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‘Guardians of the Faith’: The Established Churches of the United Kingdom, 1801–1828

Stewart J. Brown

in The National Churches of England, Ireland, and Scotland 1801-46

This chapter discusses the three established churches of England, Ireland, and Scotland, and the respective conditions between the years 1801 and 1828. It reveals that the churches were a ... More

This chapter discusses the three established churches of England, Ireland, and Scotland, and the respective conditions between the years 1801 and 1828. It reveals that the churches were a semi-confessional Protestant State, and were considered the religious authority at that time. Parishes were the fundamental unit of both ecclesiastical and civil government. The churches of England and Ireland were Episcopalian in nature, while Scotland was Presbyterian. The chapter explains how the three churches responded to dissent and the formation of new dissent churches. It also discusses the formation of church parties and the controversies that arose from them.Less

Legal Foundations of Colonial Rule

Lanny Thompson

in Imperial Archipelago: Representation and Rule in the Insular Territories under U.S. Dominion after 1898

This chapter explores the connections between representations of alterity as a means to conceive, mobilize, and justify imperial rule and the concrete forms of government established throughout the ... More

This chapter explores the connections between representations of alterity as a means to conceive, mobilize, and justify imperial rule and the concrete forms of government established throughout the imperial archipelago. It argues that the elaboration of cultural difference was fundamental in the conceptualization and establishment of different governments, in particular the civil governments for the Philippines and Puerto Rico. Throughout the legal debates, official reports, court decisions, and congressional debates, participants used the metaphors of femininity, childishness, and race to evaluate the capacity of the various subject peoples for self-government. These representations expressed the cultural contrasts of the various peoples and served to devise and justify particular strategies of government. The chapter examines how legal scholars, Congress, colonial administrators, and the Supreme Court devised the means of governing overseas possessions based upon notions of difference not only between the United States and the subject peoples but also among the subject peoples themselves. It focuses on the second part of the imperial problem: how to rule.Less

The Return of Civil Government

Mark L. Bradley

in Bluecoats and Tar Heels: Soldiers and Civilians in Reconstruction North Carolina

After General Ruger gained command of the Department of North Carolina, he initiated the transfer of authority to the civil officers of the state. However, Governor Holden articulated several ... More

After General Ruger gained command of the Department of North Carolina, he initiated the transfer of authority to the civil officers of the state. However, Governor Holden articulated several complaints regarding some black soldiers and how, military improperly interfered with various civil affairs, and how civil authority continued to persist in the Tar Heel State. In disagreement, Ruger emphasized the effectiveness of martial law and how he was capable of intervening in civil affairs to bring about his desired outcomes. As this chapter provides a brief background on Brig. Gen. Thomas H. Ruger, it is important to note that the differences between the two men had to be resolved before the civil government may be re-established in North Carolina. The chapter also illustrates the transition from a military to a civil government across the state.Less

Roman Law ad 200–400: From Cosmopolis to Rechtstaat?

Tony Honoré

in Approaching Late Antiquity: The Transformation from Early to Late Empire

How did Roman civil government evolve between ad 200 and 400? The period stretches from the Severan age, when citizenship was extended to all free people of the Empire, to the years following the ... More

How did Roman civil government evolve between ad 200 and 400? The period stretches from the Severan age, when citizenship was extended to all free people of the Empire, to the years following the death of Theodosius I in 395. The administration of the eastern empire then survived the threat from foreign military commanders, while the western administration was dominated by Stilicho, a half-foreign general. This chapter presents an unorthodox view of legal and constitutional developments during this period. The view rejects the straightforward model of decline, and seeks to strike a balance between elements of decline and elements of progress, elements of continuity and elements of change. It is argued that the ordinary man or woman, the artisan, tradesman, municipal councillor or minor official, as opposed to the wealthy landowner, was better protected in ad 400, in the East at least, than he or she had been under the Principate.Less

Men, Women, and Moral Jurisdiction: ‘The Friar's Tale’, ‘The Physician's Tale’, and the Pardoner

Alcuin Blamires

in Chaucer, Ethics, and Gender

This chapter argues that jurisdiction was not only a politically charged topic — following Wyclif’s intervention in it — but also one of great ethical concern to Chaucer. The Friar’s Tale combines ... More

This chapter argues that jurisdiction was not only a politically charged topic — following Wyclif’s intervention in it — but also one of great ethical concern to Chaucer. The Friar’s Tale combines both aspects in its focus on the hot topic of excommunication as the apex of the church’s abuse of jurisdiction. The widow of the tale epitomizes moral lay triumph over counterfeit ecclesiastical power by reversing the concept of the ‘curse’ (excommunication). The Physician’s Tale pursues counterfeit jurisdiction in civil government, in a design that shows Chaucer experimenting with the sort of macrocosm-and-microcosm structuring favoured by some contemporaries. The Pardoner embodies in the ‘present’ of the pilgrimage the most insidious threat posed by perversion of jurisdiction.Less

How to Mind Your Own Business

Jonathan McKenzie

in The Political Thought of Henry David Thoreau: Privatism and the Practice of Philosophy

Critics have long been unable to square Henry D. Thoreau’s individualist philosophy with his intermittent political participation. In order to clarify Thoreau’s intentions, this chapter offers an ... More

Critics have long been unable to square Henry D. Thoreau’s individualist philosophy with his intermittent political participation. In order to clarify Thoreau’s intentions, this chapter offers an explication of Thoreau’s defense of political indifference as a unique and challenging response to the United States’ political problems during the mid-nineteenth century. Paying particular attention to Thoreau’s reform papers, this chapter argues that Thoreau’s political participation is a deviation from his philosophical platform, and not an expression of that platform’s principles.Less

Military Rule by Default: Schofield’s One-Month Regime

Mark L. Bradley

in Bluecoats and Tar Heels: Soldiers and Civilians in Reconstruction North Carolina

Since General Schofield served as the North Carolina's occupation commander, he had to deal with a state that was short of a civil government. The refutation of the first agreement proposed by ... More

Since General Schofield served as the North Carolina's occupation commander, he had to deal with a state that was short of a civil government. The refutation of the first agreement proposed by Sherman reinforced how the General Assembly, the governor, and other officials on both the local and the state levels were no longer allowed to go back to their previous responsibilities. Compared to other states, North Carolina did not foster a Lincoln-sponsored Unionist government. Edward Stanly, a native Tar Heel, assumed the position of military governor after he had been appointed by Lincoln but he soon resigned because of the Emancipation Proclamation. As Lincoln moved that a Unionist government be imposed, North Carolina remained under martial law until the civil government was restored. This chapter illustrates how Schofield was able to issue certain orders regarding the war's end and emancipation during his relatively short regime.Less

‘A carefull father for this poore realm’

Christopher Maginn

in William Cecil, Ireland, and the Tudor State

This chapter considers contemporary perceptions of William Cecil and his relationship with Ireland. Described by some as the ‘careful father’ of the kingdom of Ireland, and yet resented by some in ... More

This chapter considers contemporary perceptions of William Cecil and his relationship with Ireland. Described by some as the ‘careful father’ of the kingdom of Ireland, and yet resented by some in the army for allegedly placing the preservation of the queen's treasure before the well-being of those many thousands of men fighting her wars, this chapter will explore the extent to which Burghley's association with Ireland entered into political, and where possible public, consciousness.Less

Political Science

Tita Chico

in The Experimental Imagination: Literary Knowledge and Science in the British Enlightenment

Late seventeenth-century natural philosophers inherited the conjunction of politics and science at the core of Francis Bacon’s experimental project. Thomas Sprat’s The History of the Royal Society, ... More

Late seventeenth-century natural philosophers inherited the conjunction of politics and science at the core of Francis Bacon’s experimental project. Thomas Sprat’s The History of the Royal Society, Margaret Cavendish’s The Blazing World, and Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels use the conventions of literary knowledge to express their scientific-political visions, insisting that natural philosophy cannot be understood apart from the political institutions enabling and enabled by its practice and promulgation. These writers use the experimental imagination to envisage, in turn, civil government, absolutist monarchy, and imperialism. Sprat advances scientific triumphalism and a model for schooling gentlemen into civil society.Less

Roman Christian Monopoly in the Early Medieval Period

Robert B. Ekelund Jr. and Robert D. Tollison

in Economic Origins of Roman Christianity

This chapter discusses how the Roman Church reached the levels of power achieved in the High Middle Ages. There were three critical problems that needed to be solved: (i) competition, conflict, and ... More

This chapter discusses how the Roman Church reached the levels of power achieved in the High Middle Ages. There were three critical problems that needed to be solved: (i) competition, conflict, and concordance with civil governments; (ii) continuation of the claims and definition of Roman papal dominance within the vertical integration of a hierarchical church; and (iii) competition within the Christian church for absolute authority over Western European Christians.Less

“Delineation” and Restoration, 1942–1943

Harry N. Scheiber and Jane L. Scheiber

in Bayonets in Paradise: Martial Law in Hawai'i during World War II

During 1942 and 1943, Stainback, now governor, joined by Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes and Attorney General Francis Biddle, pressured the War Department and President Roosevelt to order at ... More

During 1942 and 1943, Stainback, now governor, joined by Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes and Attorney General Francis Biddle, pressured the War Department and President Roosevelt to order at least a partial restoration of civilian authority in the Islands. In August 1942 they concluded an agreement for “delineation” of functions, restoring partial jurisdiction by civilian courts over criminal law matters, but with military tribunals still exercising jurisdiction over the 80,000 civilians engaged in defense-related work. The Military Governor issued new orders that apparently negated key parts of the agreement, leading to an intensification of the pressures on the War Department. After additional interdepartmental meetings in Washington, further modifications were ordered; and the President finally intervened personally, requiring some restoration of government functions to the civilian officials. He also instructed that General Green, the Executive, should be replaced. “Restoration Day” was celebrated in March, 1943. Nonetheless, habeas remained suspended and the Army still retained final authority in areas of Hawai`i life related to defense.Less

The Alchemy of English: Colonial State-Building and the Imperial Origins of American Literary Study

Meg Wesling

in Empire's Proxy: American Literature and U.S. Imperialism in the Philippines

This chapter looks at the archives of the U.S. civil government in the Philippines to trace the pedagogy of English in the islands. The English language was posited as the lingua franca of democracy ... More

This chapter looks at the archives of the U.S. civil government in the Philippines to trace the pedagogy of English in the islands. The English language was posited as the lingua franca of democracy in the Philippines precisely because of the symbolic capital attributed to American and English literature at the end of the nineteenth century in the United States as the marker of education, taste, and elevated class status. Thus, English was imposed upon the polyglot nation of the Philippines as a new language of dominance and a new signifying system, the language itself heralded as the “alchemy” that would transform resistant, racialized Filipino subjects into willing colonial subjects.Less

Godly Government during a Time of Crisis

Lemuel Haynes

in Early Evangelicalism: A Reader

This chapter presents excerpts from Lemuel Haynes's The Influence of Civil Government on Religion, a sermon delivered at Rutland, West Parish, in Vermont on September 4, 1798. Haynes was an American ... More

This chapter presents excerpts from Lemuel Haynes's The Influence of Civil Government on Religion, a sermon delivered at Rutland, West Parish, in Vermont on September 4, 1798. Haynes was an American abolitionist, revivalist, and theologian who grew up an indentured servant on the Massachusetts frontier. He joined the minutemen in 1774 and served as a soldier in the War of Independence. After the War, Haynes was tutored by the New Divinity minister Daniel Farrand of Canaan, Connecticut, becoming a stalwart of evangelical Calvinism. In 1788 he took a post at a Congregational church in Rutland, Vermont. Like other New Divinity men, Haynes interpreted the slave trade and slavery as part of God's providential design. He was an orthodox preacher, a revivalist, and an adherent of Revolutionary-era republicanism. In The Influence of Civil Government on Religion, Haynes contrasted a godly American government guided by George Washington and John Adams to the chaotic and sinful French Reign of Terror.Less

Reorientations:: The Collapse of the Mission and the Rebirth of the Yaqui Towns, 1744–1810

Raphael Brewster Folsom

in Yaquis and the Empire: Violence, Spanish Imperial Power, and Native Resilience in Colonial Mexico

This chapter focuses on the collapse of the Spanish empire's Yaqui mission and the rebirth of the Yaqui mission towns in Mexico during the period 1744–1810. After the insurrection of 1740 and the ... More

This chapter focuses on the collapse of the Spanish empire's Yaqui mission and the rebirth of the Yaqui mission towns in Mexico during the period 1744–1810. After the insurrection of 1740 and the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1767, the Yaquis progressively appropriated the levers of power in the eight Yaqui towns. They worked extensively in the mines and enterprises of north Mexico and forged deep ties with the empire's civil government. This chapter examines how the Yaquis were able to integrate themselves deeply into the global structures of empire while negotiating for greater political autonomy and pursuing a creative program of cultural bricolage.Less

Commandant St. Ange de Bellerive

Carl J. Ekberg and Sharon K. Person

in St. Louis Rising: The French Regime of Louis St. Ange de Bellerive

This chapter focuses on Louis St. Ange de Bellerive's time as commandant at St. Louis. As of the spring of 1765, no government existed at what would eventually become St. Louis. This would change by ... More

This chapter focuses on Louis St. Ange de Bellerive's time as commandant at St. Louis. As of the spring of 1765, no government existed at what would eventually become St. Louis. This would change by the end of year, when St. Ange arrived and established a civil government six months before there was any ecclesiastical presence in the settlement. Crossing the Mississippi with St. Ange were Joseph-François Lefebvre, chief magistrate in the Illinios Country, and notary Charles-Joseph Labuxière. The chapter begins with an overview of St. Ange's administration of St. Louis as the seat of his government in Upper Louisiana and goes on to discuss the revolt that erupted in New Orleans against Antonio de Ulloa and Spanish rule in Louisiana in October 1768. It also recounts the murder of the Odawa leader Pontiac by a Peoria Indian on April 20, 1769, that threw the entire Illinois Country into turmoil. Finally, it considers the Black Legend, an accumulation of propaganda and Hispanophobia that painted Spain as an evil colonial power.Less

Guam Assembly Walkout Spurs Congress

Doloris Coulter Cogan

in We Fought the Navy and Won: Guam's Quest for Democracy

This chapter presents the author's account of the walkout staged by the Guam Assembly on March 5, 1949, to protest what it believed was an attempt by the United States Navy to curtail its legislative ... More

This chapter presents the author's account of the walkout staged by the Guam Assembly on March 5, 1949, to protest what it believed was an attempt by the United States Navy to curtail its legislative authority. The walkout occurred after the Navy government refused to allow contempt warrants to be served on a civil service employee charged with refusing to answer questions of a congressional committee. Assemblyman Carlos Taitano said the Assembly would remain in adjournment until the U.S. Congress acts on a bill to give Guam organic and civil government. By the end of March, the Institute of Ethnic Affairs had the full story of the Guam Congress revolt, pieced together from various contacts. The story was printed in the March–April 1949 News Letter, which was widely distributed in Washington and Guam.Less

Rewards and Hazards of the Legal Profession

in The Medieval Origins of the Legal Profession: Canonists, Civilians, and Courts

This chapter discusses the rewards and hazards of the legal profession. In addition to material prizes, the legal profession's intangible rewards were far from negligible. Some students considered ... More

This chapter discusses the rewards and hazards of the legal profession. In addition to material prizes, the legal profession's intangible rewards were far from negligible. Some students considered law a more attractive field of study than theology because it afforded them a measure of intellectual freedom. Lawyers were less hemmed in than theologians were by dogmatic boundaries that they could cross only at personal peril. This was crucial for canon law, which lay at the point where law and theology intersected. Canonists explored and developed novel ideas about such basic issues as natural rights, representation and consent, the corporate structure of ecclesiastical and civil government, the right to wage war, limits on the authority of popes, bishops, and cardinals, or even monarchs, more freely than their colleagues in the theological faculty could entertain novel hypotheses about such matters as the Trinity, the Eucharist, free will, or apostolic poverty.Less

Henry David Thoreau

Russell B. Goodman

in American Philosophy before Pragmatism

Thoreau, playing Aristotle to Emerson’s Plato, starts with the particular: this day on the river, this conversation with a friend, this particular evening on Walden Pond, this cabin, this ... More

Thoreau, playing Aristotle to Emerson’s Plato, starts with the particular: this day on the river, this conversation with a friend, this particular evening on Walden Pond, this cabin, this distribution of flowers on a day in August, 1851. He writes about himself, but he also writes for his audience: to wake us up, as he puts it, to rouse us from our lives of routine and “quiet desperation.” The discussion of Walden here is organized under the following headings: philosophy as a way of life, economy, reading and writing, Thoreau and the body, winter and spring. The chapter also considers Thoreau’s Journal, which he considered a separate work with its own forms of intimacy with nature; then his political writings including “Slavery in Massachusetts” and “Resistance to Civil Government.” It concludes with a section on wildness, drawing especially on the essay “Walking.”Less

Greek Salonika

Michael Llewellyn-Smith

in Venizelos: The Making of a Greek Statesman 1864-1914

Salonika (Thessaloniki) was the great prize of the war. Having got there first, the Greeks were determined to hold onto it and repel Bulgarian attempts to assert their claim. Venizelos's main effort ... More

Salonika (Thessaloniki) was the great prize of the war. Having got there first, the Greeks were determined to hold onto it and repel Bulgarian attempts to assert their claim. Venizelos's main effort went into establishing strong civil government, restoring trade and dealing with refugee relief. His appointments (Raktivan as governor, Negrepontis for refugees) reflected this. The indigenous population, especially the large Jewish community, were mainly indifferent or hostile to the Greek occupation. Although the new Greek administration proclaimed equal rights for all, some non-Greek peoples, especially Muslims, began to be squeezed out, emigrating to Asia Minor. Opposition politicians in Athens (Theotokis, Rallis, Gounaris) criticized Venizelos for alleged weakness in dealing with Bulgarian claims, while Bishop Chrysostom of Smyrna urged him to dictate a harsh piece to the Muslims, favoring the Christians of Asia Minor.Less