Ronald K. S. Macaulay
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195173819
- eISBN:
- 9780199788361
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195173819.003.0013
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
This chapter summarizes the statistically significant results obtained through the use of the Mann-Whitney nonparametric test. Of the forty-six statistically significant differences, ten refer to ...
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This chapter summarizes the statistically significant results obtained through the use of the Mann-Whitney nonparametric test. Of the forty-six statistically significant differences, ten refer to social class differences, sixteen to gender differences, and twenty to age differences. This gives a ranking of age > gender > social class for the findings. The social class, gender, and age differences are presented in summary form.Less
This chapter summarizes the statistically significant results obtained through the use of the Mann-Whitney nonparametric test. Of the forty-six statistically significant differences, ten refer to social class differences, sixteen to gender differences, and twenty to age differences. This gives a ranking of age > gender > social class for the findings. The social class, gender, and age differences are presented in summary form.
Henry Phelps Brown
- Published in print:
- 1979
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198851202
- eISBN:
- 9780191596780
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198851200.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
This chapter studies the connection between social class, mental ability, education, and entry into employment, and is a further development of the previous chapter on intergenerational mobility ...
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This chapter studies the connection between social class, mental ability, education, and entry into employment, and is a further development of the previous chapter on intergenerational mobility between occupations. The different sections of this chapter are: The association between occupation and IQ; Evidence for the genetic determination of IQ potential; The effects of differences between classes in the upbringing of children on the development of IQ; The relation between parents’ class and their children's IQ; Class differences in the use made of education; Class differences in extent of education; Education as investment: human capital theory; and Entry into employment. The last section reviews and discusses the material presented, drawing out eight main points.Less
This chapter studies the connection between social class, mental ability, education, and entry into employment, and is a further development of the previous chapter on intergenerational mobility between occupations. The different sections of this chapter are: The association between occupation and IQ; Evidence for the genetic determination of IQ potential; The effects of differences between classes in the upbringing of children on the development of IQ; The relation between parents’ class and their children's IQ; Class differences in the use made of education; Class differences in extent of education; Education as investment: human capital theory; and Entry into employment. The last section reviews and discusses the material presented, drawing out eight main points.
Ross McKibbin
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199584697
- eISBN:
- 9780191702402
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199584697.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This book, the sequel to Classes and Cultures, is a historical reinterpretation of British politics in the first decades of universal suffrage. It reveals how the British democratic system developed ...
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This book, the sequel to Classes and Cultures, is a historical reinterpretation of British politics in the first decades of universal suffrage. It reveals how the British democratic system developed and more importantly, it challenges its success and suggests reasons why it is flawed. The book targets significant questions, such as what it means to be a democratic society and to what extent voters really make up their own minds on politics. Exploring the political culture of these extraordinary years, the author shows that class difference became one of the principal determinants of political behaviour. It argues that the kind of democracy that emerged in Britain was far from inevitable, was as much historical accident as design, and was in many ways highly flawed.Less
This book, the sequel to Classes and Cultures, is a historical reinterpretation of British politics in the first decades of universal suffrage. It reveals how the British democratic system developed and more importantly, it challenges its success and suggests reasons why it is flawed. The book targets significant questions, such as what it means to be a democratic society and to what extent voters really make up their own minds on politics. Exploring the political culture of these extraordinary years, the author shows that class difference became one of the principal determinants of political behaviour. It argues that the kind of democracy that emerged in Britain was far from inevitable, was as much historical accident as design, and was in many ways highly flawed.
Kate Fisher
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199267361
- eISBN:
- 9780191708299
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199267361.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Social History
This chapter challenges the idea that by the interwar period, appliance methods of contraception were increasingly replacing ‘inefficient’, ‘unreliable’, and ‘unpleasant’ traditional forms. It ...
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This chapter challenges the idea that by the interwar period, appliance methods of contraception were increasingly replacing ‘inefficient’, ‘unreliable’, and ‘unpleasant’ traditional forms. It counters the often-made assumption that improvements in birth control technology and their greater availability improved individuals' ability to control their fertility. Although appliance methods were increasingly employed, their use did not signal the rejection of traditional forms. Contemporary social surveys, in particular the findings of the Lewis-Faning study for the Royal Commission on Population, are shown to have been misinterpreted. These surveys failed to recognize that those who experimented with modern methods, such as female caps and condoms, frequently disliked them and reverted back to ‘natural’ methods such as abstinence, abortion, and withdrawal.Less
This chapter challenges the idea that by the interwar period, appliance methods of contraception were increasingly replacing ‘inefficient’, ‘unreliable’, and ‘unpleasant’ traditional forms. It counters the often-made assumption that improvements in birth control technology and their greater availability improved individuals' ability to control their fertility. Although appliance methods were increasingly employed, their use did not signal the rejection of traditional forms. Contemporary social surveys, in particular the findings of the Lewis-Faning study for the Royal Commission on Population, are shown to have been misinterpreted. These surveys failed to recognize that those who experimented with modern methods, such as female caps and condoms, frequently disliked them and reverted back to ‘natural’ methods such as abstinence, abortion, and withdrawal.
Sarah A. Curtis
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195394184
- eISBN:
- 9780199866595
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195394184.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History, History of Religion
This chapter follows Philippine Duchesne to Missouri, where she and her RSCJ companions established girls' schools in and around St. Louis and St. Charles. Duchesne struggled against American ...
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This chapter follows Philippine Duchesne to Missouri, where she and her RSCJ companions established girls' schools in and around St. Louis and St. Charles. Duchesne struggled against American conceptions of race regarding African Americans and slavery, while promoting a European vision of class difference. The RSCJ schools were among the first available to frontier girls and followed a French curriculum that proved popular with American parents, including Protestants. Duchesne, however, saw the enrollment of Protestants as an opportunity to gain Catholic converts. The chapter argues that the success of the RSCJ in the United States depended on its responsiveness to local needs, while retaining strong ties to France.Less
This chapter follows Philippine Duchesne to Missouri, where she and her RSCJ companions established girls' schools in and around St. Louis and St. Charles. Duchesne struggled against American conceptions of race regarding African Americans and slavery, while promoting a European vision of class difference. The RSCJ schools were among the first available to frontier girls and followed a French curriculum that proved popular with American parents, including Protestants. Duchesne, however, saw the enrollment of Protestants as an opportunity to gain Catholic converts. The chapter argues that the success of the RSCJ in the United States depended on its responsiveness to local needs, while retaining strong ties to France.
Kay Lehman Schlozman, Sidney Verba, and Henry E. Brady
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691154848
- eISBN:
- 9781400841912
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691154848.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
This chapter reviews evidence about two complex trends: the increase in economic inequality and the decrease in union membership. In two fundamental ways, class inequalities underlie this inquiry ...
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This chapter reviews evidence about two complex trends: the increase in economic inequality and the decrease in union membership. In two fundamental ways, class inequalities underlie this inquiry into both the roots and the consequences of inequalities of political voice. Inequalities of political participation are, first, grounded in disparities in income, occupation, and especially education. As this chapter demonstrates, social class has multiple consequences for differences in individual and collective political participation. Second, inequalities on the basis of class shape the content of political conflict. That is, class differences are an important source of political division. Although the list of contentious political issues in contemporary America is long and varied, there can be no doubt that matters associated with differences in income and material well-being are critically important in generating political conflict.Less
This chapter reviews evidence about two complex trends: the increase in economic inequality and the decrease in union membership. In two fundamental ways, class inequalities underlie this inquiry into both the roots and the consequences of inequalities of political voice. Inequalities of political participation are, first, grounded in disparities in income, occupation, and especially education. As this chapter demonstrates, social class has multiple consequences for differences in individual and collective political participation. Second, inequalities on the basis of class shape the content of political conflict. That is, class differences are an important source of political division. Although the list of contentious political issues in contemporary America is long and varied, there can be no doubt that matters associated with differences in income and material well-being are critically important in generating political conflict.
Patrick McGovern, Stephen Hill, Colin Mills, and Michael White
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199213375
- eISBN:
- 9780191695865
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213375.003.0005
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
This chapter describes and deals with a set of ideas linking overwork to external, market discipline. It begins with a discussion of ideas behind the market discipline thesis about overwork. It also ...
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This chapter describes and deals with a set of ideas linking overwork to external, market discipline. It begins with a discussion of ideas behind the market discipline thesis about overwork. It also assesses how the market discipline thesis stands up to evidence. Initially, the focus is upon the relationships between various insecure circumstances and employees' levels of effort. Then, the workplace policies of employers are considered, specifically those intended to produce high levels of commitment and effort. Finally, class differences are examined. The ‘market discipline’ approach generally explains persisting overwork.Less
This chapter describes and deals with a set of ideas linking overwork to external, market discipline. It begins with a discussion of ideas behind the market discipline thesis about overwork. It also assesses how the market discipline thesis stands up to evidence. Initially, the focus is upon the relationships between various insecure circumstances and employees' levels of effort. Then, the workplace policies of employers are considered, specifically those intended to produce high levels of commitment and effort. Finally, class differences are examined. The ‘market discipline’ approach generally explains persisting overwork.
Thomas Borstelmann
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691141565
- eISBN:
- 9781400839704
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691141565.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter looks at how greater inclusiveness and formal equality were accompanied by growing distrust of government and the rise of market values in the post-1970s world. Over more than three ...
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This chapter looks at how greater inclusiveness and formal equality were accompanied by growing distrust of government and the rise of market values in the post-1970s world. Over more than three decades, the result was a more diverse public culture in the realm of employment, entertainment, and politics, on the one hand, and a more economically differentiated society, on the other. Class differences widened, as measured by the distribution of income and wealth. But Americans had long been loath to talk about class divisions, something associated for the past century with Marxist analysis. Rather than addressing growing economic inequality, Americans tended instead to celebrate racial and ethnic diversity. Here, cultural liberalism and economic conservatism had come to form a de facto alliance. It had become the contemporary American condition, the ground on which the vaunted American middle class continued to shrink.Less
This chapter looks at how greater inclusiveness and formal equality were accompanied by growing distrust of government and the rise of market values in the post-1970s world. Over more than three decades, the result was a more diverse public culture in the realm of employment, entertainment, and politics, on the one hand, and a more economically differentiated society, on the other. Class differences widened, as measured by the distribution of income and wealth. But Americans had long been loath to talk about class divisions, something associated for the past century with Marxist analysis. Rather than addressing growing economic inequality, Americans tended instead to celebrate racial and ethnic diversity. Here, cultural liberalism and economic conservatism had come to form a de facto alliance. It had become the contemporary American condition, the ground on which the vaunted American middle class continued to shrink.
Joy Connolly
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691162591
- eISBN:
- 9781400852475
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691162591.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Ancient History / Archaeology
In recent years, Roman political thought has attracted increased attention as intellectual historians and political theorists have explored the influence of the Roman republic on major thinkers from ...
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In recent years, Roman political thought has attracted increased attention as intellectual historians and political theorists have explored the influence of the Roman republic on major thinkers from the Renaissance to the Enlightenment. Held up as a “third way” between liberalism and communitarianism, neo-Roman republicanism promises useful, persuasive accounts of civic virtue, justice, civility, and the ties that bind citizens. But republican revivalists, embedded in modern liberal, democratic, and constitutional concerns, almost never engage closely with Roman texts. This book takes up that challenge. With an original combination of close reading and political theory, the book argues that Cicero, Sallust, and Horace inspire fresh thinking about central concerns of contemporary political thought and action. These include the role of conflict in the political community, especially as it emerges from class differences; the necessity of recognition for an equal and just society; the corporeal and passionate aspects of civic experience; citizens' interdependence on one another for senses of selfhood; and the uses and dangers of self-sovereignty and the bodyfantasy. Putting classicists and political theorists in dialogue, the book also addresses a range of modern thinkers, including Kant, Hannah Arendt, Stanley Cavell, and Philip Pettit. Together, the book's readings construct a new civic ethos of advocacy, self-criticism, embodied awareness, imagination, and irony.Less
In recent years, Roman political thought has attracted increased attention as intellectual historians and political theorists have explored the influence of the Roman republic on major thinkers from the Renaissance to the Enlightenment. Held up as a “third way” between liberalism and communitarianism, neo-Roman republicanism promises useful, persuasive accounts of civic virtue, justice, civility, and the ties that bind citizens. But republican revivalists, embedded in modern liberal, democratic, and constitutional concerns, almost never engage closely with Roman texts. This book takes up that challenge. With an original combination of close reading and political theory, the book argues that Cicero, Sallust, and Horace inspire fresh thinking about central concerns of contemporary political thought and action. These include the role of conflict in the political community, especially as it emerges from class differences; the necessity of recognition for an equal and just society; the corporeal and passionate aspects of civic experience; citizens' interdependence on one another for senses of selfhood; and the uses and dangers of self-sovereignty and the bodyfantasy. Putting classicists and political theorists in dialogue, the book also addresses a range of modern thinkers, including Kant, Hannah Arendt, Stanley Cavell, and Philip Pettit. Together, the book's readings construct a new civic ethos of advocacy, self-criticism, embodied awareness, imagination, and irony.
Johan Fritzell
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781861347589
- eISBN:
- 9781447302483
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781861347589.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Health, Illness, and Medicine
This chapter studies health inequalities from a generational perspective but also aims to adopt a life course perspective. It explains that the life course approach emphasises the dimension of time ...
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This chapter studies health inequalities from a generational perspective but also aims to adopt a life course perspective. It explains that the life course approach emphasises the dimension of time from the individual's perspective by, for example, focusing on the long-term consequences of specific historical conditions encountered earlier in life. It discusses some important topics related to generations and the life course approach. It presents data and the construction of key variables and provides some background data on class differences in mortality by birth cohort. It analyses childhood class inequalities for different birth cohorts across various parts of the life course and how these differentials relate to adult class position. It also presents results that focus on how ill health is differentiated depending on a person's total class experience in life so far. It also discusses how to interpret the findings.Less
This chapter studies health inequalities from a generational perspective but also aims to adopt a life course perspective. It explains that the life course approach emphasises the dimension of time from the individual's perspective by, for example, focusing on the long-term consequences of specific historical conditions encountered earlier in life. It discusses some important topics related to generations and the life course approach. It presents data and the construction of key variables and provides some background data on class differences in mortality by birth cohort. It analyses childhood class inequalities for different birth cohorts across various parts of the life course and how these differentials relate to adult class position. It also presents results that focus on how ill health is differentiated depending on a person's total class experience in life so far. It also discusses how to interpret the findings.
Roy L. Brooks
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780300223309
- eISBN:
- 9780300227611
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300223309.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Race and Ethnicity
The conflicting racial and cultural values that underpin much of the Supreme Court’s decision making in civil rights cases are brought under critical review in this chapter as part of a larger ...
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The conflicting racial and cultural values that underpin much of the Supreme Court’s decision making in civil rights cases are brought under critical review in this chapter as part of a larger argument regarding cultural diversity made in the next chapter. Thus, this chapter is a bridge between the socio-legal and socio-cultural race problems. In preparation for arguing in the next chapter that cultural diversity rides with a corpse in its cargo—to wit, cultural subordination—this chapter discusses the conflicting racial and cultural crosscurrents of the American middle class and working class. White-middle-class values, more than any other values, shape the American mainstream culture—“It’s the Middle Class, Stupid!”—wherein the problem of cultural subordination lies.Less
The conflicting racial and cultural values that underpin much of the Supreme Court’s decision making in civil rights cases are brought under critical review in this chapter as part of a larger argument regarding cultural diversity made in the next chapter. Thus, this chapter is a bridge between the socio-legal and socio-cultural race problems. In preparation for arguing in the next chapter that cultural diversity rides with a corpse in its cargo—to wit, cultural subordination—this chapter discusses the conflicting racial and cultural crosscurrents of the American middle class and working class. White-middle-class values, more than any other values, shape the American mainstream culture—“It’s the Middle Class, Stupid!”—wherein the problem of cultural subordination lies.
Gabrielle Meagher and Marta Szebehely
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847426604
- eISBN:
- 9781447305583
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847426604.003.0005
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
This chapter examines what effects different childcare models — and changes therein — have for gender and class equality, as well as between different ethnic groups. The analysis focuses on childcare ...
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This chapter examines what effects different childcare models — and changes therein — have for gender and class equality, as well as between different ethnic groups. The analysis focuses on childcare services and financial benefits, especially care allowances offered in lieu of a publicly funded childcare place. The chapter finds that home care allowances may reinforce traditional gendered divisions of labour, under-use of childcare services and low female employment amongst immigrants from non-Western countries. The study finds that some equality achievements of certain Nordic countries have been consolidated over the last two decades.Less
This chapter examines what effects different childcare models — and changes therein — have for gender and class equality, as well as between different ethnic groups. The analysis focuses on childcare services and financial benefits, especially care allowances offered in lieu of a publicly funded childcare place. The chapter finds that home care allowances may reinforce traditional gendered divisions of labour, under-use of childcare services and low female employment amongst immigrants from non-Western countries. The study finds that some equality achievements of certain Nordic countries have been consolidated over the last two decades.
C. G. N. Mascie-Taylor
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198523369
- eISBN:
- 9780191688898
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198523369.003.0004
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
Burt's 1961 paper was part of a wider debate on the causes of social class differences in intelligence. Burt held the view that a large part of the heterogeneity in intelligence between social ...
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Burt's 1961 paper was part of a wider debate on the causes of social class differences in intelligence. Burt held the view that a large part of the heterogeneity in intelligence between social classes was due to innate or inherited differences. In this respect he was at odds with some of the leading British sociologists (e.g. Floud and Halsey) who said that class differences in intelligence were the result of differences in environmental conditions. A large part of the introductory section of the paper covers points of agreement and disagreement between Burt and his critics. But the empirical findings presented by Burt in the remainder of the paper were claimed to provide decisive evidence in support of the genetical (polygenic) theory.Less
Burt's 1961 paper was part of a wider debate on the causes of social class differences in intelligence. Burt held the view that a large part of the heterogeneity in intelligence between social classes was due to innate or inherited differences. In this respect he was at odds with some of the leading British sociologists (e.g. Floud and Halsey) who said that class differences in intelligence were the result of differences in environmental conditions. A large part of the introductory section of the paper covers points of agreement and disagreement between Burt and his critics. But the empirical findings presented by Burt in the remainder of the paper were claimed to provide decisive evidence in support of the genetical (polygenic) theory.
Lisa Henderson
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814790571
- eISBN:
- 9780814790595
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814790571.003.0005
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Media Studies
This chapter draws from the works of Dorothy Allison to track class and queer discourses in cultural reception and how those discourses are mediated by gender, race, and trauma. Allison's works ...
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This chapter draws from the works of Dorothy Allison to track class and queer discourses in cultural reception and how those discourses are mediated by gender, race, and trauma. Allison's works inspire a discourse about social class that exposes the layered, recursive language and experience of class difference, hierarchy, and mobility in contemporary United States. The chapter argues that several values of studying class in terms of recognition arise from Allison's works: one finds a conversation and a will to speak that so many critics miss. Another one sees the ways that class moves through social and cognitive space, through time and narration, as a dominant category at some moments and a more oblique one at others, but at all times in relations that are neither scattershot nor fixed, but patterned and creative. Class, again, is queered by recognition in this form, revealing the political potential of culture made public.Less
This chapter draws from the works of Dorothy Allison to track class and queer discourses in cultural reception and how those discourses are mediated by gender, race, and trauma. Allison's works inspire a discourse about social class that exposes the layered, recursive language and experience of class difference, hierarchy, and mobility in contemporary United States. The chapter argues that several values of studying class in terms of recognition arise from Allison's works: one finds a conversation and a will to speak that so many critics miss. Another one sees the ways that class moves through social and cognitive space, through time and narration, as a dominant category at some moments and a more oblique one at others, but at all times in relations that are neither scattershot nor fixed, but patterned and creative. Class, again, is queered by recognition in this form, revealing the political potential of culture made public.
Geri L. Smith
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813033365
- eISBN:
- 9780813038889
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813033365.003.0002
- Subject:
- Literature, Early and Medieval Literature
This chapter presents an overview of the thirteenth-century French pastourelle's principal structuring elements and subject matter, touching upon the genre's apparent preoccupations and possible ...
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This chapter presents an overview of the thirteenth-century French pastourelle's principal structuring elements and subject matter, touching upon the genre's apparent preoccupations and possible socioliterary raison d'être. At the heart of the critical questions surrounding the pastourelle is its volatile mingling of humor, violence, and sex, built on the intersection of gender and class difference. Such elements as the interplay of physicality, speech, and silence feed into the pastourelle's central theme, which is, ultimately, the theme of power. This chapter also considers ways in which the pastourelle hints at certain paradoxes in the courtly love code and lyric discourse, and how it may convey overarching anxieties stemming from changes afoot in French society during this period. It considers the pastourelle in light of evolving literary systems and changing cultural circumstances, audience ideology, intergeneric influences, and intertextuality.Less
This chapter presents an overview of the thirteenth-century French pastourelle's principal structuring elements and subject matter, touching upon the genre's apparent preoccupations and possible socioliterary raison d'être. At the heart of the critical questions surrounding the pastourelle is its volatile mingling of humor, violence, and sex, built on the intersection of gender and class difference. Such elements as the interplay of physicality, speech, and silence feed into the pastourelle's central theme, which is, ultimately, the theme of power. This chapter also considers ways in which the pastourelle hints at certain paradoxes in the courtly love code and lyric discourse, and how it may convey overarching anxieties stemming from changes afoot in French society during this period. It considers the pastourelle in light of evolving literary systems and changing cultural circumstances, audience ideology, intergeneric influences, and intertextuality.
Anders Holm and Mads Meier Jæer
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804783026
- eISBN:
- 9780804784481
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804783026.003.0008
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
This chapter, which assesses IEO in Denmark, building on the basic analyses to consider tripartite outcomes (academic tracks, vocational tracks, and exit), compares parental class and parental ...
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This chapter, which assesses IEO in Denmark, building on the basic analyses to consider tripartite outcomes (academic tracks, vocational tracks, and exit), compares parental class and parental education inequalities at the transition made at age 16 for two cohorts born around 30 years apart. It notes that in Denmark, secondary effects make up the lion's share of observable family background inequalities in the likelihood of succeeding in the academic track in secondary education. Secondary effects arise from social-class differences in educational decision-making strategies, cultural capital, and other noncognitive resources, all factors that have previously been shown to be important in Denmark. The analysis shows that inequality in educational outcomes exists in Denmark and that secondary effects are particularly strong compared to most other countries.Less
This chapter, which assesses IEO in Denmark, building on the basic analyses to consider tripartite outcomes (academic tracks, vocational tracks, and exit), compares parental class and parental education inequalities at the transition made at age 16 for two cohorts born around 30 years apart. It notes that in Denmark, secondary effects make up the lion's share of observable family background inequalities in the likelihood of succeeding in the academic track in secondary education. Secondary effects arise from social-class differences in educational decision-making strategies, cultural capital, and other noncognitive resources, all factors that have previously been shown to be important in Denmark. The analysis shows that inequality in educational outcomes exists in Denmark and that secondary effects are particularly strong compared to most other countries.
N. J. Mackintosh
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198523369
- eISBN:
- 9780191688898
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198523369.003.0007
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
Burt's major theoretical contribution to psychology was surely his work on the development of factor analysis. Unquestionably, it was Burt who was the first to see that the actual pattern of ...
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Burt's major theoretical contribution to psychology was surely his work on the development of factor analysis. Unquestionably, it was Burt who was the first to see that the actual pattern of correlations observed between a large battery of intelligence tests could not be explained simply in terms of Spearman's general factor, but implied the existence of other ‘group’ factors. Of course, the whole issue of social class differences in IQ has been a contentious one, and many critics have denounced IQ tests, and those who devise them, as biased precisely because they appear to reveal differences between the average scores obtained by different social, cultural, or ethnic groups. Burt's paper was widely cited, however, not because it was the first to provide evidence on this topic, but because at first sight the data he presented seemed unusually clear and elegant, and the argument he developed particularly persuasive.Less
Burt's major theoretical contribution to psychology was surely his work on the development of factor analysis. Unquestionably, it was Burt who was the first to see that the actual pattern of correlations observed between a large battery of intelligence tests could not be explained simply in terms of Spearman's general factor, but implied the existence of other ‘group’ factors. Of course, the whole issue of social class differences in IQ has been a contentious one, and many critics have denounced IQ tests, and those who devise them, as biased precisely because they appear to reveal differences between the average scores obtained by different social, cultural, or ethnic groups. Burt's paper was widely cited, however, not because it was the first to provide evidence on this topic, but because at first sight the data he presented seemed unusually clear and elegant, and the argument he developed particularly persuasive.
Sheena Asthana and Joyce Halliday
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781861346742
- eISBN:
- 9781447304258
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781861346742.003.0008
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
This chapter examines the influence of youth culture on social class differences in health behaviours. The findings indicate that problematic risk behaviours such as smoking and hard drug misuse ...
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This chapter examines the influence of youth culture on social class differences in health behaviours. The findings indicate that problematic risk behaviours such as smoking and hard drug misuse during youth are strongly associated with social deprivation and that dietary patterns during childhood and youth vary significantly according to socio-economic status. It also considers the impact of two factors of the socio-economic trajectories of children and young people: education and the experience of being in care.Less
This chapter examines the influence of youth culture on social class differences in health behaviours. The findings indicate that problematic risk behaviours such as smoking and hard drug misuse during youth are strongly associated with social deprivation and that dietary patterns during childhood and youth vary significantly according to socio-economic status. It also considers the impact of two factors of the socio-economic trajectories of children and young people: education and the experience of being in care.
Ginger S. Frost
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719077364
- eISBN:
- 9781781700723
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719077364.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Social History
This is a book-length study of cohabitation in nineteenth-century England, based on research into the lives of hundreds of couples. ‘Common-law’ marriages did not have any legal basis, so the ...
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This is a book-length study of cohabitation in nineteenth-century England, based on research into the lives of hundreds of couples. ‘Common-law’ marriages did not have any legal basis, so the Victorian courts had to wrestle with unions that resembled marriage in every way, yet did not meet its most basic requirements. The majority of those who lived in irregular unions did so because they could not marry legally. Others, though, chose not to marry, from indifference, from class differences, or because they dissented from marriage for philosophical reasons. This book looks at each motivation in turn, highlighting class, gender and generational differences, as well as the reactions of wider kin and community. It shows how these couples slowly widened the definition of legal marriage, preparing the way for the more substantial changes of the twentieth century.Less
This is a book-length study of cohabitation in nineteenth-century England, based on research into the lives of hundreds of couples. ‘Common-law’ marriages did not have any legal basis, so the Victorian courts had to wrestle with unions that resembled marriage in every way, yet did not meet its most basic requirements. The majority of those who lived in irregular unions did so because they could not marry legally. Others, though, chose not to marry, from indifference, from class differences, or because they dissented from marriage for philosophical reasons. This book looks at each motivation in turn, highlighting class, gender and generational differences, as well as the reactions of wider kin and community. It shows how these couples slowly widened the definition of legal marriage, preparing the way for the more substantial changes of the twentieth century.
Janet K. Shim
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814786833
- eISBN:
- 9781479866748
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814786833.003.0005
- Subject:
- Sociology, Health, Illness, and Medicine
This chapter discusses the consensus between epidemiologic researchers and people with heart disease on the relevance of social class differences for health. Both groups agree that the consequences ...
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This chapter discusses the consensus between epidemiologic researchers and people with heart disease on the relevance of social class differences for health. Both groups agree that the consequences of class differences for heart disease resides in the illness' multiple and complex effects, in conjunction with race and gender, on people's exposures to risks—economic insecurity, constrained occupational and educational opportunities, and the stress of living in hostile environments. Moreover, they spoke of class as determining access to heterogeneous kinds of resources like quality medical services, health-related information, and nutritious foods. The chapter ends by considering current epidemiologic conventions regarding the measurement and conceptualization of class forces in shaping cardiovascular risk.Less
This chapter discusses the consensus between epidemiologic researchers and people with heart disease on the relevance of social class differences for health. Both groups agree that the consequences of class differences for heart disease resides in the illness' multiple and complex effects, in conjunction with race and gender, on people's exposures to risks—economic insecurity, constrained occupational and educational opportunities, and the stress of living in hostile environments. Moreover, they spoke of class as determining access to heterogeneous kinds of resources like quality medical services, health-related information, and nutritious foods. The chapter ends by considering current epidemiologic conventions regarding the measurement and conceptualization of class forces in shaping cardiovascular risk.
