Geoffrey Finlayson
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198227601
- eISBN:
- 9780191678752
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198227601.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter examines the role of collectivism and convergence in the relations between citizen, state, and social welfare in Great Britain during the period from 1880 to 1914. During this period the ...
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This chapter examines the role of collectivism and convergence in the relations between citizen, state, and social welfare in Great Britain during the period from 1880 to 1914. During this period the mixed economy remained mixed but not in the same proportion with the previous period. By 1914 the proportion belonging to the state has grown and the principles on which that growth has taken place still allowed cooperation between voluntarists and the state based on negative rather than positive principles.Less
This chapter examines the role of collectivism and convergence in the relations between citizen, state, and social welfare in Great Britain during the period from 1880 to 1914. During this period the mixed economy remained mixed but not in the same proportion with the previous period. By 1914 the proportion belonging to the state has grown and the principles on which that growth has taken place still allowed cooperation between voluntarists and the state based on negative rather than positive principles.
Roger Brock and Stephen Hodkinson (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199258109
- eISBN:
- 9780191717697
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199258109.001.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, World History: BCE to 500CE
In 1993 the world celebrated the 2500th anniversary of the birth of democracy in ancient Athens, whose polis — or citizen state — is often viewed as the model ancient Greek state. In an age when ...
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In 1993 the world celebrated the 2500th anniversary of the birth of democracy in ancient Athens, whose polis — or citizen state — is often viewed as the model ancient Greek state. In an age when democracy has apparently triumphed following the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe, it tends to be forgetten that the democratic citizen state was only one of many forms of political community in Greek antiquity. This volume aims to redress the balance by showing that democratic Athens was not the model ancient Greek state, and focuses on a range of city states operating a variety of non-democratic political systems in the ancient Greek world. Eighteen essays by established and younger historians examine alternative political systems and ideologies: oligarchies, monarchies, and mixed constitutions, along with diverse forms of communal and regional associations such as ethnoi, amphiktyonies, and confederacies. The papers, which span the length and breadth of the Hellenic world from the Balkans and Anatolia to Magna Graecia and North Africa, highlight the immense political flexibility and diversity of ancient Greek civilization.Less
In 1993 the world celebrated the 2500th anniversary of the birth of democracy in ancient Athens, whose polis — or citizen state — is often viewed as the model ancient Greek state. In an age when democracy has apparently triumphed following the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe, it tends to be forgetten that the democratic citizen state was only one of many forms of political community in Greek antiquity. This volume aims to redress the balance by showing that democratic Athens was not the model ancient Greek state, and focuses on a range of city states operating a variety of non-democratic political systems in the ancient Greek world. Eighteen essays by established and younger historians examine alternative political systems and ideologies: oligarchies, monarchies, and mixed constitutions, along with diverse forms of communal and regional associations such as ethnoi, amphiktyonies, and confederacies. The papers, which span the length and breadth of the Hellenic world from the Balkans and Anatolia to Magna Graecia and North Africa, highlight the immense political flexibility and diversity of ancient Greek civilization.
Paul Cartledge
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199693627
- eISBN:
- 9780191741258
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199693627.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Ancient Greece comprised 1000 or so political entities at any time between about 600 and 300 BC. Wars between the Greek citizen-states were pretty much endemic, the most notorious and destructive ...
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Ancient Greece comprised 1000 or so political entities at any time between about 600 and 300 BC. Wars between the Greek citizen-states were pretty much endemic, the most notorious and destructive being the so-called ‘Peloponnesian War’ between Sparta and Athens and their respective allies (431–404). This chapter explores the nature of Greek interstate and international warfare, and unpacks the Greeks' ideas and vocabulary of surrender, with special reference to the relationship between man-made laws and overarching religious sanctions. Four case-studies, drawn from the Atheno-Spartan Peloponnesian War and its immediate aftermath, illustrate the spectrum of behaviours from brutal reprisals including outright legal enslavement to the Western world's first general amnesty.Less
Ancient Greece comprised 1000 or so political entities at any time between about 600 and 300 BC. Wars between the Greek citizen-states were pretty much endemic, the most notorious and destructive being the so-called ‘Peloponnesian War’ between Sparta and Athens and their respective allies (431–404). This chapter explores the nature of Greek interstate and international warfare, and unpacks the Greeks' ideas and vocabulary of surrender, with special reference to the relationship between man-made laws and overarching religious sanctions. Four case-studies, drawn from the Atheno-Spartan Peloponnesian War and its immediate aftermath, illustrate the spectrum of behaviours from brutal reprisals including outright legal enslavement to the Western world's first general amnesty.
Insa Lee Koch
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198807513
- eISBN:
- 9780191845437
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198807513.003.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
The introduction starts with what many have seen as a worrying paradox: the illiberal turn that liberal democracies have taken with, or perhaps because of, popular support. While commentators have ...
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The introduction starts with what many have seen as a worrying paradox: the illiberal turn that liberal democracies have taken with, or perhaps because of, popular support. While commentators have focused on ‘why’ liberal democracy has taken an illiberal turn, the book proposes an alternative starting point that focuses on the ‘how’ and the ‘what’: what democracy means to some of Britain’s most marginalized citizens in the first place and how these citizens engage with the state. It is by shifting the analytical focus to these questions that a more encompassing legacy of state coercion than commonly acknowledged in narratives of the punitive turn can be brought into focus, as well as the possibility of its critique and subversion. The introduction sets out council estates as a historical and ethnographic setting for such a project, outlines the methodology, and introduces the anthropological framework at the core of the book.Less
The introduction starts with what many have seen as a worrying paradox: the illiberal turn that liberal democracies have taken with, or perhaps because of, popular support. While commentators have focused on ‘why’ liberal democracy has taken an illiberal turn, the book proposes an alternative starting point that focuses on the ‘how’ and the ‘what’: what democracy means to some of Britain’s most marginalized citizens in the first place and how these citizens engage with the state. It is by shifting the analytical focus to these questions that a more encompassing legacy of state coercion than commonly acknowledged in narratives of the punitive turn can be brought into focus, as well as the possibility of its critique and subversion. The introduction sets out council estates as a historical and ethnographic setting for such a project, outlines the methodology, and introduces the anthropological framework at the core of the book.
Scott Barrett
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199211890
- eISBN:
- 9780191695827
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199211890.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
This chapter discusses the aggregate efforts for global public goods. Global public goods requiring aggregate efforts are particularly susceptible to free riding. This means that success depends on ...
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This chapter discusses the aggregate efforts for global public goods. Global public goods requiring aggregate efforts are particularly susceptible to free riding. This means that success depends on the efforts of all countries regardless of whether a country is incapable of helping or the strongest country is capable to doing. Global public goods likewise depend on the total efforts of all countries. Presently, global climate change mitigation is the most important global public good that requires aggregate efforts especially in the reduction of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere. If any country were able to reduce it then whole countries would benefit, but not at the same levels and amounts.Less
This chapter discusses the aggregate efforts for global public goods. Global public goods requiring aggregate efforts are particularly susceptible to free riding. This means that success depends on the efforts of all countries regardless of whether a country is incapable of helping or the strongest country is capable to doing. Global public goods likewise depend on the total efforts of all countries. Presently, global climate change mitigation is the most important global public good that requires aggregate efforts especially in the reduction of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere. If any country were able to reduce it then whole countries would benefit, but not at the same levels and amounts.
Silke Bothfeld and Sigrid Betzelt
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9781447312741
- eISBN:
- 9781447312857
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447312741.003.0013
- Subject:
- Social Work, Social Policy
While employment regulation is clearly lagging behind the development of insecure employment practices, as Silke Bothfeld and Sigrid Betzelt's chapter indicates, social protection policy is shoring ...
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While employment regulation is clearly lagging behind the development of insecure employment practices, as Silke Bothfeld and Sigrid Betzelt's chapter indicates, social protection policy is shoring up their expansion. In reconsidering the decommodifying effects of social policy in the contemporary work-welfare nexus, the authors’ use of the concept of ‘autonomy’ provides an alternative means to establish the impact of changes in a state-citizen relations located in the rise of ‘activation’ policies, and the primacy now accorded to full labour market participation. In a cross-national European comparison, their focus is the nature and form of activation policies and how these affect individual autonomy, measured by quality, status differentiation and user participation in the process of employment-related social security reform. In their overview of labour market deregulation, changes to active labour market policies and unemployment benefit schemes, the analysis demonstrates a general decline in both the quality and security afforded by employment; a trend that is accelerated by both the policy push for maximum participation and the demise of the ‘core worker’ as a referent of standards.Less
While employment regulation is clearly lagging behind the development of insecure employment practices, as Silke Bothfeld and Sigrid Betzelt's chapter indicates, social protection policy is shoring up their expansion. In reconsidering the decommodifying effects of social policy in the contemporary work-welfare nexus, the authors’ use of the concept of ‘autonomy’ provides an alternative means to establish the impact of changes in a state-citizen relations located in the rise of ‘activation’ policies, and the primacy now accorded to full labour market participation. In a cross-national European comparison, their focus is the nature and form of activation policies and how these affect individual autonomy, measured by quality, status differentiation and user participation in the process of employment-related social security reform. In their overview of labour market deregulation, changes to active labour market policies and unemployment benefit schemes, the analysis demonstrates a general decline in both the quality and security afforded by employment; a trend that is accelerated by both the policy push for maximum participation and the demise of the ‘core worker’ as a referent of standards.
Mariz Tadros
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9789774165917
- eISBN:
- 9781617975479
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- American University in Cairo Press
- DOI:
- 10.5743/cairo/9789774165917.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
The focus of this chapter is the Church–state–citizen relations from the 1950s to 2004, looking at how the Church leadership emerged as the mediator between Coptic citizenry and the state. It argues ...
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The focus of this chapter is the Church–state–citizen relations from the 1950s to 2004, looking at how the Church leadership emerged as the mediator between Coptic citizenry and the state. It argues that the diversification of centers of power has complicated this pact and made it both more ambiguous. This chapter also addresses the marginalization of Copts in civil and political society, starting with Nasser’s policies of centralization, and the Islamization of political space from the 1970s.Less
The focus of this chapter is the Church–state–citizen relations from the 1950s to 2004, looking at how the Church leadership emerged as the mediator between Coptic citizenry and the state. It argues that the diversification of centers of power has complicated this pact and made it both more ambiguous. This chapter also addresses the marginalization of Copts in civil and political society, starting with Nasser’s policies of centralization, and the Islamization of political space from the 1970s.
Mariz Tadros
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9789774165917
- eISBN:
- 9781617975479
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- American University in Cairo Press
- DOI:
- 10.5743/cairo/9789774165917.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
Continuing the discussion of Church–state–citizen relations into the late-2000s, this chapter looks at the power struggles and rising tensions between the Church leadership and the state and the SSI. ...
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Continuing the discussion of Church–state–citizen relations into the late-2000s, this chapter looks at the power struggles and rising tensions between the Church leadership and the state and the SSI. With sectarian attacks increasing, it discusses state security attempts to contain Pope Shenouda III, his dwindling bargaining power, and his return to methods of dissent and protest that employed in the 1970s. It also discusses resistance among Coptic civil actors.Less
Continuing the discussion of Church–state–citizen relations into the late-2000s, this chapter looks at the power struggles and rising tensions between the Church leadership and the state and the SSI. With sectarian attacks increasing, it discusses state security attempts to contain Pope Shenouda III, his dwindling bargaining power, and his return to methods of dissent and protest that employed in the 1970s. It also discusses resistance among Coptic civil actors.
Peter Balint
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198758594
- eISBN:
- 9780191818516
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198758594.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This first chapter introduces the main premises and ideas for the book. It begins by outlining three challenges that need to be addressed in any defence of toleration and traditional liberalism: The ...
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This first chapter introduces the main premises and ideas for the book. It begins by outlining three challenges that need to be addressed in any defence of toleration and traditional liberalism: The Multicultural Challenge, The Despotism Challenge, and The Neutrality Challenge. The chapter argues for an understanding of toleration that is justified through freedom, and applies this to diversity in its broadest sense—that is, not simply cultural or belief-dependent. It introduces the idea of toleration as permissive, and grounds its understanding in traditional liberalism. The importance of distinguishing between different agents of toleration is drawn out—in this case, the state or the citizen. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the role of principles in political theory.Less
This first chapter introduces the main premises and ideas for the book. It begins by outlining three challenges that need to be addressed in any defence of toleration and traditional liberalism: The Multicultural Challenge, The Despotism Challenge, and The Neutrality Challenge. The chapter argues for an understanding of toleration that is justified through freedom, and applies this to diversity in its broadest sense—that is, not simply cultural or belief-dependent. It introduces the idea of toleration as permissive, and grounds its understanding in traditional liberalism. The importance of distinguishing between different agents of toleration is drawn out—in this case, the state or the citizen. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the role of principles in political theory.
