Karen Siegel and David Stuckler
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199574407
- eISBN:
- 9780191731204
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199574407.003.0114
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
This chapter is organized into five parts. Public health experts contribute a series of country case studies about social change and chronic diseases in five rapidly-emerging economies: Brazil, ...
More
This chapter is organized into five parts. Public health experts contribute a series of country case studies about social change and chronic diseases in five rapidly-emerging economies: Brazil, China, India, Mexico, and South Africa. These countries were chosen because they have undergone very rapid transformations to their ways of life in the past decade. Each is set to become a world power. Their economies have been growing at record pace. Yet, each shares a common threat of rising chronic diseases that risks the stability and sustainability of their development.Less
This chapter is organized into five parts. Public health experts contribute a series of country case studies about social change and chronic diseases in five rapidly-emerging economies: Brazil, China, India, Mexico, and South Africa. These countries were chosen because they have undergone very rapid transformations to their ways of life in the past decade. Each is set to become a world power. Their economies have been growing at record pace. Yet, each shares a common threat of rising chronic diseases that risks the stability and sustainability of their development.
David Stuckler and Karen Siegel (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199574407
- eISBN:
- 9780191731204
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199574407.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
Chronic diseases are the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Within the next few decades, the burden of chronic disease will more than triple, with the greatest rises occurring in ...
More
Chronic diseases are the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Within the next few decades, the burden of chronic disease will more than triple, with the greatest rises occurring in developing countries. However, the rapid growth of chronic diseases is not being met with a proportionate increase in global attention, with global health traditionally focusing on infectious disease and maternal and child health. This book is the first to synthesize the growing evidence-base surrounding the chronic disease, comprehensively addressing the prevention and control of chronic diseases from epidemiologic, economic, prevention/management, and governance perspectives. The book is written in five main parts; the first part of the book aims to understand the causes and consequences of chronic diseases on a global level. The second part of the book identifies approaches for preventing and managing chronic diseases while the third part of the book considers the power and politics in global health that have stymied an effective response to chronic disease. In the fourth part of the book the themes from the first three parts come into focus through a series of invited contributions from leading public health experts. The final part of the book sets out a model of pragmatic and imaginative solidarity, wherein the struggles of the rich and poor to survive are united by a common cause and shared goals.Less
Chronic diseases are the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Within the next few decades, the burden of chronic disease will more than triple, with the greatest rises occurring in developing countries. However, the rapid growth of chronic diseases is not being met with a proportionate increase in global attention, with global health traditionally focusing on infectious disease and maternal and child health. This book is the first to synthesize the growing evidence-base surrounding the chronic disease, comprehensively addressing the prevention and control of chronic diseases from epidemiologic, economic, prevention/management, and governance perspectives. The book is written in five main parts; the first part of the book aims to understand the causes and consequences of chronic diseases on a global level. The second part of the book identifies approaches for preventing and managing chronic diseases while the third part of the book considers the power and politics in global health that have stymied an effective response to chronic disease. In the fourth part of the book the themes from the first three parts come into focus through a series of invited contributions from leading public health experts. The final part of the book sets out a model of pragmatic and imaginative solidarity, wherein the struggles of the rich and poor to survive are united by a common cause and shared goals.
David Stuckler, Karen Siegel, Roberto De Vogli, and Sanjay Basu
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199574407
- eISBN:
- 9780191731204
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199574407.003.0027
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
This chapter examines why chronic diseases have risen so markedly over the past several decades. It begins by assessing the contribution of individual risk factors to the disease burden. It then ...
More
This chapter examines why chronic diseases have risen so markedly over the past several decades. It begins by assessing the contribution of individual risk factors to the disease burden. It then evaluates the social and environmental context of these risks using a theoretical framework that spans individual and population levels. It provides a series of case studies to illustrate the importance of major societal changes to population risks of chronic diseases, including political choices in Eastern Europe's transition from communism, the sudden wealth of the Western Pacific islands, and the periods of prolonged economic hardship experienced in Finland, Japan's ‘double-dip’ recession, and Cuba's ‘Special Period’. The chapter concludes by revisiting the leading population theories of health, health transition, risk factors, and population ageing, in the context of the societal determinants of health.Less
This chapter examines why chronic diseases have risen so markedly over the past several decades. It begins by assessing the contribution of individual risk factors to the disease burden. It then evaluates the social and environmental context of these risks using a theoretical framework that spans individual and population levels. It provides a series of case studies to illustrate the importance of major societal changes to population risks of chronic diseases, including political choices in Eastern Europe's transition from communism, the sudden wealth of the Western Pacific islands, and the periods of prolonged economic hardship experienced in Finland, Japan's ‘double-dip’ recession, and Cuba's ‘Special Period’. The chapter concludes by revisiting the leading population theories of health, health transition, risk factors, and population ageing, in the context of the societal determinants of health.
David Stuckler and Marc Suhrcke
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199574407
- eISBN:
- 9780191731204
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199574407.003.0048
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
This chapter details how economic perspectives can enlighten us on how best to respond to chronic diseases. It shows that such economic tools are powerful, but they have ethical, policy, and ...
More
This chapter details how economic perspectives can enlighten us on how best to respond to chronic diseases. It shows that such economic tools are powerful, but they have ethical, policy, and technical limitations. The chapter begins by setting out the meaning of ‘economic perspective’ and addressing its important drawbacks. It then discusses four key questions: What are the social and economic costs of chronic disease? Who carries the burden of these costs? How do we measure them? Can these social harms caused by chronic diseases be avoided at low cost? In considering the final question, it assesses whether in a ‘no-change’ scenario the harm caused by chronic diseases can be expected to ‘take care of itself’ through market forces, evaluating the economic case for government support of broader public health interventions.Less
This chapter details how economic perspectives can enlighten us on how best to respond to chronic diseases. It shows that such economic tools are powerful, but they have ethical, policy, and technical limitations. The chapter begins by setting out the meaning of ‘economic perspective’ and addressing its important drawbacks. It then discusses four key questions: What are the social and economic costs of chronic disease? Who carries the burden of these costs? How do we measure them? Can these social harms caused by chronic diseases be avoided at low cost? In considering the final question, it assesses whether in a ‘no-change’ scenario the harm caused by chronic diseases can be expected to ‘take care of itself’ through market forces, evaluating the economic case for government support of broader public health interventions.
Ian Whitmarsh
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691157382
- eISBN:
- 9781400846801
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691157382.003.0015
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
Compliance has become a principal public health issue of the twenty-first century, and compliance posits a figure with a responsibility to continually work to discipline the self into a biomedical ...
More
Compliance has become a principal public health issue of the twenty-first century, and compliance posits a figure with a responsibility to continually work to discipline the self into a biomedical subject This chapter draws on fieldwork in the Caribbean and the United States on the science and medicine of the chronic diseases of asthma, diabetes, and obesity to explore this subject. Moving from scientists in the United States to health officials, doctors, and patients in Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago, it explores the ways in which biomedical science and global health become intertwined, creating particular forms of health intervention. It argues that the figure that inhabits biomedical compliance is not the familiar (neo)liberal individual found by recent social science analyses to be at the center of global science, markets, and governing.Less
Compliance has become a principal public health issue of the twenty-first century, and compliance posits a figure with a responsibility to continually work to discipline the self into a biomedical subject This chapter draws on fieldwork in the Caribbean and the United States on the science and medicine of the chronic diseases of asthma, diabetes, and obesity to explore this subject. Moving from scientists in the United States to health officials, doctors, and patients in Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago, it explores the ways in which biomedical science and global health become intertwined, creating particular forms of health intervention. It argues that the figure that inhabits biomedical compliance is not the familiar (neo)liberal individual found by recent social science analyses to be at the center of global science, markets, and governing.
A. Xie, R. Kakkar, M.C. Teodorescu, L. Herpel, and V Krishnan, and M. Teodorescu
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199566594
- eISBN:
- 9780191595066
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199566594.003.0007
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Sleep has a significant impact on breathing through withdrawal of the wakefulness stimulus and alterations in muscle tone, ventilatory chemosensitivity, lung properties, and metabolic rate. ...
More
Sleep has a significant impact on breathing through withdrawal of the wakefulness stimulus and alterations in muscle tone, ventilatory chemosensitivity, lung properties, and metabolic rate. Obstructive sleep apnea and sleep-related hypoventilation are highly prevalent and frequently unrecognized sleep breathing disorders, which have a significant impact on health. Among the many factors promoting their development, obesity represents the most important modifiable risk factor. There is increased recognition that a dual interaction between sleep/sleep disorders and chronic lung disease exists. On the one hand, there is increased prevalence of globally disturbed sleep, insomnia, and restless legs syndrome in chronic lung disease. On the other hand, sleep is a vulnerable time for these patients and there is data to suggest worse respiratory outcomes and quality of life in patients with coexistenting sleep disorders. Many gaps remain in our knowledge of the nature of these interactions, their underlying mechanisms, and implications for these already compromised populations.Less
Sleep has a significant impact on breathing through withdrawal of the wakefulness stimulus and alterations in muscle tone, ventilatory chemosensitivity, lung properties, and metabolic rate. Obstructive sleep apnea and sleep-related hypoventilation are highly prevalent and frequently unrecognized sleep breathing disorders, which have a significant impact on health. Among the many factors promoting their development, obesity represents the most important modifiable risk factor. There is increased recognition that a dual interaction between sleep/sleep disorders and chronic lung disease exists. On the one hand, there is increased prevalence of globally disturbed sleep, insomnia, and restless legs syndrome in chronic lung disease. On the other hand, sleep is a vulnerable time for these patients and there is data to suggest worse respiratory outcomes and quality of life in patients with coexistenting sleep disorders. Many gaps remain in our knowledge of the nature of these interactions, their underlying mechanisms, and implications for these already compromised populations.
Derek Yach
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195171853
- eISBN:
- 9780199865352
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195171853.003.0015
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter describes social injustice in relation to chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases, and aging and risk factors. It ...
More
This chapter describes social injustice in relation to chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases, and aging and risk factors. It considers how social injustice influences chronic diseases in terms of social class and chronic disease risks and outcomes, cumulative exposure to risks, comorbidity, and access to quality medical care. It looks at roots and underlying issues, including macroeconomic influences, urban and rural factors, and generally weak chronic disease policies and programs in developing countries. It describes what needs to be done, including institution of comprehensive prevention, health promotion, and treatment policies, as well as emphasizing prevention and health promotion, strengthening capacity and mobilizing resources, developing global norms that benefit developing countries, reorienting health services to address chronic disease, and promoting broader societal changes.Less
This chapter describes social injustice in relation to chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases, and aging and risk factors. It considers how social injustice influences chronic diseases in terms of social class and chronic disease risks and outcomes, cumulative exposure to risks, comorbidity, and access to quality medical care. It looks at roots and underlying issues, including macroeconomic influences, urban and rural factors, and generally weak chronic disease policies and programs in developing countries. It describes what needs to be done, including institution of comprehensive prevention, health promotion, and treatment policies, as well as emphasizing prevention and health promotion, strengthening capacity and mobilizing resources, developing global norms that benefit developing countries, reorienting health services to address chronic disease, and promoting broader societal changes.
Sheila Payne and Caroline Ellis-Hill (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780192631671
- eISBN:
- 9780191730191
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192631671.001.0001
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Pain Management and Palliative Pharmacology
Most chronically and terminally ill patients are cared for in their own homes by family and friends, rather than in hospitals or hospices. These carers are an invaluable free resource and there is an ...
More
Most chronically and terminally ill patients are cared for in their own homes by family and friends, rather than in hospitals or hospices. These carers are an invaluable free resource and there is an increasing amount of research into their role and the experiences of caring for the terminally ill, patients with cancer, and patients with other chronic diseases. This book provides a critique of the theoretical concept of caring, carers, and caregivers. The material is based on empirical evidence from recent studies of adults with acquired chronic illnesses, including terminal illness. The empirical data within the book has been gathered from the perspective of those providing personal, domestic, or emotional care to others already known to them by virtue of kinship, co-habitation, or friendship, rather than carers organised on a professional or voluntary basis. This new evidence is used to make suggestions about possible ways forward within health and social care practice.Less
Most chronically and terminally ill patients are cared for in their own homes by family and friends, rather than in hospitals or hospices. These carers are an invaluable free resource and there is an increasing amount of research into their role and the experiences of caring for the terminally ill, patients with cancer, and patients with other chronic diseases. This book provides a critique of the theoretical concept of caring, carers, and caregivers. The material is based on empirical evidence from recent studies of adults with acquired chronic illnesses, including terminal illness. The empirical data within the book has been gathered from the perspective of those providing personal, domestic, or emotional care to others already known to them by virtue of kinship, co-habitation, or friendship, rather than carers organised on a professional or voluntary basis. This new evidence is used to make suggestions about possible ways forward within health and social care practice.
David M. Burns
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199566655
- eISBN:
- 9780191594410
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199566655.003.0032
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter reviews studies on the link between smoking and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Cigarette smoking is the dominant cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for both ...
More
This chapter reviews studies on the link between smoking and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Cigarette smoking is the dominant cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for both men and women. Changes in the lungs of smokers can be demonstrated within a few years of beginning to smoke. By the age 25–34 years, evidence of functional loss is evident in populations of heavy-smokers. The risks of developing ventilatory impairment and of dying of COPD increase with increasing number of cigarettes smoked per day and increased duration of smoking. Cessation of smoking alters the rate of lung function decline and risk of dying from COPD, but the benefits of cessation are greatest when cessation can be achieved early before substantial lung injury has occurred.Less
This chapter reviews studies on the link between smoking and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Cigarette smoking is the dominant cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for both men and women. Changes in the lungs of smokers can be demonstrated within a few years of beginning to smoke. By the age 25–34 years, evidence of functional loss is evident in populations of heavy-smokers. The risks of developing ventilatory impairment and of dying of COPD increase with increasing number of cigarettes smoked per day and increased duration of smoking. Cessation of smoking alters the rate of lung function decline and risk of dying from COPD, but the benefits of cessation are greatest when cessation can be achieved early before substantial lung injury has occurred.
Peter Croft
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199235766
- eISBN:
- 9780191594816
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199235766.003.0017
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter presents an overview of discussions in Chapter 18–21. It discusses the diseases contributing to population levels of chronic pain and the impact of pain on chronic disease outcome. It ...
More
This chapter presents an overview of discussions in Chapter 18–21. It discusses the diseases contributing to population levels of chronic pain and the impact of pain on chronic disease outcome. It shows that the presence of many chronic diseases is linked to a prevalence of chronic pain higher than in the general population. Prevalence estimates of chronic pain in relation to specific diseases vary from study to study and are likely to reflect differences in definition. However, in studies which have compared people with different diseases, and used a single instrument to do so, prevalence estimates are generally reported to be similar between conditions.Less
This chapter presents an overview of discussions in Chapter 18–21. It discusses the diseases contributing to population levels of chronic pain and the impact of pain on chronic disease outcome. It shows that the presence of many chronic diseases is linked to a prevalence of chronic pain higher than in the general population. Prevalence estimates of chronic pain in relation to specific diseases vary from study to study and are likely to reflect differences in definition. However, in studies which have compared people with different diseases, and used a single instrument to do so, prevalence estimates are generally reported to be similar between conditions.
Diana Kuh and Yoav Ben-Shlomo
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198578154
- eISBN:
- 9780191724039
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198578154.003.0002
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter traces the origins of the idea that experiences early in the life course may have long-term effects on the development of chronic disease. Topics discussed include research in the first ...
More
This chapter traces the origins of the idea that experiences early in the life course may have long-term effects on the development of chronic disease. Topics discussed include research in the first half of the 20th century on the links between child health, adult vitality, and mortality risk; developmental critical periods and the early origins of constitution; the growing interest in adult lifestyle and chronic disease; and atherosclerosis and emergence of coronary heart disease. The chapter then looks at the changing role of early life factors as explanations for adult health and chronic disease in the postwar period, the revival of a life course perspective in understanding disease patterns, and the revival of interdisciplinary developmental science.Less
This chapter traces the origins of the idea that experiences early in the life course may have long-term effects on the development of chronic disease. Topics discussed include research in the first half of the 20th century on the links between child health, adult vitality, and mortality risk; developmental critical periods and the early origins of constitution; the growing interest in adult lifestyle and chronic disease; and atherosclerosis and emergence of coronary heart disease. The chapter then looks at the changing role of early life factors as explanations for adult health and chronic disease in the postwar period, the revival of a life course perspective in understanding disease patterns, and the revival of interdisciplinary developmental science.
Anna Spathis and Sara Booth
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199232048
- eISBN:
- 9780191730337
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199232048.003.0009
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Pain Management and Palliative Pharmacology
This chapter provides an overview of existing evidence in relation to the management of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in non-malignant diseases or noncancer diagnoses. Diagnosis of VTE in ...
More
This chapter provides an overview of existing evidence in relation to the management of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in non-malignant diseases or noncancer diagnoses. Diagnosis of VTE in non-malignant disease can be challenging as the clinical features of the condition, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or stroke with concurrent pneumonia, may mimic or obscure symptoms of pulmonary embolism. Many non-malignant conditions including heart failure and renal failure are associated with an increased risk of bleeding with anticoagulation.Less
This chapter provides an overview of existing evidence in relation to the management of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in non-malignant diseases or noncancer diagnoses. Diagnosis of VTE in non-malignant disease can be challenging as the clinical features of the condition, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or stroke with concurrent pneumonia, may mimic or obscure symptoms of pulmonary embolism. Many non-malignant conditions including heart failure and renal failure are associated with an increased risk of bleeding with anticoagulation.
Janice Brown and Julia Addingto-Hall
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199216901
- eISBN:
- 9780191730252
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199216901.003.0013
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Palliative Medicine Research
This chapter examines the needs, conditions, and experiences of family carers of people with neurodegenerative disorders and advanced organ failure. It focuses on six disorders which currently ...
More
This chapter examines the needs, conditions, and experiences of family carers of people with neurodegenerative disorders and advanced organ failure. It focuses on six disorders which currently receive limited attention from hospices and specialist palliative care services. These are multiple sclerosis, motor neurone disease (MND), Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, chronic heart failure, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The findings reveal that these conditions pose distinct caregiving challenges and they negatively affect the physical and emotional well-being of the family carer, their quality of life, their social life, and their finances.Less
This chapter examines the needs, conditions, and experiences of family carers of people with neurodegenerative disorders and advanced organ failure. It focuses on six disorders which currently receive limited attention from hospices and specialist palliative care services. These are multiple sclerosis, motor neurone disease (MND), Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, chronic heart failure, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The findings reveal that these conditions pose distinct caregiving challenges and they negatively affect the physical and emotional well-being of the family carer, their quality of life, their social life, and their finances.
Meda E. Pavkov, Nilka R. Burrows, William C. Knowler, Robert L. Hanson, and Robert G. Nelson
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195317060
- eISBN:
- 9780199871544
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195317060.003.0007
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter describes the frequency, course, and risk factors for diabetic kidney disease (CKD). It reviews current management strategies and discusses the impact of management on the progression of ...
More
This chapter describes the frequency, course, and risk factors for diabetic kidney disease (CKD). It reviews current management strategies and discusses the impact of management on the progression of kidney disease. It concludes with a description of public health programs under development at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to address diabetes and CKD.Less
This chapter describes the frequency, course, and risk factors for diabetic kidney disease (CKD). It reviews current management strategies and discusses the impact of management on the progression of kidney disease. It concludes with a description of public health programs under development at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to address diabetes and CKD.
Robert I. Field
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195159684
- eISBN:
- 9780199864423
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195159684.003.0006
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter considers regulatory programs that protect public health. As the earliest form of health care regulation, it has evolved in several significant regards. Nineteenth century programs based ...
More
This chapter considers regulatory programs that protect public health. As the earliest form of health care regulation, it has evolved in several significant regards. Nineteenth century programs based at the state and local levels focused on infectious threats through such efforts as improved sanitation, safe drinking water, quarantine, and vaccination. The federal role grew in the early and mid-20th century through programs such as public health service hospitals, food safety enforcement, and epidemiological monitoring by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Late 20th century programs shifted the regulatory focus to chronic conditions with programs that addressed environmental protection, occupational safety and health, and mental health. A host of major policy issues remain, including how to achieve the best balance between federal and state authority, between population and individual health, between acute and chronic diseases, and between reliance on the public and private sectors.Less
This chapter considers regulatory programs that protect public health. As the earliest form of health care regulation, it has evolved in several significant regards. Nineteenth century programs based at the state and local levels focused on infectious threats through such efforts as improved sanitation, safe drinking water, quarantine, and vaccination. The federal role grew in the early and mid-20th century through programs such as public health service hospitals, food safety enforcement, and epidemiological monitoring by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Late 20th century programs shifted the regulatory focus to chronic conditions with programs that addressed environmental protection, occupational safety and health, and mental health. A host of major policy issues remain, including how to achieve the best balance between federal and state authority, between population and individual health, between acute and chronic diseases, and between reliance on the public and private sectors.
Cicely Saunders
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198570530
- eISBN:
- 9780191730412
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198570530.003.0029
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Palliative Medicine Research
A letter from 1984, reproduced here from the Journal of Chronic Diseases, was written in response to the appearance of early findings from the important National Hospice Study in the United States. ...
More
A letter from 1984, reproduced here from the Journal of Chronic Diseases, was written in response to the appearance of early findings from the important National Hospice Study in the United States. It criticises two aspects of ‘hospice’ in the USA: first, the lack of physician involvement and second, the demand that the patient and family must know of the terminal nature of their illness before entering a reimbursed hospice programme. The letter suggests that ‘some experiences are impossible to evaluate or quantify’, whilst at the same time endorsing the need to continue research in this field. In particular, it urges that people should not become preoccupied with financial considerations at the expense of other factors when evaluating hospice care.Less
A letter from 1984, reproduced here from the Journal of Chronic Diseases, was written in response to the appearance of early findings from the important National Hospice Study in the United States. It criticises two aspects of ‘hospice’ in the USA: first, the lack of physician involvement and second, the demand that the patient and family must know of the terminal nature of their illness before entering a reimbursed hospice programme. The letter suggests that ‘some experiences are impossible to evaluate or quantify’, whilst at the same time endorsing the need to continue research in this field. In particular, it urges that people should not become preoccupied with financial considerations at the expense of other factors when evaluating hospice care.
Frank E. Speizer and Ira B. Tager
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198569541
- eISBN:
- 9780191724077
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198569541.003.0008
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter traces the development of the epidemiology of chronic respiratory disease. The modern era of the study of the epidemiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) did not blossom ...
More
This chapter traces the development of the epidemiology of chronic respiratory disease. The modern era of the study of the epidemiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) did not blossom until the middle of the 20th century. Before that time clinicians generally believed that much of the symptomatology associated with the disease represented a ‘normal’ state. In the last fifteen years, much of the epidemiological research has been directed to identifying the characteristics of these subgroups at risk before clinical disease is apparent.Less
This chapter traces the development of the epidemiology of chronic respiratory disease. The modern era of the study of the epidemiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) did not blossom until the middle of the 20th century. Before that time clinicians generally believed that much of the symptomatology associated with the disease represented a ‘normal’ state. In the last fifteen years, much of the epidemiological research has been directed to identifying the characteristics of these subgroups at risk before clinical disease is apparent.
Andrew Davies and Ilora Finlay
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780192632432
- eISBN:
- 9780191730375
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192632432.003.0017
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Pain Management and Palliative Pharmacology
Patients with advanced chronic neurological diseases are commonly faced with oral problems. These problems in oral health have a great impact on the quality of life of this group of patients. This ...
More
Patients with advanced chronic neurological diseases are commonly faced with oral problems. These problems in oral health have a great impact on the quality of life of this group of patients. This chapter discusses the oral problems and dilemmas faced by patients with chronic neurological diseases. The first section addresses the generic issues concerning oral requirements and oral problems. The second section focuses on the specific oral problems faced by patients with Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and motor neurone disease.Less
Patients with advanced chronic neurological diseases are commonly faced with oral problems. These problems in oral health have a great impact on the quality of life of this group of patients. This chapter discusses the oral problems and dilemmas faced by patients with chronic neurological diseases. The first section addresses the generic issues concerning oral requirements and oral problems. The second section focuses on the specific oral problems faced by patients with Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and motor neurone disease.
Ali H. Mokdad, Joseph L. Annest, Robin M. Ikeda, and Cara T. Mai
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195372922
- eISBN:
- 9780199866090
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195372922.003.0012
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
This chapter describes the application of specific principles to the practice of surveillance of noninfectious diseases and events, specifically chronic diseases, injuries, and birth defects. It ...
More
This chapter describes the application of specific principles to the practice of surveillance of noninfectious diseases and events, specifically chronic diseases, injuries, and birth defects. It outlines the importance and contribution of public health surveillance to the prevention and control of non-communicable health outcomes. It reviews the need for accurate and timely data in order to design and implement prevention programs, the need for baseline measures for risk factors and disease prevalence in order to monitor progress toward health goals and objectives, and the ultimate goal of better guiding planning, policy creation, and decision making. It describes specific surveillance programs in each area, outlining innovative methods and uses of data, special challenges, and opportunities for improvement.Less
This chapter describes the application of specific principles to the practice of surveillance of noninfectious diseases and events, specifically chronic diseases, injuries, and birth defects. It outlines the importance and contribution of public health surveillance to the prevention and control of non-communicable health outcomes. It reviews the need for accurate and timely data in order to design and implement prevention programs, the need for baseline measures for risk factors and disease prevalence in order to monitor progress toward health goals and objectives, and the ultimate goal of better guiding planning, policy creation, and decision making. It describes specific surveillance programs in each area, outlining innovative methods and uses of data, special challenges, and opportunities for improvement.
Virginia Berridge
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198204725
- eISBN:
- 9780191676376
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198204725.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter explores how from 1987 onward, the way the syndrome was seen began to change. AIDS was perceived increasingly as a chronic, long-term disease, capable of ‘treatment’, or at least of ...
More
This chapter explores how from 1987 onward, the way the syndrome was seen began to change. AIDS was perceived increasingly as a chronic, long-term disease, capable of ‘treatment’, or at least of palliative care. On the surface, shifting perceptions owed much to the interrelationships between epidemiological and biomedical constructions of disease which had shaped policy throughout. The focus shifted to the issues of how to manage living with AIDS rather than fears of dying from the infection.Less
This chapter explores how from 1987 onward, the way the syndrome was seen began to change. AIDS was perceived increasingly as a chronic, long-term disease, capable of ‘treatment’, or at least of palliative care. On the surface, shifting perceptions owed much to the interrelationships between epidemiological and biomedical constructions of disease which had shaped policy throughout. The focus shifted to the issues of how to manage living with AIDS rather than fears of dying from the infection.
