Lucy Riall
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206804
- eISBN:
- 9780191677311
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206804.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History, Political History
This chapter examines the breakdown of authority in Sicily during the period from 1862 to 1863. When the local government failed to control the disorder caused by the brigands, mafia, and ...
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This chapter examines the breakdown of authority in Sicily during the period from 1862 to 1863. When the local government failed to control the disorder caused by the brigands, mafia, and draft-evaders, the Italian government intervened. The evidence from this campaign suggests that it was the civilian government's basic ineffectiveness, as much as an attempt to criminalize or otherwise categorize political opposition, which led to systematic use of special powers.Less
This chapter examines the breakdown of authority in Sicily during the period from 1862 to 1863. When the local government failed to control the disorder caused by the brigands, mafia, and draft-evaders, the Italian government intervened. The evidence from this campaign suggests that it was the civilian government's basic ineffectiveness, as much as an attempt to criminalize or otherwise categorize political opposition, which led to systematic use of special powers.
Doloris Coulter Cogan
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824830892
- eISBN:
- 9780824869212
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824830892.003.0006
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Pacific Studies
This chapter discusses the support for civilian government for Guam and all Pacific islands. In an address before the Hawaiian Legislature on February 28, 1947, Interior Secretary Julius A. Krug said ...
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This chapter discusses the support for civilian government for Guam and all Pacific islands. In an address before the Hawaiian Legislature on February 28, 1947, Interior Secretary Julius A. Krug said that “the native populations of Guam and American Samoa have made great progress under naval administration. But now they are ready for the next step in the American tradition, which is civil political administration, responsible to the people who are governed.” Back in Washington, on March 7, he testified before the House Public Lands Committee, saying that he was “very certain” that a greater degree of self-rule for the Pacific islands was desirable. On this same day the proposed trusteeship agreement covering most of the islands of Micronesia was put before the Security Council, where the United States could exercise a veto, instead of the General Assembly, where issues would be decided by majority vote. On March 24, 1947, Representative Norris Poulson (R., Calif.) introduced H.R. 2753, proposing U.S. citizenship and an organic act for the people of Guam. On April 9, an identical bill, S. 1078, was introduced by Hugh A. Butler (R., Nebr.) in the Senate.Less
This chapter discusses the support for civilian government for Guam and all Pacific islands. In an address before the Hawaiian Legislature on February 28, 1947, Interior Secretary Julius A. Krug said that “the native populations of Guam and American Samoa have made great progress under naval administration. But now they are ready for the next step in the American tradition, which is civil political administration, responsible to the people who are governed.” Back in Washington, on March 7, he testified before the House Public Lands Committee, saying that he was “very certain” that a greater degree of self-rule for the Pacific islands was desirable. On this same day the proposed trusteeship agreement covering most of the islands of Micronesia was put before the Security Council, where the United States could exercise a veto, instead of the General Assembly, where issues would be decided by majority vote. On March 24, 1947, Representative Norris Poulson (R., Calif.) introduced H.R. 2753, proposing U.S. citizenship and an organic act for the people of Guam. On April 9, an identical bill, S. 1078, was introduced by Hugh A. Butler (R., Nebr.) in the Senate.
Robert F. Rogers
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824833343
- eISBN:
- 9780824870287
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824833343.003.0013
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Pacific Studies
This chapter highlights the transformations taking place in Guam after the passage of the Organic Act, 1950. The Organic Act, passed by the U.S. Congress without a vote on it by the people of Guam, ...
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This chapter highlights the transformations taking place in Guam after the passage of the Organic Act, 1950. The Organic Act, passed by the U.S. Congress without a vote on it by the people of Guam, made Guamanians U.S. citizens, established civilian government, and remains the basic law of the island until the local people approve a constitution of their own. The first few years after passage of the Organic Act produced an intense but progressive governmental transformation on Guam. Prior to the act, the navy administered Guam as a military base with the island’s civil government of minor priority within the military chain of command in the Pacific under CINCPAC in Hawaiʻi. After the act, the island government’s responsibilities expanded with direct civilian links to the Congress and to the executive branch.Less
This chapter highlights the transformations taking place in Guam after the passage of the Organic Act, 1950. The Organic Act, passed by the U.S. Congress without a vote on it by the people of Guam, made Guamanians U.S. citizens, established civilian government, and remains the basic law of the island until the local people approve a constitution of their own. The first few years after passage of the Organic Act produced an intense but progressive governmental transformation on Guam. Prior to the act, the navy administered Guam as a military base with the island’s civil government of minor priority within the military chain of command in the Pacific under CINCPAC in Hawaiʻi. After the act, the island government’s responsibilities expanded with direct civilian links to the Congress and to the executive branch.
Doloris Coulter Cogan
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824830892
- eISBN:
- 9780824869212
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824830892.003.0007
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Pacific Studies
On June 18, 1947, the Secretaries of State, War, Navy, and the Interior, finally sent to President Truman their recommendation on how the Pacific islands should be administered. They recommended that ...
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On June 18, 1947, the Secretaries of State, War, Navy, and the Interior, finally sent to President Truman their recommendation on how the Pacific islands should be administered. They recommended that legislation for Guam “be enacted at this session” of Congress, that legislation for American Samoa be presented to the next session, and that organic legislation for the Trust Territory be prepared sometime after the Security Council acted favorably on the agreement to be presented for approval shortly. The announced agreement, however, was full of ambiguities. It was made to look as if all four departments favored civilian government for the Pacific islands, but there was a conditional provision in Section 4 postponing the transfer of administration to an unnamed civilian agency to “the earliest practicable date, such date to be determined by the President.” Meanwhile, the Navy should continue to have administrative responsibility on an interim basis pending the transfer. This chapter presents the author's account of the reactions to this new development, which were published in the Guam Echo.Less
On June 18, 1947, the Secretaries of State, War, Navy, and the Interior, finally sent to President Truman their recommendation on how the Pacific islands should be administered. They recommended that legislation for Guam “be enacted at this session” of Congress, that legislation for American Samoa be presented to the next session, and that organic legislation for the Trust Territory be prepared sometime after the Security Council acted favorably on the agreement to be presented for approval shortly. The announced agreement, however, was full of ambiguities. It was made to look as if all four departments favored civilian government for the Pacific islands, but there was a conditional provision in Section 4 postponing the transfer of administration to an unnamed civilian agency to “the earliest practicable date, such date to be determined by the President.” Meanwhile, the Navy should continue to have administrative responsibility on an interim basis pending the transfer. This chapter presents the author's account of the reactions to this new development, which were published in the Guam Echo.
Doloris Coulter Cogan
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824830892
- eISBN:
- 9780824869212
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824830892.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Pacific Studies
This book is a carefully documented yet impassioned recollection of Guam's struggle to liberate itself from the absolutist rule of the U.S. Navy. It concentrates on five crucial years, 1945–1950, ...
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This book is a carefully documented yet impassioned recollection of Guam's struggle to liberate itself from the absolutist rule of the U.S. Navy. It concentrates on five crucial years, 1945–1950, when the author, fresh out of journalism school, joined the team of idealists at the newly formed Institute of Ethnic Affairs in Washington, D.C. Working as a writer/editor on the monthly Guam Echo under the leadership of the Institute's director, John Collier, the author witnessed and recorded the battle fought at the very top between Collier and Navy Secretary James V. Forrestal as the people of Guam petitioned the U.S. Congress for civilian government under a constitution. Taken up by newspapers throughout the country, this war of words illustrated how much freedom of the press plays in achieving and sustaining true democracy. Part of the story centers around a young Chamorro named Carlos Taitano, who returned home to Guam in 1948 after serving in the U.S. Army in the Pacific. Taitano joined his colleagues in the lower house and walked out of the Guam Congress in 1949 to protest the naval governor, who had refused their right to subpoena an American businessman suspected of illegal activity. The walkout was the catalyst that brought approval of the Organic Act of Guam, which was signed into law by President Truman in 1950. This is the first detailed look at the events surrounding Guam's elevation from military to civilian government.Less
This book is a carefully documented yet impassioned recollection of Guam's struggle to liberate itself from the absolutist rule of the U.S. Navy. It concentrates on five crucial years, 1945–1950, when the author, fresh out of journalism school, joined the team of idealists at the newly formed Institute of Ethnic Affairs in Washington, D.C. Working as a writer/editor on the monthly Guam Echo under the leadership of the Institute's director, John Collier, the author witnessed and recorded the battle fought at the very top between Collier and Navy Secretary James V. Forrestal as the people of Guam petitioned the U.S. Congress for civilian government under a constitution. Taken up by newspapers throughout the country, this war of words illustrated how much freedom of the press plays in achieving and sustaining true democracy. Part of the story centers around a young Chamorro named Carlos Taitano, who returned home to Guam in 1948 after serving in the U.S. Army in the Pacific. Taitano joined his colleagues in the lower house and walked out of the Guam Congress in 1949 to protest the naval governor, who had refused their right to subpoena an American businessman suspected of illegal activity. The walkout was the catalyst that brought approval of the Organic Act of Guam, which was signed into law by President Truman in 1950. This is the first detailed look at the events surrounding Guam's elevation from military to civilian government.
Susan C. Stokes
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520086173
- eISBN:
- 9780520916234
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520086173.003.0005
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Latin American Cultural Anthropology
This chapter provides a line-grained analysis of the political action and worldviews of Independencia's inhabitants, revealing a bifurcated local political culture reflecting the shift to a movement ...
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This chapter provides a line-grained analysis of the political action and worldviews of Independencia's inhabitants, revealing a bifurcated local political culture reflecting the shift to a movement politics along with the survival of clientelism. Decades of clientelist ties between the state and the poor during the period of the oligarchic state, the new ethic of participation of the Velasco era, and the reproduction of both clientelism and a movement politics with the revival of civilian government all encouraged a complex political culture among the urban poor. This culture exhibited two distinct and conflicting patterns of belief and action, labeled clientelism and radicalism.Less
This chapter provides a line-grained analysis of the political action and worldviews of Independencia's inhabitants, revealing a bifurcated local political culture reflecting the shift to a movement politics along with the survival of clientelism. Decades of clientelist ties between the state and the poor during the period of the oligarchic state, the new ethic of participation of the Velasco era, and the reproduction of both clientelism and a movement politics with the revival of civilian government all encouraged a complex political culture among the urban poor. This culture exhibited two distinct and conflicting patterns of belief and action, labeled clientelism and radicalism.
Robin McNeal
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824831202
- eISBN:
- 9780824869441
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824831202.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
China's Warring States era (c. fifth–third centuries BCE) was the setting for an explosion of textual production, and one of the most sophisticated and enduring genres of writing from this period was ...
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China's Warring States era (c. fifth–third centuries BCE) was the setting for an explosion of textual production, and one of the most sophisticated and enduring genres of writing from this period was the military text. Social and political changes were driven in large part by the increasing scope and scale of warfare, and some of the best minds of the day devoted their attention to the systematic analysis of all factors involved in waging war. This book makes available a corpus of military texts from a long-neglected Warring States compendium of historical, political, military, and ritual writings known as the Yi Zhou shu, or Remainder of the Zhou Documents. The texts articulate the relationship between military conquest of an enemy and incorporation of conquered territories into one's civilian government, expressed dynamically through the paired Chinese concept of wen and wu, the civil and the martial. Exploring this conceptual dyad provides an alternative view of the social and intellectual history of classical China—one based not primarily on philosophical works but on a complex array of ideological writings concerned with the just, effective, and appropriate use of state power. In addition, the book presents a careful reconstruction of the poetic structure of these texts; analyzes their place in the broader discourse on warfare and governance in early China; introduces the many text historical problems of the Yi Zhou shu itself; and offers a synthetic analysis of early Chinese thinking about warfare, strategy, and the early state's use of coercive power.Less
China's Warring States era (c. fifth–third centuries BCE) was the setting for an explosion of textual production, and one of the most sophisticated and enduring genres of writing from this period was the military text. Social and political changes were driven in large part by the increasing scope and scale of warfare, and some of the best minds of the day devoted their attention to the systematic analysis of all factors involved in waging war. This book makes available a corpus of military texts from a long-neglected Warring States compendium of historical, political, military, and ritual writings known as the Yi Zhou shu, or Remainder of the Zhou Documents. The texts articulate the relationship between military conquest of an enemy and incorporation of conquered territories into one's civilian government, expressed dynamically through the paired Chinese concept of wen and wu, the civil and the martial. Exploring this conceptual dyad provides an alternative view of the social and intellectual history of classical China—one based not primarily on philosophical works but on a complex array of ideological writings concerned with the just, effective, and appropriate use of state power. In addition, the book presents a careful reconstruction of the poetic structure of these texts; analyzes their place in the broader discourse on warfare and governance in early China; introduces the many text historical problems of the Yi Zhou shu itself; and offers a synthetic analysis of early Chinese thinking about warfare, strategy, and the early state's use of coercive power.
Steven A. Cook
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- June 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190876081
- eISBN:
- 9780190943097
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190876081.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Conflict Politics and Policy
Steven Cook’s contribution adopts a comparative approach by putting the Egyptian case in perspective with Turkey and Libya. The Turkish case shows that while a civilian government has the ability to ...
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Steven Cook’s contribution adopts a comparative approach by putting the Egyptian case in perspective with Turkey and Libya. The Turkish case shows that while a civilian government has the ability to domesticate an army, this does not guarantee a democratic outcome. And the Libyan case demonstrates that, contrary to some of the optimistic assumptions prevalent in 2011, having “not enough” military poses other challenges in terms of national cohesion and security.Less
Steven Cook’s contribution adopts a comparative approach by putting the Egyptian case in perspective with Turkey and Libya. The Turkish case shows that while a civilian government has the ability to domesticate an army, this does not guarantee a democratic outcome. And the Libyan case demonstrates that, contrary to some of the optimistic assumptions prevalent in 2011, having “not enough” military poses other challenges in terms of national cohesion and security.
