He also was overtly hostile towards both Siricius and Ambrose. All of these different dynamics came into play in the course of the Jovinianist ControversyLess
Although they all concurred in condemning Jovinian, Pope Siricius, Ambrose, and Jerome had different views of asceticism and clerical office. Siricius had long been lukewarm towards ascetic piety; he insisted that monks had to work their way through the ranks of the clergy before becoming presbyters or bishops, at the same time as he insisted on sexual continence for the higher clergy. Ambrose, by contrast, saw monks as the ideal candidates for the episcopacy, and he encouraged the ascetical life, especially in the form of consecrated female virginity. Jerome favoured the ascetic life and looked down on most of the clergy. He also was overtly hostile towards both Siricius and Ambrose. All of these different dynamics came into play in the course of the Jovinianist Controversy
Amy Nelson Burnett
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195305760
- eISBN:
- 9780199784912
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195305760.003.0012
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
In the century after the Reformation, Basel’s clergy gradually met the criteria of professionalization. Central to this transformation was the church’s control over the education and appointment of ...
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In the century after the Reformation, Basel’s clergy gradually met the criteria of professionalization. Central to this transformation was the church’s control over the education and appointment of its clergy. Basel may not have been typical, but it clearly illustrates trends that occurred in other, larger territories over a somewhat longer time period. The case of Basel also reveals the important connection between the development of rhetoric and dialectic instruction at the university and the evolution of both theology and preaching, and it indicates some possible differences between Lutheran and Reformed preaching. It questions the older interpretation of Basel’s confessional history, indicating instead the persistence of a non-confessional form of Protestantism into the 1570s. Together with the Senate’s relative lack of concern with church affairs during this time, this suggests that confessionalization, if defined as a process imposed from above, did not begin until the last two decades of the century, coinciding with the entry of the third generation into the ministry.Less
In the century after the Reformation, Basel’s clergy gradually met the criteria of professionalization. Central to this transformation was the church’s control over the education and appointment of its clergy. Basel may not have been typical, but it clearly illustrates trends that occurred in other, larger territories over a somewhat longer time period. The case of Basel also reveals the important connection between the development of rhetoric and dialectic instruction at the university and the evolution of both theology and preaching, and it indicates some possible differences between Lutheran and Reformed preaching. It questions the older interpretation of Basel’s confessional history, indicating instead the persistence of a non-confessional form of Protestantism into the 1570s. Together with the Senate’s relative lack of concern with church affairs during this time, this suggests that confessionalization, if defined as a process imposed from above, did not begin until the last two decades of the century, coinciding with the entry of the third generation into the ministry.
Antony Black
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199533206
- eISBN:
- 9780191714498
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199533206.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
Early Christianity saw church and state as separate. Early Islam conceived a single 'umma under a single caliphate. It prescribed an all-embracing Shari'a. But after Constantine Christianity brought ...
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Early Christianity saw church and state as separate. Early Islam conceived a single 'umma under a single caliphate. It prescribed an all-embracing Shari'a. But after Constantine Christianity brought church and state together. In the Byzantine East, the emperor was assigned a divine mission. The Western church insisted on the clergy's independence. Some in the West tried to subordinate state to church, or vice versa; but the main trend was towards separation, and political thought became more secular. In Islam, the 'ulama became separate from the sultan but the relationship was not defined. Orthodox Jurists sought reintegration of religion and government. Separation between religion and politics in principle found little support. Christians, who had started as pacifists, adopted holy war and religious persecution; Muslims favoured limited toleration. There was thus both convergence and divergence between the two cultures: church and state.Less
Early Christianity saw church and state as separate. Early Islam conceived a single 'umma under a single caliphate. It prescribed an all-embracing Shari'a. But after Constantine Christianity brought church and state together. In the Byzantine East, the emperor was assigned a divine mission. The Western church insisted on the clergy's independence. Some in the West tried to subordinate state to church, or vice versa; but the main trend was towards separation, and political thought became more secular. In Islam, the 'ulama became separate from the sultan but the relationship was not defined. Orthodox Jurists sought reintegration of religion and government. Separation between religion and politics in principle found little support. Christians, who had started as pacifists, adopted holy war and religious persecution; Muslims favoured limited toleration. There was thus both convergence and divergence between the two cultures: church and state.
David W. Miller
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195314809
- eISBN:
- 9780199785278
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195314809.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter explores what the faith at work movement offers its participants, focusing on the inadequate response by the church and the academy to the questions and issues surrounding the ...
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This chapter explores what the faith at work movement offers its participants, focusing on the inadequate response by the church and the academy to the questions and issues surrounding the integration of faith and work. It identifies several reasons why clergy and religious professionals do not perceive and therefore do not respond to the needs that are driving the FAW movement. These include pejorative marketplace perceptions, liturgical narrowness, clericalism, language, and inexperience.Less
This chapter explores what the faith at work movement offers its participants, focusing on the inadequate response by the church and the academy to the questions and issues surrounding the integration of faith and work. It identifies several reasons why clergy and religious professionals do not perceive and therefore do not respond to the needs that are driving the FAW movement. These include pejorative marketplace perceptions, liturgical narrowness, clericalism, language, and inexperience.
Karin E. Gedge
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195130201
- eISBN:
- 9780199835157
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195130200.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
By examining a wide variety of public and private primary sources from northeastern, mid-Atlantic, and midwestern states, Gedge challenges an assumption prevalent in nineteenth-century culture as ...
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By examining a wide variety of public and private primary sources from northeastern, mid-Atlantic, and midwestern states, Gedge challenges an assumption prevalent in nineteenth-century culture as well as twentieth-century historiography: women and clergy formed a natural alliance, exercised a particular influence over each other, and enjoyed a close, even perilously intimate, relationship. Part I locates the perception of a dangerous pastoral relationship in the published accounts of European travelers and in pamphlets describing dozens of criminal, civil, and ecclesiastical trials of clergy accused of sexual misconduct. Part II identifies both benign and malignant representations of the relationship in the imagination—the diverse literary genres that featured women and clergy as central characters, reinforcing and subverting the perception of a peculiar attraction between the two. The dangerous liaison so ubiquitous in popular culture, however, actually worked to alienate clergy and women. In Part III, pastoral manuals and seminary lectures, as part of the “professionalization” of the Protestant clergy, articulated an ideal relationship that effectively distanced ministers from their female parishioners. In Part IV, Gedge argues that the experience of ordinary pastors and female parishioners, as revealed in journals, diaries, and correspondence, also tells a tale of estrangement. Clergy resisted “feminization,” recording frustration, disdain, and avoidance in their relationships with women while women reported neglect, disappointment, and disillusionment in their relationships with pastors. The paradigm of “feminization” that historians have applied to the nineteenth-century clergy and the Protestant church is a distorted representation of the pastoral relationship. The gender ideology of separate spheres imposed enormous restrictions upon and tensions within that relationship, anxieties that reverberated in the culture at large.Less
By examining a wide variety of public and private primary sources from northeastern, mid-Atlantic, and midwestern states, Gedge challenges an assumption prevalent in nineteenth-century culture as well as twentieth-century historiography: women and clergy formed a natural alliance, exercised a particular influence over each other, and enjoyed a close, even perilously intimate, relationship. Part I locates the perception of a dangerous pastoral relationship in the published accounts of European travelers and in pamphlets describing dozens of criminal, civil, and ecclesiastical trials of clergy accused of sexual misconduct. Part II identifies both benign and malignant representations of the relationship in the imagination—the diverse literary genres that featured women and clergy as central characters, reinforcing and subverting the perception of a peculiar attraction between the two. The dangerous liaison so ubiquitous in popular culture, however, actually worked to alienate clergy and women. In Part III, pastoral manuals and seminary lectures, as part of the “professionalization” of the Protestant clergy, articulated an ideal relationship that effectively distanced ministers from their female parishioners. In Part IV, Gedge argues that the experience of ordinary pastors and female parishioners, as revealed in journals, diaries, and correspondence, also tells a tale of estrangement. Clergy resisted “feminization,” recording frustration, disdain, and avoidance in their relationships with women while women reported neglect, disappointment, and disillusionment in their relationships with pastors. The paradigm of “feminization” that historians have applied to the nineteenth-century clergy and the Protestant church is a distorted representation of the pastoral relationship. The gender ideology of separate spheres imposed enormous restrictions upon and tensions within that relationship, anxieties that reverberated in the culture at large.
Mark Chaves
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691146850
- eISBN:
- 9781400839957
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691146850.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter looks at several important trends concerning religious leaders. Religious leadership is a less attractive career choice for young people than it used to be. The numbers of older clergy ...
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This chapter looks at several important trends concerning religious leaders. Religious leadership is a less attractive career choice for young people than it used to be. The numbers of older clergy and of female clergy are higher than they were several decades ago. Moreover, public confidence in religious leaders has declined precipitously. Public confidence in other kinds of leaders has declined as well, but confidence in religious leaders has declined more than confidence in leaders of other institutions. All things considered, religious leaders have lost ground on several fronts in recent decades when it comes to its reputation and social prominence.Less
This chapter looks at several important trends concerning religious leaders. Religious leadership is a less attractive career choice for young people than it used to be. The numbers of older clergy and of female clergy are higher than they were several decades ago. Moreover, public confidence in religious leaders has declined precipitously. Public confidence in other kinds of leaders has declined as well, but confidence in religious leaders has declined more than confidence in leaders of other institutions. All things considered, religious leaders have lost ground on several fronts in recent decades when it comes to its reputation and social prominence.
Cicely Saunders
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198570530
- eISBN:
- 9780191730412
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198570530.003.0002
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Palliative Medicine Research
Should a patient know he is dying? This question is argued freely by nurses and doctors and also by his friends and relations. It is wrong to be dogmatic in advancing one's own views and it is ...
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Should a patient know he is dying? This question is argued freely by nurses and doctors and also by his friends and relations. It is wrong to be dogmatic in advancing one's own views and it is impossible to suggest a general rule, but people need to consider some basic principles on the subject if they are not to be caught unawares and to make decisions based on little more than feelings. The care of the dying is pre-eminently the time for doctor, nurse and chaplain to cooperate. In practice, at the moment, many people are so out of touch with the Church that they find it hard to respond to the visit of a clergyman at this stage. In many hospitals the chaplain's visit is a routine but it is a great help to him if he is told as soon as possible of anyone who is in special need.Less
Should a patient know he is dying? This question is argued freely by nurses and doctors and also by his friends and relations. It is wrong to be dogmatic in advancing one's own views and it is impossible to suggest a general rule, but people need to consider some basic principles on the subject if they are not to be caught unawares and to make decisions based on little more than feelings. The care of the dying is pre-eminently the time for doctor, nurse and chaplain to cooperate. In practice, at the moment, many people are so out of touch with the Church that they find it hard to respond to the visit of a clergyman at this stage. In many hospitals the chaplain's visit is a routine but it is a great help to him if he is told as soon as possible of anyone who is in special need.
