Irvine Loudon
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198204992
- eISBN:
- 9780191676444
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198204992.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
Childbed fever was by the far the most common cause of deaths associated with childbirth up to the Second World War throughout Britain and Europe. Otherwise known as puerperal fever, it was an ...
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Childbed fever was by the far the most common cause of deaths associated with childbirth up to the Second World War throughout Britain and Europe. Otherwise known as puerperal fever, it was an infection which followed childbirth and caused thousands of miserable and agonising deaths every year. This book provides an account of this tragic disease from its recognition in the 18th century up to the second half of the 20th century. Examining this within a broad history of infective diseases, the book goes on to explore ideas from past debates about the nature of infectious diseases and contagion, the discovery of bacteria and antisepsis, and charts the complicated path which led to the discovery of antibiotics. The large majority of deaths from puerperal fever were due to one micro-organism known as Streptococcus pyogenes, and the last chapter presents valuable new ideas on the nature and epidemiology of streptococcal disease up to the present day.Less
Childbed fever was by the far the most common cause of deaths associated with childbirth up to the Second World War throughout Britain and Europe. Otherwise known as puerperal fever, it was an infection which followed childbirth and caused thousands of miserable and agonising deaths every year. This book provides an account of this tragic disease from its recognition in the 18th century up to the second half of the 20th century. Examining this within a broad history of infective diseases, the book goes on to explore ideas from past debates about the nature of infectious diseases and contagion, the discovery of bacteria and antisepsis, and charts the complicated path which led to the discovery of antibiotics. The large majority of deaths from puerperal fever were due to one micro-organism known as Streptococcus pyogenes, and the last chapter presents valuable new ideas on the nature and epidemiology of streptococcal disease up to the present day.
Robbi E. Davis-Floyd
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520229327
- eISBN:
- 9780520927216
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520229327.003.0011
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Medical Anthropology
This chapter sums up the key findings of this study on childbirth in the U.S. It shows that the pregnancy/childbirth process has been culturally transformed into a male-dominated initiatory rite of ...
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This chapter sums up the key findings of this study on childbirth in the U.S. It shows that the pregnancy/childbirth process has been culturally transformed into a male-dominated initiatory rite of passage through which birth women are taught about the superiority and necessity of the relationship between science, technology, patriarchy, and institutions. It contends that the salvation of society which seeks to deny women their power as birth-givers will arise from the women who, nevertheless, give that society birth.Less
This chapter sums up the key findings of this study on childbirth in the U.S. It shows that the pregnancy/childbirth process has been culturally transformed into a male-dominated initiatory rite of passage through which birth women are taught about the superiority and necessity of the relationship between science, technology, patriarchy, and institutions. It contends that the salvation of society which seeks to deny women their power as birth-givers will arise from the women who, nevertheless, give that society birth.
Mary Briody Mahowald
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195176179
- eISBN:
- 9780199786558
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195176170.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Feminist Philosophy
Cases illustrating variables relevant to the decisions of pregnant women about methods of childbirth, elective cesarean delivery, impaired newborns, and sex assignment at birth are presented. For ...
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Cases illustrating variables relevant to the decisions of pregnant women about methods of childbirth, elective cesarean delivery, impaired newborns, and sex assignment at birth are presented. For each topic, empirical and theoretical factors relevant to the cases are discussed from an “egalitarian perspective” that imputes privileged status to the standpoint of those who are “nondominant”. Implications of different positions about moral status of fetuses and newborns are also considered.Less
Cases illustrating variables relevant to the decisions of pregnant women about methods of childbirth, elective cesarean delivery, impaired newborns, and sex assignment at birth are presented. For each topic, empirical and theoretical factors relevant to the cases are discussed from an “egalitarian perspective” that imputes privileged status to the standpoint of those who are “nondominant”. Implications of different positions about moral status of fetuses and newborns are also considered.
Carol Lansing
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195149807
- eISBN:
- 9780199849079
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195149807.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
Catharism was a popular medieval heresy based on the belief that the creation of humankind was a disaster in which angelic spirits were trapped in matter by the devil. Their only goal was to escape ...
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Catharism was a popular medieval heresy based on the belief that the creation of humankind was a disaster in which angelic spirits were trapped in matter by the devil. Their only goal was to escape the body through purification. Cathars denied any value to material life, including the human body, baptism, and the Eucharist, even marriage and childbirth. What could explain the long popularity of such a bleak faith in the towns of southern France and Italy? This book explores the place of Cathar heresy in the life of the medieval Italian town of Orvieto. Based on extensive archival research, it details the social makeup of the Cathar community and argues that the heresy was central to the social and political changes of the 13th century. The late 13th-century repression of Catharism by a local inquisition was part of a larger redefinition of civic and ecclesiastical authority. The book shows that the faith attracted not an alienated older nobility but artisans, merchants, popular political leaders, and indeed circles of women in Orvieto, as well as in Florence and Bologna. Cathar beliefs were not so much a pessimistic anomaly as a part of a larger climate of religious doubt. The teachings on the body and the practice of Cathar holy persons addressed questions of sexual difference and the structure of authority that were key elements of medieval Italian life. The pure lives of the Cathar holy people, both male and female, demonstrated a human capacity for self-restraint.Less
Catharism was a popular medieval heresy based on the belief that the creation of humankind was a disaster in which angelic spirits were trapped in matter by the devil. Their only goal was to escape the body through purification. Cathars denied any value to material life, including the human body, baptism, and the Eucharist, even marriage and childbirth. What could explain the long popularity of such a bleak faith in the towns of southern France and Italy? This book explores the place of Cathar heresy in the life of the medieval Italian town of Orvieto. Based on extensive archival research, it details the social makeup of the Cathar community and argues that the heresy was central to the social and political changes of the 13th century. The late 13th-century repression of Catharism by a local inquisition was part of a larger redefinition of civic and ecclesiastical authority. The book shows that the faith attracted not an alienated older nobility but artisans, merchants, popular political leaders, and indeed circles of women in Orvieto, as well as in Florence and Bologna. Cathar beliefs were not so much a pessimistic anomaly as a part of a larger climate of religious doubt. The teachings on the body and the practice of Cathar holy persons addressed questions of sexual difference and the structure of authority that were key elements of medieval Italian life. The pure lives of the Cathar holy people, both male and female, demonstrated a human capacity for self-restraint.
Jennifer A. Glancy
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195328158
- eISBN:
- 9780199777143
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195328158.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History, Early Christian Studies
Chapter 4 examines the earliest representations of Mary in childbirth in writings dating from the second and early third centuries, including Odes of Solomon, Ascension of Isaiah, Protevangelium of ...
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Chapter 4 examines the earliest representations of Mary in childbirth in writings dating from the second and early third centuries, including Odes of Solomon, Ascension of Isaiah, Protevangelium of James, and works by Tertullian. In a period in which Mary is not yet canonized as a uniquely sinless Eve, her virginity is interpreted in multiple and complex ways. Mary’s childbearing body is located in the context of both ancient and modern discourses about childbirth. Drawing theoretically on the work of Maurice Merleau-Ponty as well as feminist philosophers including Elizabeth Grosz, Luce Irigiray, and Julia Kristeva, chapter 4 considers the parturient body—Mary’s body and, by extension, the bodies of other childbearing women—as a site of corporal knowledge. Corporal knowing begins in the womb.Less
Chapter 4 examines the earliest representations of Mary in childbirth in writings dating from the second and early third centuries, including Odes of Solomon, Ascension of Isaiah, Protevangelium of James, and works by Tertullian. In a period in which Mary is not yet canonized as a uniquely sinless Eve, her virginity is interpreted in multiple and complex ways. Mary’s childbearing body is located in the context of both ancient and modern discourses about childbirth. Drawing theoretically on the work of Maurice Merleau-Ponty as well as feminist philosophers including Elizabeth Grosz, Luce Irigiray, and Julia Kristeva, chapter 4 considers the parturient body—Mary’s body and, by extension, the bodies of other childbearing women—as a site of corporal knowledge. Corporal knowing begins in the womb.
F. Heath Anthony, John Ermisch, and Duncan Gallie
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263143
- eISBN:
- 9780191734939
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263143.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Research and Statistics
At the beginning of the twenty-first century, Britain is in the process of rapid social change. There are major changes going on in the patterns of family formation, there is a growing rate of ...
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At the beginning of the twenty-first century, Britain is in the process of rapid social change. There are major changes going on in the patterns of family formation, there is a growing rate of childbirth outside marriage, and the so-called second demographic transition should be noted as well. This book aims to understand and explain the social mechanisms that underlie some of the major features of contemporary social life. It discusses how sociology makes important contributions to public debate about education, gender inequalities, ethnic disadvantage, unemployment and new religious movements.Less
At the beginning of the twenty-first century, Britain is in the process of rapid social change. There are major changes going on in the patterns of family formation, there is a growing rate of childbirth outside marriage, and the so-called second demographic transition should be noted as well. This book aims to understand and explain the social mechanisms that underlie some of the major features of contemporary social life. It discusses how sociology makes important contributions to public debate about education, gender inequalities, ethnic disadvantage, unemployment and new religious movements.
John Seymour
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198264682
- eISBN:
- 9780191682759
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198264682.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Medical Law
This book examines aspects of English, United States, Canadian, and Australian law as it applies to the fetus, the pregnant woman, and the doctor or midwife who provides antenatal and perinatal care. ...
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This book examines aspects of English, United States, Canadian, and Australian law as it applies to the fetus, the pregnant woman, and the doctor or midwife who provides antenatal and perinatal care. A major part of the book consists of a critical examination of the law’s attempts to protect the fetus, which is threatened by conduct such as a criminal assault, maternal drug-taking, or parental refusal of medical treatment. The remainder of the work deals with the rapidly expanding and increasingly complex body of law on the liability of obstetricians, general practitioners, and midwives when negligent antenatal or perinatal care has been provided. There are numerous situations in which these health care professionals (or their employees) can be liable to pay damages. They can be sued if their negligence has harmed the mother, caused the birth of an injured, disabled, or stillborn child, or has resulted in the birth of an unwanted child. The book provides a comprehensive statement of the law on antenatal intervention to protect the fetus and on the responsibilities of those who care for pregnant women. By examining the nature of the relationship between a pregnant woman and her fetus, and the operation of child protection and criminal laws and the law of negligence, the book explores questions about maternal autonomy, the rights of the woman and the fetus, and the role of the law in protecting those rights and providing compensation when something goes wrong.Less
This book examines aspects of English, United States, Canadian, and Australian law as it applies to the fetus, the pregnant woman, and the doctor or midwife who provides antenatal and perinatal care. A major part of the book consists of a critical examination of the law’s attempts to protect the fetus, which is threatened by conduct such as a criminal assault, maternal drug-taking, or parental refusal of medical treatment. The remainder of the work deals with the rapidly expanding and increasingly complex body of law on the liability of obstetricians, general practitioners, and midwives when negligent antenatal or perinatal care has been provided. There are numerous situations in which these health care professionals (or their employees) can be liable to pay damages. They can be sued if their negligence has harmed the mother, caused the birth of an injured, disabled, or stillborn child, or has resulted in the birth of an unwanted child. The book provides a comprehensive statement of the law on antenatal intervention to protect the fetus and on the responsibilities of those who care for pregnant women. By examining the nature of the relationship between a pregnant woman and her fetus, and the operation of child protection and criminal laws and the law of negligence, the book explores questions about maternal autonomy, the rights of the woman and the fetus, and the role of the law in protecting those rights and providing compensation when something goes wrong.
Rebecca Krawiec
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195129434
- eISBN:
- 9780199834396
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195129431.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion in the Ancient World
I argue that in terms of both language and function, the White Monastery becomes a monastic family that replaces, in an idealized form, the families the monks are to have renounced. The use of ...
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I argue that in terms of both language and function, the White Monastery becomes a monastic family that replaces, in an idealized form, the families the monks are to have renounced. The use of kinship language allows Shenoute to stress egalitarian relationships, where all monks including Shenoute are “brethren,” even as he also uses particularly female metaphors of childbirth and infertility to define the proper monastic life. In addition, Shenoute's use of familial imagery allows him to create a genealogy that traces the monks’ “ancestry” to past biblical figures. I then move to an investigation of points of comparison between the Egyptian family and the monastery – that both provide food, clothing, shelter, and emotional support – to show how the family was a model for the monastery. Of particular importance is the shared expectation that the women's role in both was to provide clothing, thus allowing gendered, indeed patriarchal, aspects of the nonmonastic family to affect the monastery.Less
I argue that in terms of both language and function, the White Monastery becomes a monastic family that replaces, in an idealized form, the families the monks are to have renounced. The use of kinship language allows Shenoute to stress egalitarian relationships, where all monks including Shenoute are “brethren,” even as he also uses particularly female metaphors of childbirth and infertility to define the proper monastic life. In addition, Shenoute's use of familial imagery allows him to create a genealogy that traces the monks’ “ancestry” to past biblical figures. I then move to an investigation of points of comparison between the Egyptian family and the monastery – that both provide food, clothing, shelter, and emotional support – to show how the family was a model for the monastery. Of particular importance is the shared expectation that the women's role in both was to provide clothing, thus allowing gendered, indeed patriarchal, aspects of the nonmonastic family to affect the monastery.
David Cressy
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198201687
- eISBN:
- 9780191674983
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198201687.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History, Social History
This chapter examines the experience of the mother and her child immediately following birth in Tudor and Stuart England. The midwife was responsible for checking the health condition of the newborn ...
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This chapter examines the experience of the mother and her child immediately following birth in Tudor and Stuart England. The midwife was responsible for checking the health condition of the newborn infant and in cutting the umbilical cord. The child's navel, especially those of the first born, was traditionally inspected by childbed assistants to predict the mother's future childbearing. The babies were often wrapped tightly in linen bands before being laid in a cradle. The responsibility of providing refreshment and ointment to the new mother was taken by those other childbed assistants including a nurse, relatives, or neighbours.Less
This chapter examines the experience of the mother and her child immediately following birth in Tudor and Stuart England. The midwife was responsible for checking the health condition of the newborn infant and in cutting the umbilical cord. The child's navel, especially those of the first born, was traditionally inspected by childbed assistants to predict the mother's future childbearing. The babies were often wrapped tightly in linen bands before being laid in a cradle. The responsibility of providing refreshment and ointment to the new mother was taken by those other childbed assistants including a nurse, relatives, or neighbours.
Khiara Bridges
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520268944
- eISBN:
- 9780520949447
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520268944.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Race and Ethnicity
This book, an ethnography of pregnancy and birth at a large New York City public hospital, explores the role of race in the medical setting. The book investigates how race—commonly seen as biological ...
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This book, an ethnography of pregnancy and birth at a large New York City public hospital, explores the role of race in the medical setting. The book investigates how race—commonly seen as biological in the medical world—is socially constructed among women dependent on the public healthcare system for prenatal care and childbirth. It argues that race carries powerful material consequences for these women even when it is not explicitly named, showing how they are marginalized by the practices and assumptions of the clinic staff. Deftly weaving ethnographic evidence into broader discussions of Medicaid and racial disparities in infant and maternal mortality, the book shines new light on the politics of healthcare for the poor, demonstrating how the “medicalization” of social problems reproduces racial stereotypes and governs the bodies of poor women of color.Less
This book, an ethnography of pregnancy and birth at a large New York City public hospital, explores the role of race in the medical setting. The book investigates how race—commonly seen as biological in the medical world—is socially constructed among women dependent on the public healthcare system for prenatal care and childbirth. It argues that race carries powerful material consequences for these women even when it is not explicitly named, showing how they are marginalized by the practices and assumptions of the clinic staff. Deftly weaving ethnographic evidence into broader discussions of Medicaid and racial disparities in infant and maternal mortality, the book shines new light on the politics of healthcare for the poor, demonstrating how the “medicalization” of social problems reproduces racial stereotypes and governs the bodies of poor women of color.
Siân Reynolds
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199560424
- eISBN:
- 9780191741814
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199560424.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History, Cultural History
The Rolands’ only child, Eudora, is born in Amiens in 1781. Mme Roland's devotion to breast-feeding is well attested, but this chapter goes in detail into Eudora's upbringing, in which both parents ...
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The Rolands’ only child, Eudora, is born in Amiens in 1781. Mme Roland's devotion to breast-feeding is well attested, but this chapter goes in detail into Eudora's upbringing, in which both parents are deeply concerned. During his wife's long visit to Paris in 1784 Jean-Marie cares for the child as his many unpublished letters relate. The couple try to handle childcare and their daughter's education while both are busy in writing and research, a dilemma faced by academic couples in later ages.Less
The Rolands’ only child, Eudora, is born in Amiens in 1781. Mme Roland's devotion to breast-feeding is well attested, but this chapter goes in detail into Eudora's upbringing, in which both parents are deeply concerned. During his wife's long visit to Paris in 1784 Jean-Marie cares for the child as his many unpublished letters relate. The couple try to handle childcare and their daughter's education while both are busy in writing and research, a dilemma faced by academic couples in later ages.
SHEILAGH OGILVIE
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198205548
- eISBN:
- 9780191719219
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205548.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
This chapter analyses the economic experience of married women in the pre-industrial German society under analysis in this book. It uses a database of work observations extracted from church-court ...
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This chapter analyses the economic experience of married women in the pre-industrial German society under analysis in this book. It uses a database of work observations extracted from church-court records to explore the economic activities of married women, comparing them with those of other women (and men). The chapter explores alternative hypotheses explaining married women's work in terms of biological, technological, cultural, and institutional factors, including the impact of ‘social capital’. Finally, it analyses patterns of infant mortality, marital conflict, and consumption practices, with particular reference to theories of the early modern consumer and ‘Industrious’ Revolutions. The chapter concludes by using this evidence to explore the repercussions of married women's economic position on the women themselves and on the wider pre-industrial economy.Less
This chapter analyses the economic experience of married women in the pre-industrial German society under analysis in this book. It uses a database of work observations extracted from church-court records to explore the economic activities of married women, comparing them with those of other women (and men). The chapter explores alternative hypotheses explaining married women's work in terms of biological, technological, cultural, and institutional factors, including the impact of ‘social capital’. Finally, it analyses patterns of infant mortality, marital conflict, and consumption practices, with particular reference to theories of the early modern consumer and ‘Industrious’ Revolutions. The chapter concludes by using this evidence to explore the repercussions of married women's economic position on the women themselves and on the wider pre-industrial economy.
Eleanor Hubbard
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199609345
- eISBN:
- 9780191739088
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199609345.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This chapter discusses women's public lives within the neighborhood, paying particular attention to women's efforts to achieve and maintain high status in the eyes of their neighbors, and their roles ...
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This chapter discusses women's public lives within the neighborhood, paying particular attention to women's efforts to achieve and maintain high status in the eyes of their neighbors, and their roles in maintaining community stability by monitoring the treatment of women in childbed and intervening in troubled households to restore order and reconcile warring spouses. Reconciliation was nearly always privileged as a solution to marital troubles, whether these resulted from domestic violence or adultery. This chapter stresses the importance of neighborly sociability and drinking rituals, and the use of arbitration and mediation to resolve arguments. It examines some of the main causes of conflict within the neighborhood: women quarreled with one another over status, their husbands, their children, and when their efforts to repel the filth of the early modern city came into conflict.Less
This chapter discusses women's public lives within the neighborhood, paying particular attention to women's efforts to achieve and maintain high status in the eyes of their neighbors, and their roles in maintaining community stability by monitoring the treatment of women in childbed and intervening in troubled households to restore order and reconcile warring spouses. Reconciliation was nearly always privileged as a solution to marital troubles, whether these resulted from domestic violence or adultery. This chapter stresses the importance of neighborly sociability and drinking rituals, and the use of arbitration and mediation to resolve arguments. It examines some of the main causes of conflict within the neighborhood: women quarreled with one another over status, their husbands, their children, and when their efforts to repel the filth of the early modern city came into conflict.
David Cressy
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198201687
- eISBN:
- 9780191674983
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198201687.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History, Social History
This chapter examines the management of childbirth in Tudor and Stuart England. Rituals and traditions after childbirth differ between social groups and regions. A general common feature is that the ...
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This chapter examines the management of childbirth in Tudor and Stuart England. Rituals and traditions after childbirth differ between social groups and regions. A general common feature is that the women were withdrawn from the outside world, absent from church, relieved of most household tasks, and excused from sexual relations in the weeks immediately preceding and following childbirth. During these periods, the women were often accompanied by their female neighbours and relatives who provided constant companionship and advice concerning procedures, protocols, and precautions.Less
This chapter examines the management of childbirth in Tudor and Stuart England. Rituals and traditions after childbirth differ between social groups and regions. A general common feature is that the women were withdrawn from the outside world, absent from church, relieved of most household tasks, and excused from sexual relations in the weeks immediately preceding and following childbirth. During these periods, the women were often accompanied by their female neighbours and relatives who provided constant companionship and advice concerning procedures, protocols, and precautions.
David Cressy
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198201687
- eISBN:
- 9780191674983
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198201687.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History, Social History
This chapter examines the witness and assistants who were normally present during childbirth in Tudor and Stuart England. Childbirth was an exclusively women's affair and during this time the marital ...
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This chapter examines the witness and assistants who were normally present during childbirth in Tudor and Stuart England. Childbirth was an exclusively women's affair and during this time the marital bedchamber became a gossips' parlour. Married women usually attended other women's childbirth and took part in the gossiping. Some skilled and experienced matrons even supplemented the work of midwives. This chapter clarifies the common misrepresentations of midwives in history and highlights their important roles in childbirth and in the community.Less
This chapter examines the witness and assistants who were normally present during childbirth in Tudor and Stuart England. Childbirth was an exclusively women's affair and during this time the marital bedchamber became a gossips' parlour. Married women usually attended other women's childbirth and took part in the gossiping. Some skilled and experienced matrons even supplemented the work of midwives. This chapter clarifies the common misrepresentations of midwives in history and highlights their important roles in childbirth and in the community.
Kebby Warner
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520252493
- eISBN:
- 9780520944565
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520252493.003.0016
- Subject:
- Sociology, Gender and Sexuality
In this chapter, the author, a twenty-five-year-old woman prisoner in Michigan, shares her personal story of pregnancy, motherhood, the death of her father, and the disappearance of her husband. At ...
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In this chapter, the author, a twenty-five-year-old woman prisoner in Michigan, shares her personal story of pregnancy, motherhood, the death of her father, and the disappearance of her husband. At the time of writing she had been incarcerated since October 17, 1997. It was her first time being pregnant, and she was in prison. She was surprised that there were so many pregnant women in prison, including some who came just before their due dates. She became close with many of these women prisoners, and she was able to share her fears and worries with older women who had been through childbirth before.Less
In this chapter, the author, a twenty-five-year-old woman prisoner in Michigan, shares her personal story of pregnancy, motherhood, the death of her father, and the disappearance of her husband. At the time of writing she had been incarcerated since October 17, 1997. It was her first time being pregnant, and she was in prison. She was surprised that there were so many pregnant women in prison, including some who came just before their due dates. She became close with many of these women prisoners, and she was able to share her fears and worries with older women who had been through childbirth before.
Helen Kraus
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199600786
- eISBN:
- 9780191731563
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199600786.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies, Church History
The Hebrew text functions here as the standard against which each of the five translated texts is measured. Genesis differs from other creation narratives from the Ancient Near East in that there is ...
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The Hebrew text functions here as the standard against which each of the five translated texts is measured. Genesis differs from other creation narratives from the Ancient Near East in that there is no sexual union; man is not begotten but made. Man, the Adam, is created as a clay artefact, animated by the divine breath, and subsequently woman is made out of man. The Hebrew is ambiguous regarding the male‐female relationship; they share a genetic make‐up, suggesting gender equality, and monogamy is emphasized. The reason and nature of their shame is obscure but is traditionally associated with original sin and carnal knowledge. Woman, through her dialogue with the serpent, shoulders the blame for the disobedience but all bear the consequences and receive punishment. Woman will suffer the strains and pains of childbirth and rearing children.Less
The Hebrew text functions here as the standard against which each of the five translated texts is measured. Genesis differs from other creation narratives from the Ancient Near East in that there is no sexual union; man is not begotten but made. Man, the Adam, is created as a clay artefact, animated by the divine breath, and subsequently woman is made out of man. The Hebrew is ambiguous regarding the male‐female relationship; they share a genetic make‐up, suggesting gender equality, and monogamy is emphasized. The reason and nature of their shame is obscure but is traditionally associated with original sin and carnal knowledge. Woman, through her dialogue with the serpent, shoulders the blame for the disobedience but all bear the consequences and receive punishment. Woman will suffer the strains and pains of childbirth and rearing children.
Anne Stott
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199699391
- eISBN:
- 9780191739132
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199699391.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter begins with an account of Wilberforce’s Practical View (1797). It then describes his precipitate engagement in Bath to Barbara Spooner. The couple’s honeymoon was spent visiting Hannah ...
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This chapter begins with an account of Wilberforce’s Practical View (1797). It then describes his precipitate engagement in Bath to Barbara Spooner. The couple’s honeymoon was spent visiting Hannah More’s Sunday schools in the Mendips. On their marriage they moved to Broomfield on Clapham Common. Much of Wilberforce’s time was taken up with his female relatives. His sister, Sally Clarke, was widowed in 1797 and his mother died in the following year. In 1798, following William Pitt’s duel Wilberforce put down a parliamentary motion (later withdrawn) against duelling. In July 1798 his son, William Wilberforce junior was born, attended by a male accoucheur in accordance with childbirth practices in affluent families. In keeping with the predominant ideologies of motherhood and domesticity he greatly approved of his wife’s decision to breastfeed the child.Less
This chapter begins with an account of Wilberforce’s Practical View (1797). It then describes his precipitate engagement in Bath to Barbara Spooner. The couple’s honeymoon was spent visiting Hannah More’s Sunday schools in the Mendips. On their marriage they moved to Broomfield on Clapham Common. Much of Wilberforce’s time was taken up with his female relatives. His sister, Sally Clarke, was widowed in 1797 and his mother died in the following year. In 1798, following William Pitt’s duel Wilberforce put down a parliamentary motion (later withdrawn) against duelling. In July 1798 his son, William Wilberforce junior was born, attended by a male accoucheur in accordance with childbirth practices in affluent families. In keeping with the predominant ideologies of motherhood and domesticity he greatly approved of his wife’s decision to breastfeed the child.
Anne Stott
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199699391
- eISBN:
- 9780191739132
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199699391.003.0017
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter provides a brief summary of the lives of after the Clapham Sect after the death of Wilberforce. Barbara Wilberforce spent her widowhood travelling between the houses of her sons and her ...
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This chapter provides a brief summary of the lives of after the Clapham Sect after the death of Wilberforce. Barbara Wilberforce spent her widowhood travelling between the houses of her sons and her sister. Robert Wilberforce married Agnes Wrangham, who died in childbirth in 1834. Barbara Wilberforce became increasingly concerned about the Tractarianism of her sons, Robert and Henry, and the influence of John Henry Newman. Samuel Wilberforce rose rapidly in the Church, but was left grief-stricken by the death of his wife, Emily. Barbara Wilberforce died in 1847. Robert and Henry Wilberforce became Roman Catholics. Marianne Thornton was forced to leave Battersea Rise because of her brother’s illegal marriage to the sister of his dead wife.Less
This chapter provides a brief summary of the lives of after the Clapham Sect after the death of Wilberforce. Barbara Wilberforce spent her widowhood travelling between the houses of her sons and her sister. Robert Wilberforce married Agnes Wrangham, who died in childbirth in 1834. Barbara Wilberforce became increasingly concerned about the Tractarianism of her sons, Robert and Henry, and the influence of John Henry Newman. Samuel Wilberforce rose rapidly in the Church, but was left grief-stricken by the death of his wife, Emily. Barbara Wilberforce died in 1847. Robert and Henry Wilberforce became Roman Catholics. Marianne Thornton was forced to leave Battersea Rise because of her brother’s illegal marriage to the sister of his dead wife.
Robert Woods
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199542758
- eISBN:
- 9780191715358
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199542758.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, Social History
This chapter explains why the health and survival chances of the fetus are so important in developed economies today, since late-fetal is often higher than infant mortality, and it establishes the ...
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This chapter explains why the health and survival chances of the fetus are so important in developed economies today, since late-fetal is often higher than infant mortality, and it establishes the need to provide a full account of how fetal health and obstetric knowledge have changed during the past centuries. The chapter also argues the case for taking an inter-disciplinary approach (medical and demographic history combined); of considering long-term changes in practice and experience; and making comparisons between the priorities and approaches adopted in different countries.Less
This chapter explains why the health and survival chances of the fetus are so important in developed economies today, since late-fetal is often higher than infant mortality, and it establishes the need to provide a full account of how fetal health and obstetric knowledge have changed during the past centuries. The chapter also argues the case for taking an inter-disciplinary approach (medical and demographic history combined); of considering long-term changes in practice and experience; and making comparisons between the priorities and approaches adopted in different countries.
