Ellerman A. Denny
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195189650
- eISBN:
- 9780199783694
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195189650.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This essay explains why cap-and-trade programs (in which government establishes an overall cap on pollution but allows firms to trade allocations beneath the cap) can be both more economically ...
More
This essay explains why cap-and-trade programs (in which government establishes an overall cap on pollution but allows firms to trade allocations beneath the cap) can be both more economically efficient and more environmentally effective than prescriptive regulation. It underscores the importance of measuring effectiveness in ex post evaluations, which are defined as achieving the proximate goal (i.e., of emissions reduction), rather than the larger goal of solving the underlying problem (i.e., unhealthy air). The argument in favor of market instruments is supported with data from three emissions trading programs: the SO2 trading regime in Title IV of the Clean Air Act, the NOx budget program created by the EPA to address interstate ozone migration, and the RECLAIM program created by the South Coast Air Quality Management District in Southern California. It is proposed that market instruments represent a new pragmatism in environmental regulation and that they are part of the maturation of the regulatory process.Less
This essay explains why cap-and-trade programs (in which government establishes an overall cap on pollution but allows firms to trade allocations beneath the cap) can be both more economically efficient and more environmentally effective than prescriptive regulation. It underscores the importance of measuring effectiveness in ex post evaluations, which are defined as achieving the proximate goal (i.e., of emissions reduction), rather than the larger goal of solving the underlying problem (i.e., unhealthy air). The argument in favor of market instruments is supported with data from three emissions trading programs: the SO2 trading regime in Title IV of the Clean Air Act, the NOx budget program created by the EPA to address interstate ozone migration, and the RECLAIM program created by the South Coast Air Quality Management District in Southern California. It is proposed that market instruments represent a new pragmatism in environmental regulation and that they are part of the maturation of the regulatory process.
Cinnamon Piñon Carlarne
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199553419
- eISBN:
- 9780191594984
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199553419.003.0004
- Subject:
- Law, Environmental and Energy Law, Private International Law
This chapter examines how public and private actors are using litigation, regulation, and international law to influence federal climate policy. It begins by reviewing past and present climate change ...
More
This chapter examines how public and private actors are using litigation, regulation, and international law to influence federal climate policy. It begins by reviewing past and present climate change litigation in the US to suggest the role of litigation in shaping federal climate policy. It then explores the varied ways in which domestic and foreign citizens are attempting to use existing domestic legal and regulatory regimes and international legal mechanisms to compel the US federal government to limit domestic greenhouse gas emissions. The chapter concludes by examining how domestic and international efforts to use litigation and regulation coupled with on-going sub-federal legal and political initiatives influence climate policy in the US.Less
This chapter examines how public and private actors are using litigation, regulation, and international law to influence federal climate policy. It begins by reviewing past and present climate change litigation in the US to suggest the role of litigation in shaping federal climate policy. It then explores the varied ways in which domestic and foreign citizens are attempting to use existing domestic legal and regulatory regimes and international legal mechanisms to compel the US federal government to limit domestic greenhouse gas emissions. The chapter concludes by examining how domestic and international efforts to use litigation and regulation coupled with on-going sub-federal legal and political initiatives influence climate policy in the US.
Richard Harris
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195373929
- eISBN:
- 9780199852291
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195373929.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
Environmentalism, born in the milieu of activism and protest during the 1960s, aimed not only to save the ecosystem but also to open up administrative and policy processes to more democratic impulses ...
More
Environmentalism, born in the milieu of activism and protest during the 1960s, aimed not only to save the ecosystem but also to open up administrative and policy processes to more democratic impulses that proved hostile to individualism, liberty, and property rights. For conservatives like Reagan, the fundamental challenge of environmental policy therefore lay not in business complaints about rising compliance costs or economists' concern about market inefficiency, but in its animating ideas and its institutional objectives. It is important to understand that these challenges were born, not of the older conservationist policies that many conservatives could support, but rather of the post-1970 variant of environmental policy that sought to democratize the policy process and supplant individualism and liberty with collectivism and planning. An effective response would require a conservative counterrevolution in the policy process that directly addressed the ideational and institutional bases of environmental policy. That response would flow from the confluence of three distinct streams of conservative thought: libertarianism, traditionalism, and anticommunism. This chapter discusses how the fusion of these distinct elements of postwar conservative thought formed the basis for a vigorous and visceral conservative reaction to environmentalist programs. It then turns to an appraisal of two landmark pieces of environmental legislation of the 1970s — the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (SMCRA) and the Clean Air Amendments Act of 1977 (CAAA) — both of which clearly illustrate the ideational and institutional challenges that environmental policy posed for conservatives.Less
Environmentalism, born in the milieu of activism and protest during the 1960s, aimed not only to save the ecosystem but also to open up administrative and policy processes to more democratic impulses that proved hostile to individualism, liberty, and property rights. For conservatives like Reagan, the fundamental challenge of environmental policy therefore lay not in business complaints about rising compliance costs or economists' concern about market inefficiency, but in its animating ideas and its institutional objectives. It is important to understand that these challenges were born, not of the older conservationist policies that many conservatives could support, but rather of the post-1970 variant of environmental policy that sought to democratize the policy process and supplant individualism and liberty with collectivism and planning. An effective response would require a conservative counterrevolution in the policy process that directly addressed the ideational and institutional bases of environmental policy. That response would flow from the confluence of three distinct streams of conservative thought: libertarianism, traditionalism, and anticommunism. This chapter discusses how the fusion of these distinct elements of postwar conservative thought formed the basis for a vigorous and visceral conservative reaction to environmentalist programs. It then turns to an appraisal of two landmark pieces of environmental legislation of the 1970s — the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (SMCRA) and the Clean Air Amendments Act of 1977 (CAAA) — both of which clearly illustrate the ideational and institutional challenges that environmental policy posed for conservatives.
Xuefei Ren
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- January 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780691203393
- eISBN:
- 9780691203416
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691203393.003.0005
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
This chapter investigates the differences between territorial and associational forms of governance that are apparent in the case of air pollution control. It examines Beijing's clean air campaign ...
More
This chapter investigates the differences between territorial and associational forms of governance that are apparent in the case of air pollution control. It examines Beijing's clean air campaign that is led by the municipal government and applies a territorial strategy of holding local officials responsible for reducing pollution within their jurisdictions. It also discusses New Delhi's clean air campaign that has been spearheaded by environmental non-government organizations (NGOs), which strategically mobilize the Indian Supreme Court to prod the Delhi government into action. The chapter examines how both Beijing and New Delhi's approach will not be effective in tackling the problem of air pollution. It speculates whether blue skies can return to Beijing and Delhi through a combination of factors that depend on strong government intervention, private-ector compliance, market incentives, and citizen participation beyond the urban middle class and NGOs.Less
This chapter investigates the differences between territorial and associational forms of governance that are apparent in the case of air pollution control. It examines Beijing's clean air campaign that is led by the municipal government and applies a territorial strategy of holding local officials responsible for reducing pollution within their jurisdictions. It also discusses New Delhi's clean air campaign that has been spearheaded by environmental non-government organizations (NGOs), which strategically mobilize the Indian Supreme Court to prod the Delhi government into action. The chapter examines how both Beijing and New Delhi's approach will not be effective in tackling the problem of air pollution. It speculates whether blue skies can return to Beijing and Delhi through a combination of factors that depend on strong government intervention, private-ector compliance, market incentives, and citizen participation beyond the urban middle class and NGOs.
Robert Gottlieb and Simon Ng
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780262035910
- eISBN:
- 9780262338868
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262035910.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
This chapter analyzes the history and current state of air pollution in Los Angeles, Hong Kong, and China. It describes the health and environmental impacts from various pollution sources, and ...
More
This chapter analyzes the history and current state of air pollution in Los Angeles, Hong Kong, and China. It describes the health and environmental impacts from various pollution sources, and includes a particular focus on diesel and particulates. It identifies the research and action that has been undertaken in all three places, how they differ and how they overlap, and the policy agendas and initiatives to eliminate, reduce or control air pollution that have been developed. It also explores cross-border pollution issues, particularly between the Pearl River Delta and Hong Kong, and how policy changes in one place (e.g., Los Angeles) have influenced the other places (e.g., Hong Kong and China). It also identifies where policy changes have been successful and where they remain incomplete or poorly implemented.Less
This chapter analyzes the history and current state of air pollution in Los Angeles, Hong Kong, and China. It describes the health and environmental impacts from various pollution sources, and includes a particular focus on diesel and particulates. It identifies the research and action that has been undertaken in all three places, how they differ and how they overlap, and the policy agendas and initiatives to eliminate, reduce or control air pollution that have been developed. It also explores cross-border pollution issues, particularly between the Pearl River Delta and Hong Kong, and how policy changes in one place (e.g., Los Angeles) have influenced the other places (e.g., Hong Kong and China). It also identifies where policy changes have been successful and where they remain incomplete or poorly implemented.
Daniel A. Mazmanian
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262134927
- eISBN:
- 9780262255523
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262134927.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
This chapter traces the rise of the regulatory regime in Los Angeles—which encompasses not just the city and county of Los Angeles, but the adjacent counties of Orange, Riverside, and western San ...
More
This chapter traces the rise of the regulatory regime in Los Angeles—which encompasses not just the city and county of Los Angeles, but the adjacent counties of Orange, Riverside, and western San Bernardino—in the first environmental epoch and its subsequent adaptation to the requisites of second epoch. In many ways Los Angeles represents an “extreme case study” in view of the depth of the air pollution problem it faces, the extraordinary regulatory regime it developed in epoch one, and the shift it underwent in epoch two. As an extreme case, it also serves to illuminate the outer limits of air pollution as a societal problem, and the lengths to which at least one community has gone to remedy it.Less
This chapter traces the rise of the regulatory regime in Los Angeles—which encompasses not just the city and county of Los Angeles, but the adjacent counties of Orange, Riverside, and western San Bernardino—in the first environmental epoch and its subsequent adaptation to the requisites of second epoch. In many ways Los Angeles represents an “extreme case study” in view of the depth of the air pollution problem it faces, the extraordinary regulatory regime it developed in epoch one, and the shift it underwent in epoch two. As an extreme case, it also serves to illuminate the outer limits of air pollution as a societal problem, and the lengths to which at least one community has gone to remedy it.
Erin Ryan
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199737987
- eISBN:
- 9780199918652
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199737987.003.0008
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
Chapter Eight summarizes the federalism safeguards debate, considers the role of negotiated governance, and highlights potential contributions from the academic negotiation literature. Most ...
More
Chapter Eight summarizes the federalism safeguards debate, considers the role of negotiated governance, and highlights potential contributions from the academic negotiation literature. Most importantly, Chapter Eight introduces the phenomenon of federalism bargaining among all branches of government. Using the negotiation theorist’s definition, it broadly understands bargaining as “an iterative process of joint decision-making,” encompassing conventional political haggling, formalized methods of collaborative policymaking, and even more remote signaling processes by which state and federal actors negotiate consensus. Reverse-engineering the most successful examples would reveal the very considerations built into the Chapter Six balancing test—rendering bilateral bargaining by the political branches the functional ex ante equivalent of the ex post balancing analysis contemplated there. The federalism bargaining taxonomy charts opportunities for intergovernmental negotiation within various constitutional and statutory frameworks. It begins with the most familiar forms of negotiation used in lawmaking, including conventional negotiations over law enforcement, under the federal spending power, and for exceptions from otherwise applicable laws. It then considers more interesting forms of negotiated policymaking, including negotiated federal rulemaking with state and local stakeholders, federal statutes that share policy design with states, and intersystemic signaling negotiations, by which independently operating state and federal actors trade influence over the direction of evolving interjurisdictional policies. Examples include the 2008 Stimulus Bill, banking and financial services reform, criminal law enforcement, immigration, radioactive waste siting, offshore drilling, hydroelectric dam licensing, medical marijuana, climate governance, and the No Child Left Behind, Endangered Species, Clean Water, Clean Air, Real ID, Coastal Zone Management, and Medicaid Acts.Less
Chapter Eight summarizes the federalism safeguards debate, considers the role of negotiated governance, and highlights potential contributions from the academic negotiation literature. Most importantly, Chapter Eight introduces the phenomenon of federalism bargaining among all branches of government. Using the negotiation theorist’s definition, it broadly understands bargaining as “an iterative process of joint decision-making,” encompassing conventional political haggling, formalized methods of collaborative policymaking, and even more remote signaling processes by which state and federal actors negotiate consensus. Reverse-engineering the most successful examples would reveal the very considerations built into the Chapter Six balancing test—rendering bilateral bargaining by the political branches the functional ex ante equivalent of the ex post balancing analysis contemplated there. The federalism bargaining taxonomy charts opportunities for intergovernmental negotiation within various constitutional and statutory frameworks. It begins with the most familiar forms of negotiation used in lawmaking, including conventional negotiations over law enforcement, under the federal spending power, and for exceptions from otherwise applicable laws. It then considers more interesting forms of negotiated policymaking, including negotiated federal rulemaking with state and local stakeholders, federal statutes that share policy design with states, and intersystemic signaling negotiations, by which independently operating state and federal actors trade influence over the direction of evolving interjurisdictional policies. Examples include the 2008 Stimulus Bill, banking and financial services reform, criminal law enforcement, immigration, radioactive waste siting, offshore drilling, hydroelectric dam licensing, medical marijuana, climate governance, and the No Child Left Behind, Endangered Species, Clean Water, Clean Air, Real ID, Coastal Zone Management, and Medicaid Acts.
Kristin Shrader-Frechette
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199794638
- eISBN:
- 9780199919277
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794638.003.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
Chapter 1 begins by stressing the severity of climate change (CC) and showing how, contrary to popular belief, atomic energy is not a viable solution to ...
More
Chapter 1 begins by stressing the severity of climate change (CC) and showing how, contrary to popular belief, atomic energy is not a viable solution to CC. Many scientists and most market proponents agree that renewable energy and energy efficiencies are better options. The chapter also shows that government subsidies for oil and nuclear power are the result of flawed science, poor ethics, short-term thinking, and special-interest influence. The chapter has 7 sections, the first of which surveys four major components of the energy crisis. These are oil addiction, non-CC-related deaths from fossil-fuel pollution, nuclear-weapons proliferation, and catastrophic CC. The second section summarizes some of the powerful evidence for global CC. The third section uses historical, ahistorical, Rawlsian, and utilitarian ethical principles to show how developed nations, especially the US, are most responsible for human-caused CC. The fourth section shows why climate-change skeptics, such as “deniers” who doubt CC is real, and “delayers” who say that it should not yet be addressed, have no valid objections. Instead, they all err scientifically and ethically. The fifth section illustrates that all modern scientific methods—and scientific consensus since at least 1995—confirm the reality of global CC. Essentially all expert-scientific analyses published in refereed, scientific-professional journals confirm the reality of global CC. The sixth section of the chapter shows how fossil-fuel special interests have contributed to the continued CC debate largely by paying non-experts to deny or challenge CC. The seventh section of the chapter provides an outline of each chapter in the book, noting that this book makes use of both scientific and ethical analyses to show why nuclear proponents’ arguments err, why CC deniers are wrong, and how scientific-methodological understanding can advance sound energy policy—including conservation, renewable energy, and energy efficiencies.Less
Chapter 1 begins by stressing the severity of climate change (CC) and showing how, contrary to popular belief, atomic energy is not a viable solution to CC. Many scientists and most market proponents agree that renewable energy and energy efficiencies are better options. The chapter also shows that government subsidies for oil and nuclear power are the result of flawed science, poor ethics, short-term thinking, and special-interest influence. The chapter has 7 sections, the first of which surveys four major components of the energy crisis. These are oil addiction, non-CC-related deaths from fossil-fuel pollution, nuclear-weapons proliferation, and catastrophic CC. The second section summarizes some of the powerful evidence for global CC. The third section uses historical, ahistorical, Rawlsian, and utilitarian ethical principles to show how developed nations, especially the US, are most responsible for human-caused CC. The fourth section shows why climate-change skeptics, such as “deniers” who doubt CC is real, and “delayers” who say that it should not yet be addressed, have no valid objections. Instead, they all err scientifically and ethically. The fifth section illustrates that all modern scientific methods—and scientific consensus since at least 1995—confirm the reality of global CC. Essentially all expert-scientific analyses published in refereed, scientific-professional journals confirm the reality of global CC. The sixth section of the chapter shows how fossil-fuel special interests have contributed to the continued CC debate largely by paying non-experts to deny or challenge CC. The seventh section of the chapter provides an outline of each chapter in the book, noting that this book makes use of both scientific and ethical analyses to show why nuclear proponents’ arguments err, why CC deniers are wrong, and how scientific-methodological understanding can advance sound energy policy—including conservation, renewable energy, and energy efficiencies.
William W. Buzbee
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801451904
- eISBN:
- 9780801470301
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801451904.003.0006
- Subject:
- Law, Environmental and Energy Law
This chapter details the attempts of the opposition to the Westway plans to discover whether the project would have a fatal legal vulnerability. Specifically, the chapter shows how both supporters ...
More
This chapter details the attempts of the opposition to the Westway plans to discover whether the project would have a fatal legal vulnerability. Specifically, the chapter shows how both supporters and opponents alike turned their initial focus to Westway's impact on the environment, as air pollution links were the most obvious project risks. Any new highway in New York was bound to change traffic patterns and result in extra pollution in a city already suffering from serious air pollution problems. In addition, with the trade-in choice of highway or mass transit now explicitly recognized in federal law, advocates were able to in proceedings for air permits compare the more benign effects of mass transit expenditures and investment in Westway's highway. Furthermore, New York State and City had under the Clean Air Act committed to a State Implementation Plan (SIP) designed to bring New York into compliance with federal National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS).Less
This chapter details the attempts of the opposition to the Westway plans to discover whether the project would have a fatal legal vulnerability. Specifically, the chapter shows how both supporters and opponents alike turned their initial focus to Westway's impact on the environment, as air pollution links were the most obvious project risks. Any new highway in New York was bound to change traffic patterns and result in extra pollution in a city already suffering from serious air pollution problems. In addition, with the trade-in choice of highway or mass transit now explicitly recognized in federal law, advocates were able to in proceedings for air permits compare the more benign effects of mass transit expenditures and investment in Westway's highway. Furthermore, New York State and City had under the Clean Air Act committed to a State Implementation Plan (SIP) designed to bring New York into compliance with federal National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS).
Karen Hoffman
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262015790
- eISBN:
- 9780262298407
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262015790.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
This chapter focuses on the transformation from science-based legal advocacy into community organizing by examining the case of the Clean Air and Water Network. Through community organization, the ...
More
This chapter focuses on the transformation from science-based legal advocacy into community organizing by examining the case of the Clean Air and Water Network. Through community organization, the transformation aims at altering patterns of participation and political decision-making. The chapter looks into the various constraints encountered by such a movement and also suggests ways to overcome them. It presents a close examination of the Dioxin Prevention Campaign under the Clean Air and Water Network, and further, provides a broad insight into the emergent phenomena for environmental justice advocacy.Less
This chapter focuses on the transformation from science-based legal advocacy into community organizing by examining the case of the Clean Air and Water Network. Through community organization, the transformation aims at altering patterns of participation and political decision-making. The chapter looks into the various constraints encountered by such a movement and also suggests ways to overcome them. It presents a close examination of the Dioxin Prevention Campaign under the Clean Air and Water Network, and further, provides a broad insight into the emergent phenomena for environmental justice advocacy.
Charles Halvorson
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- May 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780197538845
- eISBN:
- 9780197538876
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780197538845.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
Animated by the contrast of rising prosperity and declining environmental quality in the 1960s, the modern environmental movement pushed local and state authorities and then the federal government to ...
More
Animated by the contrast of rising prosperity and declining environmental quality in the 1960s, the modern environmental movement pushed local and state authorities and then the federal government to take responsibility for restoring and safeguarding the environment. Central to that expanded federal role was the establishment of science-based national air quality standards in the Clean Air Act of 1970. Economists too came to focus on pollution as a key threat to public welfare and laid the groundwork in the 1960s for what would become a politically compelling monetization of the costs of air pollution and environmental degradation. But whereas environmentalists tended to describe clean air as a natural right, to be secured regardless of the cost, economists approached clean air as a natural resource, to be managed for its measurable contributions to a monetized notion of public welfare.Less
Animated by the contrast of rising prosperity and declining environmental quality in the 1960s, the modern environmental movement pushed local and state authorities and then the federal government to take responsibility for restoring and safeguarding the environment. Central to that expanded federal role was the establishment of science-based national air quality standards in the Clean Air Act of 1970. Economists too came to focus on pollution as a key threat to public welfare and laid the groundwork in the 1960s for what would become a politically compelling monetization of the costs of air pollution and environmental degradation. But whereas environmentalists tended to describe clean air as a natural right, to be secured regardless of the cost, economists approached clean air as a natural resource, to be managed for its measurable contributions to a monetized notion of public welfare.
Melissa Aronczyk and Maria I. Espinoza
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- December 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780190055349
- eISBN:
- 9780190055387
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190055349.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Culture, Science, Technology and Environment
Chapter 3, Environment, Energy, Economy, opens as industrial PR practitioners in the 1950s and 1960s confront a new rival: environmental pollution and its discontents. Prior to the Second World War, ...
More
Chapter 3, Environment, Energy, Economy, opens as industrial PR practitioners in the 1950s and 1960s confront a new rival: environmental pollution and its discontents. Prior to the Second World War, industry was the leading source of information on air pollution among other problems of “industrial hygiene.” In the postwar era, with new federal science funding, changing norms of media representation, and rising legal battles for companies, alternative voices emerged around environmental issues. Amid the transformation of the nature of evidence in scientific research and a growing public anxiety over depletion of the commons, public relations counsel sought to balance the scales in their corporate clients’ favor. They would find this balance in the notion of energy as its own scarce resource in need of protection. The chapter reviews the expansion of public relations networks and the adoption of environmentalism as a force to be strategically managed.Less
Chapter 3, Environment, Energy, Economy, opens as industrial PR practitioners in the 1950s and 1960s confront a new rival: environmental pollution and its discontents. Prior to the Second World War, industry was the leading source of information on air pollution among other problems of “industrial hygiene.” In the postwar era, with new federal science funding, changing norms of media representation, and rising legal battles for companies, alternative voices emerged around environmental issues. Amid the transformation of the nature of evidence in scientific research and a growing public anxiety over depletion of the commons, public relations counsel sought to balance the scales in their corporate clients’ favor. They would find this balance in the notion of energy as its own scarce resource in need of protection. The chapter reviews the expansion of public relations networks and the adoption of environmentalism as a force to be strategically managed.
Margaret E. Peloso
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199368747
- eISBN:
- 9780199368761
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199368747.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, Environmental and Energy Law, Public International Law
The most significant driver of ocean acidification globally is rising CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere, which result in increasing concentrations of dissolved CO2 in seawater. Because this major ...
More
The most significant driver of ocean acidification globally is rising CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere, which result in increasing concentrations of dissolved CO2 in seawater. Because this major contributor to ocean acidification is not a conventional water pollutant that is discharged from a point source directly into a receiving water, the Clean Water Act is a limited tool to curb ocean acidification. In contrast, the Clean Air Act provides direct legal mechanisms by which greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be curtailed, potentially reducing atmospheric concentrations and thereby slowing further ocean acidification. This chapter explains EPA’s efforts to date to regulate GHGs under the Clean Air Act and explores the role of potential future regulations under the CAA as a tool to address ocean acidification.Less
The most significant driver of ocean acidification globally is rising CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere, which result in increasing concentrations of dissolved CO2 in seawater. Because this major contributor to ocean acidification is not a conventional water pollutant that is discharged from a point source directly into a receiving water, the Clean Water Act is a limited tool to curb ocean acidification. In contrast, the Clean Air Act provides direct legal mechanisms by which greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be curtailed, potentially reducing atmospheric concentrations and thereby slowing further ocean acidification. This chapter explains EPA’s efforts to date to regulate GHGs under the Clean Air Act and explores the role of potential future regulations under the CAA as a tool to address ocean acidification.
David L. Callies
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824834753
- eISBN:
- 9780824870751
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824834753.003.0009
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Pacific Studies
This chapter discusses how the federal government injected itself into environmental law in a series of statutes passed in the 1970s. These new environmental laws with their significant land use ...
More
This chapter discusses how the federal government injected itself into environmental law in a series of statutes passed in the 1970s. These new environmental laws with their significant land use implications were dubbed as “The Federalization of land use controls.” From a land use perspective, the most important of these laws are the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, and the Endangered Species Act. In some instances, Hawaiʻi’s state environmental laws go even further. For example, as interpreted in a series of Hawaiʻi Supreme Court decisions, the Hawaiʻi Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) law has been so broadly construed that any land use project that so much as touches state land triggers a time-consuming, expensive EIS review.Less
This chapter discusses how the federal government injected itself into environmental law in a series of statutes passed in the 1970s. These new environmental laws with their significant land use implications were dubbed as “The Federalization of land use controls.” From a land use perspective, the most important of these laws are the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, and the Endangered Species Act. In some instances, Hawaiʻi’s state environmental laws go even further. For example, as interpreted in a series of Hawaiʻi Supreme Court decisions, the Hawaiʻi Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) law has been so broadly construed that any land use project that so much as touches state land triggers a time-consuming, expensive EIS review.
Charles Halvorson
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- May 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780197538845
- eISBN:
- 9780197538876
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780197538845.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
The creation of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1970 to administer the Clean Air Act of 1970 and a bevy of other ambitious new environmental interventions marked a high point in ...
More
The creation of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1970 to administer the Clean Air Act of 1970 and a bevy of other ambitious new environmental interventions marked a high point in Americans’ belief in the capacity of the federal government to intervene in the economy to improve the public welfare. While Richard Nixon intended the EPA to simply implement policies that would be formulated elsewhere, the complexity of developing and enforcing functional policies that could achieve the Clean Air Act’s mandates made the agency’s regulations increasingly key to determining what pollution control looked like in the lives of ordinary Americans and the operations of American businesses. This recognition of the power in implementation sent environmental advocates, business representatives, and White House advisors scrambling to find ways of influencing the decision making of the new agency at the heart of the nation’s environmental governance regime.Less
The creation of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1970 to administer the Clean Air Act of 1970 and a bevy of other ambitious new environmental interventions marked a high point in Americans’ belief in the capacity of the federal government to intervene in the economy to improve the public welfare. While Richard Nixon intended the EPA to simply implement policies that would be formulated elsewhere, the complexity of developing and enforcing functional policies that could achieve the Clean Air Act’s mandates made the agency’s regulations increasingly key to determining what pollution control looked like in the lives of ordinary Americans and the operations of American businesses. This recognition of the power in implementation sent environmental advocates, business representatives, and White House advisors scrambling to find ways of influencing the decision making of the new agency at the heart of the nation’s environmental governance regime.
Michael Oppenheimer, Naomi Oreskes, Dale Jamieson, Keynyn Brysse, Jessica O’Reilly, Matthew Shindell, and Milena Wazeck
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780226601960
- eISBN:
- 9780226602158
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226602158.003.0002
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Environmental Studies
The US National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program was established in 1980 to serve as both a research program and an assessment body. It is generally thought to have been successful in the former ...
More
The US National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program was established in 1980 to serve as both a research program and an assessment body. It is generally thought to have been successful in the former aim but not the latter; the fact that the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments were made prior to the publication of NAPAP’s final assessment is often taken as evidence that it failed to influence policy. We find that factors contributing to this perceived failure included significantly compartmentalized research (particularly between environmental scientists focused on ecosystem effects and atmospheric scientists focused on atmospheric processes), and insufficient emphasis placed on the policy-relevant assessment dimension as a consequence of institutional ties of participating scientists. However, the boundary between assessment and policy is semi-permeable: knowledge, and information needs can move in both directions, with science assessment and policy influencing each other through both formal and informal channels. NAPAP scientists and program directors contributed informally to policy-relevant discussions preceding the 1990 amendments, and may therefore have influenced the outcome. NAPAP’s Regional Atmospheric Deposition Model, seen in the policy domain as needed for regulatory purposes, was not finalized in time to influence policy, but it did advance atmospheric modelling.Less
The US National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program was established in 1980 to serve as both a research program and an assessment body. It is generally thought to have been successful in the former aim but not the latter; the fact that the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments were made prior to the publication of NAPAP’s final assessment is often taken as evidence that it failed to influence policy. We find that factors contributing to this perceived failure included significantly compartmentalized research (particularly between environmental scientists focused on ecosystem effects and atmospheric scientists focused on atmospheric processes), and insufficient emphasis placed on the policy-relevant assessment dimension as a consequence of institutional ties of participating scientists. However, the boundary between assessment and policy is semi-permeable: knowledge, and information needs can move in both directions, with science assessment and policy influencing each other through both formal and informal channels. NAPAP scientists and program directors contributed informally to policy-relevant discussions preceding the 1990 amendments, and may therefore have influenced the outcome. NAPAP’s Regional Atmospheric Deposition Model, seen in the policy domain as needed for regulatory purposes, was not finalized in time to influence policy, but it did advance atmospheric modelling.
William W. Buzbee
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801451904
- eISBN:
- 9780801470301
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801451904.003.0006
- Subject:
- Law, Environmental and Energy Law
This chapter details the attempts of the opposition to the Westway plans to discover whether the project would have a fatal legal vulnerability. Specifically, the chapter shows how both supporters ...
More
This chapter details the attempts of the opposition to the Westway plans to discover whether the project would have a fatal legal vulnerability. Specifically, the chapter shows how both supporters and opponents alike turned their initial focus to Westway's impact on the environment, as air pollution links were the most obvious project risks. Any new highway in New York was bound to change traffic patterns and result in extra pollution in a city already suffering from serious air pollution problems. In addition, with the trade-in choice of highway or mass transit now explicitly recognized in federal law, advocates were able to in proceedings for air permits compare the more benign effects of mass transit expenditures and investment in Westway's highway. Furthermore, New York State and City had under the Clean Air Act committed to a State Implementation Plan (SIP) designed to bring New York into compliance with federal National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS).
Less
This chapter details the attempts of the opposition to the Westway plans to discover whether the project would have a fatal legal vulnerability. Specifically, the chapter shows how both supporters and opponents alike turned their initial focus to Westway's impact on the environment, as air pollution links were the most obvious project risks. Any new highway in New York was bound to change traffic patterns and result in extra pollution in a city already suffering from serious air pollution problems. In addition, with the trade-in choice of highway or mass transit now explicitly recognized in federal law, advocates were able to in proceedings for air permits compare the more benign effects of mass transit expenditures and investment in Westway's highway. Furthermore, New York State and City had under the Clean Air Act committed to a State Implementation Plan (SIP) designed to bring New York into compliance with federal National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS).
Douglas S. Noonan
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780262028837
- eISBN:
- 9780262327138
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262028837.003.0004
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Environmental Studies
This chapter discusses the environmental justice issues that arise in the context of standard-setting. Specifically, the chapter evaluates the degree to which the EPA has effectively considered ...
More
This chapter discusses the environmental justice issues that arise in the context of standard-setting. Specifically, the chapter evaluates the degree to which the EPA has effectively considered distributional issues in its rulemaking. The author begins the chapter by examining the set of policy instruments (command-and-control regulation, market-based mechanisms, and information-based approaches) that the EPA can pursue to achieve its goals under the statutes it implements, and how instrument choice can create different types of distributive and procedural justice concerns. The chapter then explores a variety of equity concerns that have arisen in EPA rulemaking in practice under a variety of pollution control laws including the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, and argues that the EPA has largely fallen short of incorporating equity considerations as part of standard-setting. The chapter concludes with a discussion of some recent progress, but notes that much is left to be accomplished.Less
This chapter discusses the environmental justice issues that arise in the context of standard-setting. Specifically, the chapter evaluates the degree to which the EPA has effectively considered distributional issues in its rulemaking. The author begins the chapter by examining the set of policy instruments (command-and-control regulation, market-based mechanisms, and information-based approaches) that the EPA can pursue to achieve its goals under the statutes it implements, and how instrument choice can create different types of distributive and procedural justice concerns. The chapter then explores a variety of equity concerns that have arisen in EPA rulemaking in practice under a variety of pollution control laws including the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, and argues that the EPA has largely fallen short of incorporating equity considerations as part of standard-setting. The chapter concludes with a discussion of some recent progress, but notes that much is left to be accomplished.
Matthew Kohrman
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781501747021
- eISBN:
- 9781501747045
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501747021.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter analyses some of the cultural methods behind the seemingly comedic madness of “cigarette masks.” Rather than casting them aside as senseless, the chapter looks into the “cigarette mask ...
More
This chapter analyses some of the cultural methods behind the seemingly comedic madness of “cigarette masks.” Rather than casting them aside as senseless, the chapter looks into the “cigarette mask memes” as a scholarly portal, seeing them as imagistic gateways for understanding air filtration in contemporary China. For one thing, the memes gesture to an uncanny backstory hitherto untold regarding China's current market for home air purifiers. This is a backstory heavily tied to the development of an air filtration product—the cigarette—manufactured across China in far greater numbers today than home purification units. The chapter also discusses a variety of materially tangible filters, ones that are manufactured currently for daily use across China and are ostensibly providing people immediate access to cleaner air. The smallest of the filters mentioned are no bigger than a pinky finger and typically come twenty to a pack. The largest ones—free-standing air purifiers—come encased in plastic and metal, as small as a toaster or as large as a multi-drawer file cabinet.Less
This chapter analyses some of the cultural methods behind the seemingly comedic madness of “cigarette masks.” Rather than casting them aside as senseless, the chapter looks into the “cigarette mask memes” as a scholarly portal, seeing them as imagistic gateways for understanding air filtration in contemporary China. For one thing, the memes gesture to an uncanny backstory hitherto untold regarding China's current market for home air purifiers. This is a backstory heavily tied to the development of an air filtration product—the cigarette—manufactured across China in far greater numbers today than home purification units. The chapter also discusses a variety of materially tangible filters, ones that are manufactured currently for daily use across China and are ostensibly providing people immediate access to cleaner air. The smallest of the filters mentioned are no bigger than a pinky finger and typically come twenty to a pack. The largest ones—free-standing air purifiers—come encased in plastic and metal, as small as a toaster or as large as a multi-drawer file cabinet.
Robert Gottlieb and Simon Ng
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780262035910
- eISBN:
- 9780262338868
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262035910.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
The chapter describes the history and current issues associated with the large container port facilities in Los Angeles, Hong Kong, and China. It describes where and how goods are transported from ...
More
The chapter describes the history and current issues associated with the large container port facilities in Los Angeles, Hong Kong, and China. It describes where and how goods are transported from the places where they are produced to their final destination. It analyzes the environmental and health impacts that have developed along this goods movement pathway. Through research and action, pressure has increased to mitigate port and goods movement environmental and health impacts, including most prominently air pollution. That in turn has led to some modest, though important policy changes towards greener operations and where actions in Los Angeles have influenced Hong Kong and vice versa, how both have influenced China’s own policies and operations. The book also identifies and analyzes new trends that are emerging, including the increase in size of the largest container ships, the consolidation of the shipping industry, particularly among Chinese state-run companies, and new and expanding port operations due to the enlargement of the Panama Canal.Less
The chapter describes the history and current issues associated with the large container port facilities in Los Angeles, Hong Kong, and China. It describes where and how goods are transported from the places where they are produced to their final destination. It analyzes the environmental and health impacts that have developed along this goods movement pathway. Through research and action, pressure has increased to mitigate port and goods movement environmental and health impacts, including most prominently air pollution. That in turn has led to some modest, though important policy changes towards greener operations and where actions in Los Angeles have influenced Hong Kong and vice versa, how both have influenced China’s own policies and operations. The book also identifies and analyzes new trends that are emerging, including the increase in size of the largest container ships, the consolidation of the shipping industry, particularly among Chinese state-run companies, and new and expanding port operations due to the enlargement of the Panama Canal.