Search Results

The book concludes that a plausible case can be made that Edward I had Domesday Book in mind when he commissioned the 1279–80 hundred roll inquiry, but that it evolved into something different as the commission was translated into articles and the articles were interpreted by the different commissioners. Findings about chronology, procedures, the nature of the surviving returns and the uses to which they have been put are summarized.

This select list provides in tabular form the key dates relating to Cardenio and Double Falsehood, from the first performance by the King’s Men in 1613, to professional theatre productions in New York and Stratford-upon-Avon in 2011, and beyond.

This chapter looks closely at the various techniques by which the Jesus movies stake their claim to historicity. These techniques include introductory scrolled texts, voice-over narration, and, more subtly, details of setting, costuming, music, and the physical appearance of the characters. The chapter then outlines the ways in which the Jesus biopics undermine their own stated claims to historicity and studies in detail two movies that self-consciously negate the claim to historicity, The Last Temptation of Christ and Jesus of Montreal.

Outlines the constitutional and statutory framework within which presidential elections are conducted in the USA. Provides a brief chronology and an account of the US (Bush vs Gore) presidential election of 2000. The different sections of the chapter are: How We Elect Our President (the constitutional and statutory framework); The 2000 Election and Its Aftermath; The Ground War in Florida; The Butterfly Ballot; ‘Count All the Votes’ — or at Least the Ones That Favour Gore; Bush Goes to Court; The Overseas Absentee Ballots; The Supreme Court's Initial — Unanimous — Decision; and The Supreme Court's Stay (the decision to stop recounting in Florida before even hearing an argument) — looks at other cases in which equal protection has or has not been applied by the US Supreme Court.

This chapter explores the origin and chronology of the offertories through examination of their lyrics. Many offertory lyrics depart from the Roman psalter, perhaps suggesting an origin outside Rome. An examination the psalmic lyrics indicates that they are extensively modified from the biblical sources. The centonization suggests that the respond lyrics were created to be sung with verses and that verses were, in many cases, part of their original conception. An examination of certain nonpsalmic offertories in the context of the Old Hispanic and Milanese repertories yields new evidence of non‐Roman origin. Most nonpsalmic lyrics are based on Old Latin sources rather than the Vulgate, suggesting a pre‐seventh‐century origin. Finally, the chapter considers the nonpsalmic offertories outside of the core Romano‐Frankish repertory. Most are based on Old Latin sources, suggesting a pre‐Carolingian origin.

This chapter addresses the historical problem of Gregorian and Old Roman chant by means of musical analysis. Comparative study sheds new light on the relationship between the two dialects and the nature of oral transmission. The Roman verses exhibit a pervasive formulaicism that is lacking in the Gregorian readings. A close analysis of the melodic formulas reveals that the Roman singers respond in consistent ways to features of the text, such as accent pattern and clause length. The close correlation between words and music suggests a reconstructive modal of oral transmission. The findings of this chapter are inconsistent with the traditional view that the Roman versions more closely reflect the eighth‐century state of the repertory. Rather, the evidence suggests that the Roman melodies underwent substantial change during their prolonged period of oral transmission between the eighth and eleventh centuries, becoming increasingly formulaic.

According to Luke, Jesus was about 30 years old at the time of his baptism in the 15th year of the emperor Tiberius, AD 29. Most ancient writers therefore dated the Nativity to the 41st or 42nd year of Augustus, 2 or 3 BC Yet both Matthew and Luke say that Jesus was born during the reign of Herod, who died in 4 BC. Luke also says that Jesus was born at the time of a census, when Quirinius was governor of Syria. Judaea was organized as a province and the first census taken in AD 6. Scholars have sought to harmonize the data by arguing that the 15th year of Tiberius was earlier than AD 29 and that there was an earlier census. The seventeenth‐century astronomer Kepler dated the Nativity to 6 BC on the basis of celestial phenomena that he thought accounted for Matthew's story of the Star of Bethlehem

Nineteenth-century accounts of Joseph Scaliger’s chronology treated it as a triumph of true over spurious learning. Often, this was equated with a larger triumph of Protestant over Catholic scholarship. A closer look at the nature and reception of Scaliger’s chronology suggests that it formed part of a much more complicated story. Scaliger’s own confessional allegiance, and those of his readers and critics, sometimes shaped their response to sources and issues, but often did not do so. Catholic as well as Protestant scholars provided material for his work, mastered it and subjected it to substantive criticism The mixed reception of his work reflected its technical innovations, and its technical flaws.

This chapter discusses the role of archaeology in the study of the biblical period and biblical history, with special reference to the ninth century – that is, the Bronze Age and the Iron Age, in the land of Israel. This discipline is known as biblical archaeology. When biblical archaeological research began more than 150 years ago, it was dependent on the Bible and biblical research. The dependence of archaeology on the biblical text is symbolized by the phrase ‘bible and spade’. The chapter argues that the disciplines of archaeology on the one hand and history and biblical studies on the other are based on different methods and different ways of thinking, and also claims that the archaeologist should refrain from analysing the Bible and history. Furthermore, it contends that the proper methodology should involve some cooperation between archaeologists, biblical scholars, and historians. The chapter also takes a look at the archaeological framework of the Iron Age, which is made of stratigraphy and chronology.

This chapter has three aims: first, to draw attention to now-routine methods of refining radiocarbon chronologies; second, to sketch some of the first results from the application of such methods to early (but not yet really the earliest) parts of the southern British Neolithic sequence; and third, to discuss on a provisional basis the implications of a more refined sequence for our understanding of the Mesolithic–Neolithic transition and the very early development of the southern British Neolithic. In so doing, the distinctions between chronology, history, and temporality become harder to sustain.

Historic and photographic evidence of the northern range shows the absence of browsing highlines on conifers in early park years (pre-1900), their general appearance by the early 1900s, and widespread existence to the present. Architectural analysis of conifer morphology indicates an early period of light or no browsing followed by a period of heavy use, with some evidence of no reproductive replacement. Key research that would have shown elk effects on conifer trends has been denied. Historical accounts describe a number of shrub and small deciduous-tree species, many of them berry-bearing, as significant components of the northern range. Heavy browsing impacts were first reported in 1914. Exclosure studies in the 1980s showed abundant berry production by three species inside exclosures, but almost none on the outside where annual growth shoots that would produce fruit in their second year are almost entirely browsed off each year.

Kenneth Pomeranz, whose book The Great Divergence was one of the key starting points for global history, has developed a methodological approach to the concept of ‘divergence’. Historical divergences raise many questions: those of perspective, issues of ‘origin’, points where differences become divergences and those of multiple time scales.

There could be different ways of writing biographies, just as there are different kinds of novels. Modern biographers who are sensitive to the trends in fiction and criticism may avoid the chronological approach, as it is often seen as old-fashioned. They may prefer a more subtle kind of structuring; for instance, Hermione Lee, who wrote Virginia Woolf's life, argued that there are several ways in which a ‘Life’ may begin apart from the start of the subject's birth. Likewise, Jean Sartre asserted the need to use an inverted chronology wherein regression should come first before progress can be properly grounded. This chapter discusses the chronological biography and, in particular, strict chronological biography. First, it examines D.H. Lawrence's biography, which is arranged and structured chronologically, and considers two biographies that are arranged in innovatory ways: Sartre's biography of Flaubert and Lee's narrative of Virginia Woolf. While Sartre and Lee's methods were interesting, the chronological approach, however old-fashioned, has positive aspects: it allows miming of the reader of how a life may have felt to live; throws emphasis on the experience of the biographee rather than commentary of the biographer; allows the reader to watch the life as it unfolds rather than having its significance anticipated; and delays verdicts until there has been sufficient exploration of the process and development.

This chapter argues against the normal view that Odes 1-3 had their first publication together in 23 BC and should be read as a single entity. Book 1, and then Book 2, were first published separately: so it is contended on the basis of detailed consideration of metre, chronology, etc. Approaching the three books as successive and deliberately differing entities produces a much more satisfying and distinctive understanding of the individual books, and the cumulative entity which they build up. The differences between the three books are presented under headings; Book 3 in a sense conjoins Books 1 and 2, to create conflicts of its own.

This chapter discusses the formation of words with -ro-, comparative evidence for their accentuation, and descriptive accounts of their accentuation in Greek. An analysis of simplex words formed historically with -ro- shows that the adjectives are overwhelmingly accented on the final syllable. The nouns are less consistent and predominantly recessive. A division into nouns attested in Homer, and those not attested until after Homer appears to suggest a chronological shift towards recessive accentuation in nouns. However, it is argued that this is a side-effect of other, non-chronological factors distinguishing the two sets of nouns. It is shown that word frequency and accentuation are related, but not linearly: words of medium frequency are more predominantly recessive than those of very high or very low frequency.

This chapter discusses the formation of words with -to-, comparative evidence for their accentuation, and descriptive accounts of their accentuation in Greek. An analysis of simplex words formed historically with -to- shows that the adjectives are all accented on the final syllable. Two groups of nouns are consistently recessive: those formed on an o-grade root (type phórtos ‘load’), and two with a laryngeal-final root in CVRV form (kámatos ‘toil’; thánatos ‘death’). The other nouns are predominantly accented on the final syllable, but some are recessive; those with -eto- show the same pattern. A prima facie correlation between accentuation and first attestation in or after Homer does not demonstrate a chronological shift, but word frequency and accentuation are correlated in the same non-linear fashion as for words with -ro-.

Extinction events are rarely if ever witnessed, and therefore must be inferred. Predictions of extinction chronology have been elicited from a range of data, including sightings records, oral history, historical museum records, and the fossil record. All are extremely unlikely to include the last individuals of a species, because species typically become extremely rare before becoming extinct. Observed stratigraphic ranges almost certainly represent an underestimate of true range due to sampling, facies, and unconformity biases, and most recent palaeontological records for a species of interest can therefore only provide a minimum estimate or terminus post quem for an extinction chronology. This chapter reviews the probabilistic methods that have been developed to infer true stratigraphic ranges from observed fossil distributions and to infer extinction dates from sightings records. This provides an overview of the possible alternatives and their strengths and weaknesses.