M. E. J. Newman
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199206650
- eISBN:
- 9780191594175
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199206650.003.0004
- Subject:
- Physics, Theoretical, Computational, and Statistical Physics
This chapter focuses on information networks, consisting of items of data linked together in some way. Information networks are all, so far as we know, man-made, with perhaps the best known example ...
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This chapter focuses on information networks, consisting of items of data linked together in some way. Information networks are all, so far as we know, man-made, with perhaps the best known example being the World Wide Web. There are also some networks which could be considered information networks but which also have social aspects to them. Examples include networks of email communications, networks on social-networking websites such as Facebook or LinkedIn, and networks of weblogs and online journals.Less
This chapter focuses on information networks, consisting of items of data linked together in some way. Information networks are all, so far as we know, man-made, with perhaps the best known example being the World Wide Web. There are also some networks which could be considered information networks but which also have social aspects to them. Examples include networks of email communications, networks on social-networking websites such as Facebook or LinkedIn, and networks of weblogs and online journals.
Mark Newman
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- October 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198805090
- eISBN:
- 9780191843235
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198805090.003.0013
- Subject:
- Physics, Theoretical, Computational, and Statistical Physics
This chapter describes models of the growth or formation of networks, with a particular focus on preferential attachment models. It starts with a discussion of the classic preferential attachment ...
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This chapter describes models of the growth or formation of networks, with a particular focus on preferential attachment models. It starts with a discussion of the classic preferential attachment model for citation networks introduced by Price, including a complete derivation of the degree distribution in the limit of large network size. Subsequent sections introduce the Barabasi-Albert model and various generalized preferential attachment models, including models with addition or removal of extra nodes or edges and models with nonlinear preferential attachment. Also discussed are node copying models and models in which networks are formed by optimization processes, such as delivery networks or airline networks.Less
This chapter describes models of the growth or formation of networks, with a particular focus on preferential attachment models. It starts with a discussion of the classic preferential attachment model for citation networks introduced by Price, including a complete derivation of the degree distribution in the limit of large network size. Subsequent sections introduce the Barabasi-Albert model and various generalized preferential attachment models, including models with addition or removal of extra nodes or edges and models with nonlinear preferential attachment. Also discussed are node copying models and models in which networks are formed by optimization processes, such as delivery networks or airline networks.
Mark Newman
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- October 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198805090
- eISBN:
- 9780191843235
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198805090.003.0003
- Subject:
- Physics, Theoretical, Computational, and Statistical Physics
A discussion of information networks and their measurement. The world wide web is discussed at length, including HTML, HTTP, and the use of crawlers to measure network structure. Citation networks ...
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A discussion of information networks and their measurement. The world wide web is discussed at length, including HTML, HTTP, and the use of crawlers to measure network structure. Citation networks are also discussed in some detail, including their history, structure, and statistics, and the use of databases of citation records to construct networks. Other networks discussed include peer-to-peer networks, recommender networks, and keyword indexes.Less
A discussion of information networks and their measurement. The world wide web is discussed at length, including HTML, HTTP, and the use of crawlers to measure network structure. Citation networks are also discussed in some detail, including their history, structure, and statistics, and the use of databases of citation records to construct networks. Other networks discussed include peer-to-peer networks, recommender networks, and keyword indexes.
Martin Gelter and Mathias Siems
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780198735335
- eISBN:
- 9780191802096
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198735335.003.0011
- Subject:
- Law, Comparative Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
Today judges are said to ‘see each other not only as servants and representatives of a particular polity, but also as fellow professionals in an endeavor that transcends national borders’ (A.M. ...
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Today judges are said to ‘see each other not only as servants and representatives of a particular polity, but also as fellow professionals in an endeavor that transcends national borders’ (A.M. Slaughter). This statement was made in the context of transnational litigation but it may also reflect a more general trend. In this chapter, which is part of a wider research project, we present findings on cross-citations between ten of Europe’s highest courts. We considered 636,172 decisions and found 1,430 cross-citations between 2000 and 2007. The first section of the chapter summarizes the data considered and the search methodology used. The next two sections present different ways of visualizing these data: on the one hand three types of bar charts, and on the other hand two network presentations of the cross-citations between the ten courts. Subsequently, we examine the relationship between incoming and outgoing citations, in particular whether some of our countries may be regarded as ‘the core’ and the others as ‘the periphery’.Less
Today judges are said to ‘see each other not only as servants and representatives of a particular polity, but also as fellow professionals in an endeavor that transcends national borders’ (A.M. Slaughter). This statement was made in the context of transnational litigation but it may also reflect a more general trend. In this chapter, which is part of a wider research project, we present findings on cross-citations between ten of Europe’s highest courts. We considered 636,172 decisions and found 1,430 cross-citations between 2000 and 2007. The first section of the chapter summarizes the data considered and the search methodology used. The next two sections present different ways of visualizing these data: on the one hand three types of bar charts, and on the other hand two network presentations of the cross-citations between the ten courts. Subsequently, we examine the relationship between incoming and outgoing citations, in particular whether some of our countries may be regarded as ‘the core’ and the others as ‘the periphery’.
