Anthony Swerdlow, Isabel Dos Santos Silva, and Richard Doll
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780192627483
- eISBN:
- 9780191723698
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192627483.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Cancer causes a quarter of all deaths in England and Wales. There is great professional and public interest in cancer trends, but no satisfactory source to which to turn to find information about ...
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Cancer causes a quarter of all deaths in England and Wales. There is great professional and public interest in cancer trends, but no satisfactory source to which to turn to find information about these trends and explanation of them. It is even more difficult to know where to turn for information on trends in factors causing cancer. This book presents new analyses that bring together data on cancer trends in England and Wales since 1868. Detailed consideration is given to the reasons for changes in rates of cancer, in relation to a wide range of risk factors and preventive factors. Data are presented with figures and tables describing long-term trends in more than fifty factors that may affect the risk of cancer, including AIDS, asbestos exposure, cancer screening, childbearing, diet, smoking, and ultraviolet radiation. Particular attention is given to trends in recent decades, but historical trends are also considered.Less
Cancer causes a quarter of all deaths in England and Wales. There is great professional and public interest in cancer trends, but no satisfactory source to which to turn to find information about these trends and explanation of them. It is even more difficult to know where to turn for information on trends in factors causing cancer. This book presents new analyses that bring together data on cancer trends in England and Wales since 1868. Detailed consideration is given to the reasons for changes in rates of cancer, in relation to a wide range of risk factors and preventive factors. Data are presented with figures and tables describing long-term trends in more than fifty factors that may affect the risk of cancer, including AIDS, asbestos exposure, cancer screening, childbearing, diet, smoking, and ultraviolet radiation. Particular attention is given to trends in recent decades, but historical trends are also considered.
Jennifer A. Glancy
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195328158
- eISBN:
- 9780199777143
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195328158.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History, Early Christian Studies
Chapter 4 examines the earliest representations of Mary in childbirth in writings dating from the second and early third centuries, including Odes of Solomon, Ascension of Isaiah, Protevangelium of ...
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Chapter 4 examines the earliest representations of Mary in childbirth in writings dating from the second and early third centuries, including Odes of Solomon, Ascension of Isaiah, Protevangelium of James, and works by Tertullian. In a period in which Mary is not yet canonized as a uniquely sinless Eve, her virginity is interpreted in multiple and complex ways. Mary’s childbearing body is located in the context of both ancient and modern discourses about childbirth. Drawing theoretically on the work of Maurice Merleau-Ponty as well as feminist philosophers including Elizabeth Grosz, Luce Irigiray, and Julia Kristeva, chapter 4 considers the parturient body—Mary’s body and, by extension, the bodies of other childbearing women—as a site of corporal knowledge. Corporal knowing begins in the womb.Less
Chapter 4 examines the earliest representations of Mary in childbirth in writings dating from the second and early third centuries, including Odes of Solomon, Ascension of Isaiah, Protevangelium of James, and works by Tertullian. In a period in which Mary is not yet canonized as a uniquely sinless Eve, her virginity is interpreted in multiple and complex ways. Mary’s childbearing body is located in the context of both ancient and modern discourses about childbirth. Drawing theoretically on the work of Maurice Merleau-Ponty as well as feminist philosophers including Elizabeth Grosz, Luce Irigiray, and Julia Kristeva, chapter 4 considers the parturient body—Mary’s body and, by extension, the bodies of other childbearing women—as a site of corporal knowledge. Corporal knowing begins in the womb.
John Ermisch
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263143
- eISBN:
- 9780191734939
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263143.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Research and Statistics
This chapter analyses the rise of incidence in childbearing outside marriage. In the last quarter of the twentieth century, the percentage of births outside marriage rose from 9% in 1975 to 40% in ...
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This chapter analyses the rise of incidence in childbearing outside marriage. In the last quarter of the twentieth century, the percentage of births outside marriage rose from 9% in 1975 to 40% in 2000. This chapter shows that the major factor accounting for this change is the dramatic rise of cohabitation among young people. It then analyses why there has been widespread substitution of cohabiting unions for direct marriage in Britain. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the implications for changes in family life.Less
This chapter analyses the rise of incidence in childbearing outside marriage. In the last quarter of the twentieth century, the percentage of births outside marriage rose from 9% in 1975 to 40% in 2000. This chapter shows that the major factor accounting for this change is the dramatic rise of cohabitation among young people. It then analyses why there has been widespread substitution of cohabiting unions for direct marriage in Britain. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the implications for changes in family life.
Lisa Arai
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847420749
- eISBN:
- 9781447303688
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847420749.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Health, Illness, and Medicine
In the last decades of the 20th century, successive British governments have regarded adolescent pregnancy and childbearing as a significant public health and social problem. Youthful pregnancy was ...
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In the last decades of the 20th century, successive British governments have regarded adolescent pregnancy and childbearing as a significant public health and social problem. Youthful pregnancy was once tackled by attacking young, single mothers but New Labour, through its Teenage Pregnancy Strategy, linked early pregnancy to social exclusion rather than personal morality and aimed, instead, to reduce teenage pregnancy and increase young mothers' participation in education and employment. However, the problematisation of early pregnancy has been contested, and it has been suggested that teenage mothers have been made scapegoats for wider, often unsettling, social and demographic changes. The re-evaluation of early pregnancy as problematic means that, in some respects, teenage pregnancy has been ‘made’ and ‘unmade’ as a problem. Focusing on the period from the late-1990s to the present in the UK, this book examines who is likely to have a baby as a teenager, the consequences of early motherhood and how teenage pregnancy is dealt with in the media. The book argues that society's negative attitude to young mothers is likely to marginalise an already excluded group, and that efforts should be focused primarily on supporting young mothers and their children.Less
In the last decades of the 20th century, successive British governments have regarded adolescent pregnancy and childbearing as a significant public health and social problem. Youthful pregnancy was once tackled by attacking young, single mothers but New Labour, through its Teenage Pregnancy Strategy, linked early pregnancy to social exclusion rather than personal morality and aimed, instead, to reduce teenage pregnancy and increase young mothers' participation in education and employment. However, the problematisation of early pregnancy has been contested, and it has been suggested that teenage mothers have been made scapegoats for wider, often unsettling, social and demographic changes. The re-evaluation of early pregnancy as problematic means that, in some respects, teenage pregnancy has been ‘made’ and ‘unmade’ as a problem. Focusing on the period from the late-1990s to the present in the UK, this book examines who is likely to have a baby as a teenager, the consequences of early motherhood and how teenage pregnancy is dealt with in the media. The book argues that society's negative attitude to young mothers is likely to marginalise an already excluded group, and that efforts should be focused primarily on supporting young mothers and their children.
Fred C. Pampel
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226645254
- eISBN:
- 9780226645278
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226645278.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Population and Demography
Despite having similar economies and political systems, high-income nations show persistent diversity. This work looks at fertility, suicide, and homicide rates in eighteen high-income nations to ...
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Despite having similar economies and political systems, high-income nations show persistent diversity. This work looks at fertility, suicide, and homicide rates in eighteen high-income nations to show how they are affected by institutional structures. European nations, for example, offer universal public benefits for men and women who are unable to work and have policies to ease the burdens of working mothers. The United States, in contrast, does not. This study demonstrates how public policy differences such as these affect childbearing among working women, moderate pressures for suicide and homicide among the young and old, and shape sex difference in suicide and homicide. The Institutional Context of Population Change cuts across numerous political and sociological topics, including political sociology, stratification, sex and gender, and aging. It persuasively shows the importance of public policies for understanding the demographic consequences of population change and the importance of demographic change for understanding the consequences of public policies.Less
Despite having similar economies and political systems, high-income nations show persistent diversity. This work looks at fertility, suicide, and homicide rates in eighteen high-income nations to show how they are affected by institutional structures. European nations, for example, offer universal public benefits for men and women who are unable to work and have policies to ease the burdens of working mothers. The United States, in contrast, does not. This study demonstrates how public policy differences such as these affect childbearing among working women, moderate pressures for suicide and homicide among the young and old, and shape sex difference in suicide and homicide. The Institutional Context of Population Change cuts across numerous political and sociological topics, including political sociology, stratification, sex and gender, and aging. It persuasively shows the importance of public policies for understanding the demographic consequences of population change and the importance of demographic change for understanding the consequences of public policies.
Eric Greitens
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199241866
- eISBN:
- 9780191696961
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199241866.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Armed conflicts in recent decades have been more deadly for civilians in general and children in particular than in many earlier wars. The impact of conflict on children eludes simple explanation, ...
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Armed conflicts in recent decades have been more deadly for civilians in general and children in particular than in many earlier wars. The impact of conflict on children eludes simple explanation, for it is neither uniform nor arbitrary, but differs in both manner and degree due to age, gender, region, class, and the attributes of individual children. In Rwanda, mass and public rape was employed as an instrument of terror. When social networks are disrupted, and ways of life altered or shattered, informal and subsistence economic activities increase. In addition, during wartime children are often required to assume greater responsibility, taking on the roles of adults who have been killed, are fighting, or are otherwise absent. Changes in the demographic structure of households can also lead to the collapse of informal mechanisms for shared childcare, deterioration in intra-familial relations, and changes in the age thresholds for marriage, childbearing, work, and decision making.Less
Armed conflicts in recent decades have been more deadly for civilians in general and children in particular than in many earlier wars. The impact of conflict on children eludes simple explanation, for it is neither uniform nor arbitrary, but differs in both manner and degree due to age, gender, region, class, and the attributes of individual children. In Rwanda, mass and public rape was employed as an instrument of terror. When social networks are disrupted, and ways of life altered or shattered, informal and subsistence economic activities increase. In addition, during wartime children are often required to assume greater responsibility, taking on the roles of adults who have been killed, are fighting, or are otherwise absent. Changes in the demographic structure of households can also lead to the collapse of informal mechanisms for shared childcare, deterioration in intra-familial relations, and changes in the age thresholds for marriage, childbearing, work, and decision making.
Anne Stott
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199699391
- eISBN:
- 9780191739132
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199699391.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter briefly summarizes the debate on separate spheres by relating the concept to the lives of the Clapham sect. It is argued that though the men lived public lives, they spent their private ...
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This chapter briefly summarizes the debate on separate spheres by relating the concept to the lives of the Clapham sect. It is argued that though the men lived public lives, they spent their private time in the company of their wives and children rather than in the masculine world of clubs. The chapter shows that Barbara Wilberforce, Selina Macaulay, and Marianne (Sykes) Thornton (Mrs Henry Thornton) did not become close friends and had different views on wifely responsibilities, with Marianne Thornton the most actively engaged in her husband’s public career. The passing of the abolition act in 1807 and Wilberforce’s Yorkshire election campaign of that year are discussed mainly from her point of view. The chapter ends with a discussion of the childbearing histories of the three women.Less
This chapter briefly summarizes the debate on separate spheres by relating the concept to the lives of the Clapham sect. It is argued that though the men lived public lives, they spent their private time in the company of their wives and children rather than in the masculine world of clubs. The chapter shows that Barbara Wilberforce, Selina Macaulay, and Marianne (Sykes) Thornton (Mrs Henry Thornton) did not become close friends and had different views on wifely responsibilities, with Marianne Thornton the most actively engaged in her husband’s public career. The passing of the abolition act in 1807 and Wilberforce’s Yorkshire election campaign of that year are discussed mainly from her point of view. The chapter ends with a discussion of the childbearing histories of the three women.
Joan D. Hedrick
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195096392
- eISBN:
- 9780199854288
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195096392.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
Unlike the male-dominated marriages of the 18th century, Calvin Stowe and Harriet Beecher Stowe's union was a “companionate marriage” —increasingly the middle-class norm. The marital concept of ...
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Unlike the male-dominated marriages of the 18th century, Calvin Stowe and Harriet Beecher Stowe's union was a “companionate marriage” —increasingly the middle-class norm. The marital concept of intellectual companionship, prevalent in the advice literature of the period, was strongly enforced by the teaching of Sarah Pierce at the Litchfield school. The gains for women in the new, companionate ideal were clear, but there were costs as well. Companionate marriages gave rise to more conflict, for the expectations and roles were less defined. A greater stress on their marriage than their contrasting temperaments was the strain of closely spaced childbearing. In both the difficulties and joys of young motherhood Harriet was supported by her help, Anna Smith, a recently arrived English immigrant whom Harriet treated more as a sister than a domestic servant.Less
Unlike the male-dominated marriages of the 18th century, Calvin Stowe and Harriet Beecher Stowe's union was a “companionate marriage” —increasingly the middle-class norm. The marital concept of intellectual companionship, prevalent in the advice literature of the period, was strongly enforced by the teaching of Sarah Pierce at the Litchfield school. The gains for women in the new, companionate ideal were clear, but there were costs as well. Companionate marriages gave rise to more conflict, for the expectations and roles were less defined. A greater stress on their marriage than their contrasting temperaments was the strain of closely spaced childbearing. In both the difficulties and joys of young motherhood Harriet was supported by her help, Anna Smith, a recently arrived English immigrant whom Harriet treated more as a sister than a domestic servant.
David Cressy
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198201687
- eISBN:
- 9780191674983
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198201687.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History, Social History
This chapter examines the experience of the mother and her child immediately following birth in Tudor and Stuart England. The midwife was responsible for checking the health condition of the newborn ...
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This chapter examines the experience of the mother and her child immediately following birth in Tudor and Stuart England. The midwife was responsible for checking the health condition of the newborn infant and in cutting the umbilical cord. The child's navel, especially those of the first born, was traditionally inspected by childbed assistants to predict the mother's future childbearing. The babies were often wrapped tightly in linen bands before being laid in a cradle. The responsibility of providing refreshment and ointment to the new mother was taken by those other childbed assistants including a nurse, relatives, or neighbours.Less
This chapter examines the experience of the mother and her child immediately following birth in Tudor and Stuart England. The midwife was responsible for checking the health condition of the newborn infant and in cutting the umbilical cord. The child's navel, especially those of the first born, was traditionally inspected by childbed assistants to predict the mother's future childbearing. The babies were often wrapped tightly in linen bands before being laid in a cradle. The responsibility of providing refreshment and ointment to the new mother was taken by those other childbed assistants including a nurse, relatives, or neighbours.
Arline T. Geronimus
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300095418
- eISBN:
- 9780300129847
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300095418.003.0025
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This chapter examines teenage pregnancy and its place in recent welfare reform proposals and legislation. It discusses the consequences of teenage childbearing, its social costs, and labor market ...
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This chapter examines teenage pregnancy and its place in recent welfare reform proposals and legislation. It discusses the consequences of teenage childbearing, its social costs, and labor market opportunities. The chapter also presents theoretical perspectives on the link between teenage childbearing and socioeconomic disadvantage.Less
This chapter examines teenage pregnancy and its place in recent welfare reform proposals and legislation. It discusses the consequences of teenage childbearing, its social costs, and labor market opportunities. The chapter also presents theoretical perspectives on the link between teenage childbearing and socioeconomic disadvantage.
Brianna Theobald
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781469653167
- eISBN:
- 9781469653181
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469653167.003.0005
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Native American Studies
This chapter considers the experiences of the thousands of Native women of childbearing age who migrated from reservations to cities in the decades following World War II. The federal government’s ...
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This chapter considers the experiences of the thousands of Native women of childbearing age who migrated from reservations to cities in the decades following World War II. The federal government’s relocation program promoted the urban migration of Native individuals and families and provided basic assistance to facilitate the process. The chapter argues that the Bureau of Indian Affairs’s desired outcome of relocating women alongside men, as well as women’s own agency in pursuing relocation, forced the BIA to make adjustments to relocation policy to accommodate women’s reproductive needs. In cities, Native women navigated the bureaucracy of health insurance but often found that long-term coverage was out of reach. Native women relied on their own ingenuity and the support of familial and social networks both on and off reservations in their attempt to obtain adequate prenatal, obstetric, and postnatal care, as well as in negotiating urban motherhood.Less
This chapter considers the experiences of the thousands of Native women of childbearing age who migrated from reservations to cities in the decades following World War II. The federal government’s relocation program promoted the urban migration of Native individuals and families and provided basic assistance to facilitate the process. The chapter argues that the Bureau of Indian Affairs’s desired outcome of relocating women alongside men, as well as women’s own agency in pursuing relocation, forced the BIA to make adjustments to relocation policy to accommodate women’s reproductive needs. In cities, Native women navigated the bureaucracy of health insurance but often found that long-term coverage was out of reach. Native women relied on their own ingenuity and the support of familial and social networks both on and off reservations in their attempt to obtain adequate prenatal, obstetric, and postnatal care, as well as in negotiating urban motherhood.
Ian Brockington
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780199676859
- eISBN:
- 9780191918346
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199676859.003.0006
- Subject:
- Clinical Medicine and Allied Health, Psychiatry
It is 50 years since the late Ralph Paffenbarger (1961) wrote a famous article on ‘the picture puzzle of postpartum psychosis. In order to solve this puzzle, it is necessary to clarify the term ...
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It is 50 years since the late Ralph Paffenbarger (1961) wrote a famous article on ‘the picture puzzle of postpartum psychosis. In order to solve this puzzle, it is necessary to clarify the term ‘postpartum psychosis’. One must first exclude a wide variety of disorders, occurring after childbirth, which are not ‘psychoses’. This may seem obvious, but, at one time, some psychoanalysts included disorders of the mother-infant relationship under ‘postpartum schizophrenia’ (Zilboorg 1929). One must then draw a clear boundary between organic and non-organic psychoses. The birth process is so complex, and has so many complications, that there are (depending on definition) 15–18 distinct organic psychoses occurring in pregnancy, parturition or the puerperium (Brockington 2006). Nineteenth century alienists found it difficult to distinguish these from puerperal mania, and this was not finally achieved until the work of Chaslin (1895) & Bonhöffer (1910) at the turn of the twentieth century. Even the most common of these organic psychoses—eclamptic psychosis and infective delirium—are now rare in Europe, North America, and Japan; but these nations, where most of the research is done, contribute less than 10% of the world’s births. In the rest of the world they may be important, and they may still interfere with epidemiological, genetic, and neuroscientific studies of non-organic psychoses. As for the non-organic psychoses, a few are psychogenic, but most have manic depressive features. The term ‘puerperal affective psychosis’, however, does not suffice, because there is an extensive literature on ‘atypical psychoses’, under names like hallucinatorische Irresein der Wochnerinnen (Furstner 1875), amentia, cycloid psychosis, and acute polymorphic psychosis. That is why some psychiatrists still claim that ‘puerperal psychosis’ is a specific disorder, with its own clinical features—those ‘specific features’ are the polymorphic symptoms found in ‘atypical psychoses’, and occur in women at other times, and in men. Ralph Paffenbarger’s ‘picture puzzle’, therefore, applies to the combined group of puerperal bipolar and acute polymorphic psychoses.
Less
It is 50 years since the late Ralph Paffenbarger (1961) wrote a famous article on ‘the picture puzzle of postpartum psychosis. In order to solve this puzzle, it is necessary to clarify the term ‘postpartum psychosis’. One must first exclude a wide variety of disorders, occurring after childbirth, which are not ‘psychoses’. This may seem obvious, but, at one time, some psychoanalysts included disorders of the mother-infant relationship under ‘postpartum schizophrenia’ (Zilboorg 1929). One must then draw a clear boundary between organic and non-organic psychoses. The birth process is so complex, and has so many complications, that there are (depending on definition) 15–18 distinct organic psychoses occurring in pregnancy, parturition or the puerperium (Brockington 2006). Nineteenth century alienists found it difficult to distinguish these from puerperal mania, and this was not finally achieved until the work of Chaslin (1895) & Bonhöffer (1910) at the turn of the twentieth century. Even the most common of these organic psychoses—eclamptic psychosis and infective delirium—are now rare in Europe, North America, and Japan; but these nations, where most of the research is done, contribute less than 10% of the world’s births. In the rest of the world they may be important, and they may still interfere with epidemiological, genetic, and neuroscientific studies of non-organic psychoses. As for the non-organic psychoses, a few are psychogenic, but most have manic depressive features. The term ‘puerperal affective psychosis’, however, does not suffice, because there is an extensive literature on ‘atypical psychoses’, under names like hallucinatorische Irresein der Wochnerinnen (Furstner 1875), amentia, cycloid psychosis, and acute polymorphic psychosis. That is why some psychiatrists still claim that ‘puerperal psychosis’ is a specific disorder, with its own clinical features—those ‘specific features’ are the polymorphic symptoms found in ‘atypical psychoses’, and occur in women at other times, and in men. Ralph Paffenbarger’s ‘picture puzzle’, therefore, applies to the combined group of puerperal bipolar and acute polymorphic psychoses.
JULIE R. PALMER and COLLEEN M. FELTMATE
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195149616
- eISBN:
- 9780199865062
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195149616.003.0056
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Gestational choriocarcinoma is an extremely rare cancer that occurs in women of childbearing age. The malignancy arises from the trophoblastic epithelium of the placenta, which is formed from ...
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Gestational choriocarcinoma is an extremely rare cancer that occurs in women of childbearing age. The malignancy arises from the trophoblastic epithelium of the placenta, which is formed from embryonic tissue. This chapter reviews the epidemiology of gestational choriocarcinoma. Topics covered include classification, demographic patterns, environmental factors, host factors, pathogenesis, and preventive measures.Less
Gestational choriocarcinoma is an extremely rare cancer that occurs in women of childbearing age. The malignancy arises from the trophoblastic epithelium of the placenta, which is formed from embryonic tissue. This chapter reviews the epidemiology of gestational choriocarcinoma. Topics covered include classification, demographic patterns, environmental factors, host factors, pathogenesis, and preventive measures.
Cecilia Tomori
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781447338499
- eISBN:
- 9781447338543
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447338499.003.0009
- Subject:
- Sociology, Marriage and the Family
This chapter looks at the cultural assumptions that childbearing requires specialised medical knowledge in the United States, where expectant parents usually receive advice on all aspects of ...
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This chapter looks at the cultural assumptions that childbearing requires specialised medical knowledge in the United States, where expectant parents usually receive advice on all aspects of pregnancy, childbirth, and infant care from multiple medical experts. This guidance divides the care of mothers and infants under the supervision of separate medical experts, and further fragments various aspects of infant care, including feeding and sleep. The chapter uses historical and ethnographic research to explore the origins of these assumptions and their consequences for American parents who embark on breastfeeding. It suggests that severing the links between these evolutionarily and physiologically connected domains has had a significant detrimental impact on night-time infant care. Parents have been left without adequate community cultural knowledge about the interaction of breastfeeding and sleep, and assume that these processes are separate. As a result, they are frequently surprised by infants' night-time behaviour and have difficulties navigating night-time breastfeeding and sleep. These challenges constitute an important element of an already formidable set of barriers to breastfeeding in the United States, where structural support is extremely limited and breastfeeding remains a controversial practice.Less
This chapter looks at the cultural assumptions that childbearing requires specialised medical knowledge in the United States, where expectant parents usually receive advice on all aspects of pregnancy, childbirth, and infant care from multiple medical experts. This guidance divides the care of mothers and infants under the supervision of separate medical experts, and further fragments various aspects of infant care, including feeding and sleep. The chapter uses historical and ethnographic research to explore the origins of these assumptions and their consequences for American parents who embark on breastfeeding. It suggests that severing the links between these evolutionarily and physiologically connected domains has had a significant detrimental impact on night-time infant care. Parents have been left without adequate community cultural knowledge about the interaction of breastfeeding and sleep, and assume that these processes are separate. As a result, they are frequently surprised by infants' night-time behaviour and have difficulties navigating night-time breastfeeding and sleep. These challenges constitute an important element of an already formidable set of barriers to breastfeeding in the United States, where structural support is extremely limited and breastfeeding remains a controversial practice.
Ann Oakley
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781447349457
- eISBN:
- 9781447349464
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447349457.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Marriage and the Family
Among the social origins of the Social Support and Pregnancy Outcome study, as described in Chapter 1, was the idea that social support is good for health. This chapter attempts to draw together ...
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Among the social origins of the Social Support and Pregnancy Outcome study, as described in Chapter 1, was the idea that social support is good for health. This chapter attempts to draw together ideas, insights, and problems from disparate areas of sociology, psychology, psychiatry, history, epidemiology, and medicine to address the question: why, in the first place, should anyone suppose that social support can be helpful to childbearing women and their families? The discussions cover the health outcomes influenced by social support; the link between social support and reproduction; how social support works; and the research challenge posed by the certain hostility of modern medicine towards the role of social factors in influencing patterns of health and illness.Less
Among the social origins of the Social Support and Pregnancy Outcome study, as described in Chapter 1, was the idea that social support is good for health. This chapter attempts to draw together ideas, insights, and problems from disparate areas of sociology, psychology, psychiatry, history, epidemiology, and medicine to address the question: why, in the first place, should anyone suppose that social support can be helpful to childbearing women and their families? The discussions cover the health outcomes influenced by social support; the link between social support and reproduction; how social support works; and the research challenge posed by the certain hostility of modern medicine towards the role of social factors in influencing patterns of health and illness.
Yi-Li Wu
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520260689
- eISBN:
- 9780520947610
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520260689.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This book uses the lens of cultural history to examine the development of medicine in Qing dynasty China. Focusing on the specialty of “medicine for women” (fuke), the book explores the material and ...
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This book uses the lens of cultural history to examine the development of medicine in Qing dynasty China. Focusing on the specialty of “medicine for women” (fuke), the book explores the material and ideological issues associated with childbearing in the late imperial period. It draws on an array of medical writings that circulated in seventeenth- to nineteenth-century China to analyze the points of convergence and contention that shaped people's views of women's reproductive diseases. These points of contention touched on fundamental issues: How different were women's bodies from men's? What drugs were best for promoting conception and preventing miscarriage? Was childbirth inherently dangerous? And who was best qualified to judge? The book shows that late imperial medicine approached these questions with a new, positive perspective.Less
This book uses the lens of cultural history to examine the development of medicine in Qing dynasty China. Focusing on the specialty of “medicine for women” (fuke), the book explores the material and ideological issues associated with childbearing in the late imperial period. It draws on an array of medical writings that circulated in seventeenth- to nineteenth-century China to analyze the points of convergence and contention that shaped people's views of women's reproductive diseases. These points of contention touched on fundamental issues: How different were women's bodies from men's? What drugs were best for promoting conception and preventing miscarriage? Was childbirth inherently dangerous? And who was best qualified to judge? The book shows that late imperial medicine approached these questions with a new, positive perspective.
Rupert Stasch
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520256859
- eISBN:
- 9780520943322
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520256859.001.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Asian Cultural Anthropology
This study upsets the popular assumption that human relations in small-scale societies are based on shared experience. In a theoretically innovative account of the lives of the Korowai of West Papua, ...
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This study upsets the popular assumption that human relations in small-scale societies are based on shared experience. In a theoretically innovative account of the lives of the Korowai of West Papua, Indonesia, this book shows that in this society, people organize their connections to each other around otherness. Analyzing the Korowai people's famous “tree house” dwellings, their patterns of living far apart, and their practices of kinship, marriage, and childbearing and rearing, the book argues that the Korowai actively make relations not out of what they have in common, but out of what divides them. The book offers a picture of Korowai lives sharply at odds with stereotypes of “tribal” societies.Less
This study upsets the popular assumption that human relations in small-scale societies are based on shared experience. In a theoretically innovative account of the lives of the Korowai of West Papua, Indonesia, this book shows that in this society, people organize their connections to each other around otherness. Analyzing the Korowai people's famous “tree house” dwellings, their patterns of living far apart, and their practices of kinship, marriage, and childbearing and rearing, the book argues that the Korowai actively make relations not out of what they have in common, but out of what divides them. The book offers a picture of Korowai lives sharply at odds with stereotypes of “tribal” societies.
Merry Isaacs White
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520217546
- eISBN:
- 9780520936591
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520217546.003.0002
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Asian Cultural Anthropology
This chapter discusses the cries and alarms of contemporary commentators worried about the shrinking birthrate in Japan. The need to ensure the futures of offspring makes demands on family economics ...
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This chapter discusses the cries and alarms of contemporary commentators worried about the shrinking birthrate in Japan. The need to ensure the futures of offspring makes demands on family economics and time, through greater investment in children's educational supports, longer years of co-residence with children who usually make little or no financial contribution to the household. There is an “our baby” image of co-parenting where the parents carefully share responsibility for home care, transport to day care, and other functions. This requires flexible work accommodation, difficult in most full-time work, and a decidedly organized attitude with which to confront the disbelief or perhaps dismay of employers and relatives. Childbearing choices are further constrained by the high cost of raising a successful child, and the standard definition of success is hard for parents to ignore. Having babies, when it is hard to have even one, let alone the multiple births advocated by commentators and officials, makes for complicated strategies of parenting.Less
This chapter discusses the cries and alarms of contemporary commentators worried about the shrinking birthrate in Japan. The need to ensure the futures of offspring makes demands on family economics and time, through greater investment in children's educational supports, longer years of co-residence with children who usually make little or no financial contribution to the household. There is an “our baby” image of co-parenting where the parents carefully share responsibility for home care, transport to day care, and other functions. This requires flexible work accommodation, difficult in most full-time work, and a decidedly organized attitude with which to confront the disbelief or perhaps dismay of employers and relatives. Childbearing choices are further constrained by the high cost of raising a successful child, and the standard definition of success is hard for parents to ignore. Having babies, when it is hard to have even one, let alone the multiple births advocated by commentators and officials, makes for complicated strategies of parenting.
Laura F. Romo, Claudia Kouyoumdjian, and Marguerita Lightfoot
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195326819
- eISBN:
- 9780199847532
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195326819.003.0005
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
Research studies have revealed that educational goals and academic motivation are linked to adolescents' sexual behavior and attitudes. Teenage pregnancy and early parenthood diminishes the chances ...
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Research studies have revealed that educational goals and academic motivation are linked to adolescents' sexual behavior and attitudes. Teenage pregnancy and early parenthood diminishes the chances that adolescents will succeed in school. This chapter aims to identify several sources of influence on the educational goals of this vulnerable student population to be able to suggest ways to increase the girls' expectancies to succeed in school, thus, creating a positive impact on their academic achievements and sexual health decisions as well. Two influences that are discussed in detail are the influence of perceived peer and parental attitudes towards early childbearing. Also, the data that examines the educational goals of low-achieving girls attending an alternative school facilitates an investigation on the intersection of the alternative school culture and home culture and its impact on adolescent childbearing attitudes and academic motivation.Less
Research studies have revealed that educational goals and academic motivation are linked to adolescents' sexual behavior and attitudes. Teenage pregnancy and early parenthood diminishes the chances that adolescents will succeed in school. This chapter aims to identify several sources of influence on the educational goals of this vulnerable student population to be able to suggest ways to increase the girls' expectancies to succeed in school, thus, creating a positive impact on their academic achievements and sexual health decisions as well. Two influences that are discussed in detail are the influence of perceived peer and parental attitudes towards early childbearing. Also, the data that examines the educational goals of low-achieving girls attending an alternative school facilitates an investigation on the intersection of the alternative school culture and home culture and its impact on adolescent childbearing attitudes and academic motivation.
Ricardo Herbert Jones
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520248632
- eISBN:
- 9780520943339
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520248632.003.0011
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Medical Anthropology
This chapter describes the individual paradigm shift and the options that this shift has created for the women. This “birth model that works” is a replicable model of simplicity: a doctor, a midwife, ...
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This chapter describes the individual paradigm shift and the options that this shift has created for the women. This “birth model that works” is a replicable model of simplicity: a doctor, a midwife, and a doula attending births in a setting of the woman's choice. The chapter discusses the initiation into the humanization of childbirth that occurred in 1986 when an event in the emergency room of the hospital directed the attention toward the critical questioning of medical assistance at birth. The scars of the contemporary technocratic paradigm related to health care can be seen in the aseptic and cold manner that people these days manage birth in hospitals. It hopes to discover a key that could open the energies which were put to sleep by the imposition of rules, protocols, and prohibitions, most of them favoring institutions and the work of doctors, and not helping childbearing women.Less
This chapter describes the individual paradigm shift and the options that this shift has created for the women. This “birth model that works” is a replicable model of simplicity: a doctor, a midwife, and a doula attending births in a setting of the woman's choice. The chapter discusses the initiation into the humanization of childbirth that occurred in 1986 when an event in the emergency room of the hospital directed the attention toward the critical questioning of medical assistance at birth. The scars of the contemporary technocratic paradigm related to health care can be seen in the aseptic and cold manner that people these days manage birth in hospitals. It hopes to discover a key that could open the energies which were put to sleep by the imposition of rules, protocols, and prohibitions, most of them favoring institutions and the work of doctors, and not helping childbearing women.
