Susan C. Mapp
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195339710
- eISBN:
- 9780199863686
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195339710.001.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families
Across the world, children are the most vulnerable population. The threats to them may vary, but wherever one looks, children are endangered and exploited. Using the Convention on the Rights of the ...
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Across the world, children are the most vulnerable population. The threats to them may vary, but wherever one looks, children are endangered and exploited. Using the Convention on the Rights of the Child as a base, threats to child well-being globally are examined, in countries both in the Global North and the Global South. The history of the Convention is examined, together with evolving understanding of childhood in different cultures. Different forms of child labor are discussed, including street children, child trafficking and child soldiers. How war affects children who are not directly involved in combat is examined in a separate chapter. The issues of child maltreatment and adoption are discussed along the Hague Convention and child trafficking for the purposes of adoption. Educational issues are explored in countries around the world including the growing movement towards Universal Primary Education (UPE) as well as high dropout rates in the United States. The final content chapter discusses how many of these issues, together with others such as Female Genital Cutting (FGC) and fistulas, disproportionately affect girls. The book closes with a summary chapter underlining the importance of addressing these issues to allow children to achieve their adult potential.Less
Across the world, children are the most vulnerable population. The threats to them may vary, but wherever one looks, children are endangered and exploited. Using the Convention on the Rights of the Child as a base, threats to child well-being globally are examined, in countries both in the Global North and the Global South. The history of the Convention is examined, together with evolving understanding of childhood in different cultures. Different forms of child labor are discussed, including street children, child trafficking and child soldiers. How war affects children who are not directly involved in combat is examined in a separate chapter. The issues of child maltreatment and adoption are discussed along the Hague Convention and child trafficking for the purposes of adoption. Educational issues are explored in countries around the world including the growing movement towards Universal Primary Education (UPE) as well as high dropout rates in the United States. The final content chapter discusses how many of these issues, together with others such as Female Genital Cutting (FGC) and fistulas, disproportionately affect girls. The book closes with a summary chapter underlining the importance of addressing these issues to allow children to achieve their adult potential.
Susan C. Mapp
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195339710
- eISBN:
- 9780199863686
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195339710.003.0003
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families
The definition of child trafficking and Palermo Protocol are set forth, together with the Optional Protocol to the CRC on child trafficking. Causes for child trafficking are examined including ...
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The definition of child trafficking and Palermo Protocol are set forth, together with the Optional Protocol to the CRC on child trafficking. Causes for child trafficking are examined including poverty, globalization, cultural traditions and gender roles. Different forms of child trafficking include trafficking for commercial sexual exploitation, domestic labor, agricultural work, begging and factory work. Services for children who have been trafficked are discussed together with efforts to stop child trafficking in both sending and receiving nations. Policy efforts are analyzed, including the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act in the United States and Sweden’s outlawing of the buying, but not selling of sexual services.Less
The definition of child trafficking and Palermo Protocol are set forth, together with the Optional Protocol to the CRC on child trafficking. Causes for child trafficking are examined including poverty, globalization, cultural traditions and gender roles. Different forms of child trafficking include trafficking for commercial sexual exploitation, domestic labor, agricultural work, begging and factory work. Services for children who have been trafficked are discussed together with efforts to stop child trafficking in both sending and receiving nations. Policy efforts are analyzed, including the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act in the United States and Sweden’s outlawing of the buying, but not selling of sexual services.
Jacqueline Bhabha
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780691169101
- eISBN:
- 9781400850167
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691169101.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter examines the flourishing industry in transnational child trafficking leading to different forms of exploitative child labor in peacetime, along with its human rights implications. It ...
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This chapter examines the flourishing industry in transnational child trafficking leading to different forms of exploitative child labor in peacetime, along with its human rights implications. It begins with a discussion of important innovations in the representation of trafficked children who use the asylum protection system to secure a lawful permanent status, as well as progress in dealing with child victims of trafficking outside the asylum system. It then considers some of the complexities involved in curbing the “supply” of trafficked children, questions regarding the magnitude of human trafficking and how best to counter it, and the assumption that trafficking is simply a form of modern-day slavery. It also describes the law enforcement approach to child trafficking and public education campaigns for at-risk children about the danger of being trafficked. The chapter concludes by suggesting alternatives to existing strategies aimed at stemming the flow of trafficked children.Less
This chapter examines the flourishing industry in transnational child trafficking leading to different forms of exploitative child labor in peacetime, along with its human rights implications. It begins with a discussion of important innovations in the representation of trafficked children who use the asylum protection system to secure a lawful permanent status, as well as progress in dealing with child victims of trafficking outside the asylum system. It then considers some of the complexities involved in curbing the “supply” of trafficked children, questions regarding the magnitude of human trafficking and how best to counter it, and the assumption that trafficking is simply a form of modern-day slavery. It also describes the law enforcement approach to child trafficking and public education campaigns for at-risk children about the danger of being trafficked. The chapter concludes by suggesting alternatives to existing strategies aimed at stemming the flow of trafficked children.
de Glind Hans van
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847426109
- eISBN:
- 9781447301714
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847426109.003.0006
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families
This chapter provides a detailed overview of the issue of child trafficking. Although the recruitment and movement involved in trafficking may appear voluntary at first, they eventually take on ...
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This chapter provides a detailed overview of the issue of child trafficking. Although the recruitment and movement involved in trafficking may appear voluntary at first, they eventually take on aspects of coercion by third parties. Girls, as with child domestic labour, are affected disproportionately, both for commercial sexual exploitation and domestic labour, whereas boys are more likely to be trafficked for forced labour. Critically, sexual exploitation, although dominant, is by no means the only form of child trafficking. A significant number of boys are also trafficked – both internally and externally from any one country – for sexual and other forms of exploitation. The chapter reviews key treaties, protocols, and conventions from 1949 that address the problem of child trafficking. Finally, it addresses a range of interventions demonstrated to be effective in fighting child trafficking, including stronger law enforcement and stricter, less ambiguous laws, as well as labour inspection, corporate social-responsibility mechanisms, and education.Less
This chapter provides a detailed overview of the issue of child trafficking. Although the recruitment and movement involved in trafficking may appear voluntary at first, they eventually take on aspects of coercion by third parties. Girls, as with child domestic labour, are affected disproportionately, both for commercial sexual exploitation and domestic labour, whereas boys are more likely to be trafficked for forced labour. Critically, sexual exploitation, although dominant, is by no means the only form of child trafficking. A significant number of boys are also trafficked – both internally and externally from any one country – for sexual and other forms of exploitation. The chapter reviews key treaties, protocols, and conventions from 1949 that address the problem of child trafficking. Finally, it addresses a range of interventions demonstrated to be effective in fighting child trafficking, including stronger law enforcement and stricter, less ambiguous laws, as well as labour inspection, corporate social-responsibility mechanisms, and education.
Gary Craig (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847426109
- eISBN:
- 9781447301714
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847426109.001.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families
Most slave trades were abolished during the nineteenth century, yet there remain millions of people in slavery today, amongst them approximately 210 million children in slavery, trafficked, debt ...
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Most slave trades were abolished during the nineteenth century, yet there remain millions of people in slavery today, amongst them approximately 210 million children in slavery, trafficked, debt bondage, and other forms of forced labour. This book, drawing on experience worldwide, focuses on child slavery and shows how children remain locked in slavery, the ways in which they are exploited, and how they can be emancipated. It examines child labour, child trafficking, and child exploitation in various countries such as Nepal, Turkey, Uganda, South and Southeast Asia, India, Central America, and the United Kingdom.Less
Most slave trades were abolished during the nineteenth century, yet there remain millions of people in slavery today, amongst them approximately 210 million children in slavery, trafficked, debt bondage, and other forms of forced labour. This book, drawing on experience worldwide, focuses on child slavery and shows how children remain locked in slavery, the ways in which they are exploited, and how they can be emancipated. It examines child labour, child trafficking, and child exploitation in various countries such as Nepal, Turkey, Uganda, South and Southeast Asia, India, Central America, and the United Kingdom.
Paul Rigby and Philip Ishola
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781474401128
- eISBN:
- 9781474418683
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474401128.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
A National Referral Mechanism for the identification and support of human trafficking victims was implemented in the UK in 2009 following the ratification of the Council of Europe (2005) trafficking ...
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A National Referral Mechanism for the identification and support of human trafficking victims was implemented in the UK in 2009 following the ratification of the Council of Europe (2005) trafficking convention. Since then it has been criticised for its failure to adequately take into account the specific vulnerabilities of children and for its operation through a predominantly immigration focussed lens. This chapter explores why child trafficking identification and support in the UK is not primarily located within existing safeguarding frameworks; it proposes a model utilising present child focused expertise in an integrated child protection system.Less
A National Referral Mechanism for the identification and support of human trafficking victims was implemented in the UK in 2009 following the ratification of the Council of Europe (2005) trafficking convention. Since then it has been criticised for its failure to adequately take into account the specific vulnerabilities of children and for its operation through a predominantly immigration focussed lens. This chapter explores why child trafficking identification and support in the UK is not primarily located within existing safeguarding frameworks; it proposes a model utilising present child focused expertise in an integrated child protection system.
Gary Craig
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847426109
- eISBN:
- 9781447301714
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847426109.003.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families
Drawing on material from across the world, this book reviews issues relating to child slavery in a strategic way. It traces the history of the concept of slavery and the first attempts at abolition ...
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Drawing on material from across the world, this book reviews issues relating to child slavery in a strategic way. It traces the history of the concept of slavery and the first attempts at abolition through to the range of conventions and protocols that emerged during the twentieth century. The book also examines the legal frameworks relating to child labour and child trafficking, and looks at child domestic labour in a wide range of countries, including Peru, India, Togo, Turkey, Tanzania, and the Philippines. The experience of the United Kingdom is also considered, and the issue of trafficking is analysed through the lens of a human rights approach. The book concludes with a Resources section that hopes to provide pointers to readers wanting to know more, or to become engaged in campaigns and lobbying around the issue of child slavery.Less
Drawing on material from across the world, this book reviews issues relating to child slavery in a strategic way. It traces the history of the concept of slavery and the first attempts at abolition through to the range of conventions and protocols that emerged during the twentieth century. The book also examines the legal frameworks relating to child labour and child trafficking, and looks at child domestic labour in a wide range of countries, including Peru, India, Togo, Turkey, Tanzania, and the Philippines. The experience of the United Kingdom is also considered, and the issue of trafficking is analysed through the lens of a human rights approach. The book concludes with a Resources section that hopes to provide pointers to readers wanting to know more, or to become engaged in campaigns and lobbying around the issue of child slavery.
Bokhari Farhat and Kelly Emma
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847426109
- eISBN:
- 9781447301714
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847426109.003.0009
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families
This chapter analyses the grounded experience of children trafficked into the United Kingdom, including those – such as an identifiable group of girls and young women – who are then trafficked on ...
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This chapter analyses the grounded experience of children trafficked into the United Kingdom, including those – such as an identifiable group of girls and young women – who are then trafficked on into other European countries. It uses a child rights perspective based on the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child to examine dilemmas associated with child trafficking. It is widely believed that hundreds, and more likely thousands, of children are trafficked into the UK annually, and that this is not solely for sexual exploitation but for a much wider range of purposes. The chapter looks at the experience of children trafficked from West Africa into the UK, as well as their exploitation through domestic servitude, private fostering arrangements in the UK, child trafficking for forced marriage, and the link between culture and child trafficking.Less
This chapter analyses the grounded experience of children trafficked into the United Kingdom, including those – such as an identifiable group of girls and young women – who are then trafficked on into other European countries. It uses a child rights perspective based on the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child to examine dilemmas associated with child trafficking. It is widely believed that hundreds, and more likely thousands, of children are trafficked into the UK annually, and that this is not solely for sexual exploitation but for a much wider range of purposes. The chapter looks at the experience of children trafficked from West Africa into the UK, as well as their exploitation through domestic servitude, private fostering arrangements in the UK, child trafficking for forced marriage, and the link between culture and child trafficking.
Kapoor Aarti
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847426109
- eISBN:
- 9781447301714
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847426109.003.0007
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families
This chapter examines ways in which child exploitation is being monitored and policed, and provides a detailed conceptual and policy analysis of the experience of the United Kingdom. It discusses the ...
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This chapter examines ways in which child exploitation is being monitored and policed, and provides a detailed conceptual and policy analysis of the experience of the United Kingdom. It discusses the laws and common understandings of child exploitation in order to draw together some key elements of what child exploitation, as a distinct type of child abuse, consists of. This will ultimately help practitioners and policy makers in developing more consistent systems in response to this problem. Although the wider concept of exploitation is analysed here, it is accepted that this largely focuses on the fact of child trafficking, with numerous forms of child exploitation as the end purpose of trafficking, including sexual exploitation, labour exploitation/forced labour, drug trafficking/smuggling/dealing, illegal adoption, servile/forced marriage, and begging. There remain arguments about definition and boundaries, and the growth of sectional and sectoral interests does not help the process of developing coherent and clear responses. The chapter explores such contested conceptual (and political) debates by locating the UK experience in the context of international conventions, notably the Palermo Protocol.Less
This chapter examines ways in which child exploitation is being monitored and policed, and provides a detailed conceptual and policy analysis of the experience of the United Kingdom. It discusses the laws and common understandings of child exploitation in order to draw together some key elements of what child exploitation, as a distinct type of child abuse, consists of. This will ultimately help practitioners and policy makers in developing more consistent systems in response to this problem. Although the wider concept of exploitation is analysed here, it is accepted that this largely focuses on the fact of child trafficking, with numerous forms of child exploitation as the end purpose of trafficking, including sexual exploitation, labour exploitation/forced labour, drug trafficking/smuggling/dealing, illegal adoption, servile/forced marriage, and begging. There remain arguments about definition and boundaries, and the growth of sectional and sectoral interests does not help the process of developing coherent and clear responses. The chapter explores such contested conceptual (and political) debates by locating the UK experience in the context of international conventions, notably the Palermo Protocol.
Todres Jonathan
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847426109
- eISBN:
- 9781447301714
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847426109.003.0008
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families
This chapter examines the issue of trafficking through the lens of a human rights approach. It argues that human rights, when fully implemented, provide a foundation to strengthen communities and ...
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This chapter examines the issue of trafficking through the lens of a human rights approach. It argues that human rights, when fully implemented, provide a foundation to strengthen communities and reduce the vulnerability of children to sex trafficking. The chapter calls on governments and civil society to focus on rights that can further the goal of preventing child sex trafficking. In particular, the following rights offer significant potential for reducing vulnerability and protecting children from sex trafficking: the right to be free from all forms of discrimination; the right to birth registration; health rights; the right to education; and labour rights. Importantly, while the focus of the chapter is sex trafficking, these rights, when fully ensured, can help prevent other forms of trafficking and exploitation of children. The chapter also stresses the importance of a multi-organisational or multi-sectoral approach to child trafficking, one that does not depend on narrow policing, immigration, or social-welfare interventions.Less
This chapter examines the issue of trafficking through the lens of a human rights approach. It argues that human rights, when fully implemented, provide a foundation to strengthen communities and reduce the vulnerability of children to sex trafficking. The chapter calls on governments and civil society to focus on rights that can further the goal of preventing child sex trafficking. In particular, the following rights offer significant potential for reducing vulnerability and protecting children from sex trafficking: the right to be free from all forms of discrimination; the right to birth registration; health rights; the right to education; and labour rights. Importantly, while the focus of the chapter is sex trafficking, these rights, when fully ensured, can help prevent other forms of trafficking and exploitation of children. The chapter also stresses the importance of a multi-organisational or multi-sectoral approach to child trafficking, one that does not depend on narrow policing, immigration, or social-welfare interventions.
Padam Simkhada
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847426109
- eISBN:
- 9781447301714
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847426109.003.0016
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families
This chapter deals with child trafficking from Nepal to other countries, particularly India. It cites the difficulties of obtaining accurate figures, although it is known that the scale of the ...
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This chapter deals with child trafficking from Nepal to other countries, particularly India. It cites the difficulties of obtaining accurate figures, although it is known that the scale of the problem is considerable. Programmes have been developed to address child trafficking but there has been recent criticism of national and local political apathy on the issue, and the continued chronic lack of law enforcement to address this problem. Girls who are trafficked for sex work are typically unmarried, non-literate, coming from rural backgrounds, and very young, factors that make them very vulnerable. Trafficking usually occurs with the collusion of parents or carers. Promises are made about the possibilities of work, and the push of poverty drives many young girls to put themselves in the hands of experienced, manipulative traffickers. The chapter identifies four key routes into sex trafficking: employment-induced migration, fraudulent marriage, deception (through false visits), and force (through abduction).Less
This chapter deals with child trafficking from Nepal to other countries, particularly India. It cites the difficulties of obtaining accurate figures, although it is known that the scale of the problem is considerable. Programmes have been developed to address child trafficking but there has been recent criticism of national and local political apathy on the issue, and the continued chronic lack of law enforcement to address this problem. Girls who are trafficked for sex work are typically unmarried, non-literate, coming from rural backgrounds, and very young, factors that make them very vulnerable. Trafficking usually occurs with the collusion of parents or carers. Promises are made about the possibilities of work, and the push of poverty drives many young girls to put themselves in the hands of experienced, manipulative traffickers. The chapter identifies four key routes into sex trafficking: employment-induced migration, fraudulent marriage, deception (through false visits), and force (through abduction).
Buck Trevor and Nicholson Andrea
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847426109
- eISBN:
- 9781447301714
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847426109.003.0003
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families
This chapter examines the international legal frameworks relating to child labour and child trafficking. Even where states are politically willing to act effectively, the covert nature of child ...
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This chapter examines the international legal frameworks relating to child labour and child trafficking. Even where states are politically willing to act effectively, the covert nature of child slavery can undermine these attempts; for those less politically compliant, the hidden nature of slavery provides an easy means for avoiding their responsibilities. The chapter concludes that the movement from generic rights to the creation of treaties concerned with more distinct practices and a focus on child-specific rights has led to the positive construction of measures that go beyond criminalisation and which are aimed at providing more comprehensive assistance to the victim and the recognition of children as active rights holders. It also discusses the prohibition of slavery, which was established in the 1926 Slavery Convention and subsequently reinforced under Article 4 of the 1948 United Nations Declaration of Human Rights; slavery and servitude; forced labour; inception of child rights and child welfare; and implementation and enforcement of international laws on child slavery.Less
This chapter examines the international legal frameworks relating to child labour and child trafficking. Even where states are politically willing to act effectively, the covert nature of child slavery can undermine these attempts; for those less politically compliant, the hidden nature of slavery provides an easy means for avoiding their responsibilities. The chapter concludes that the movement from generic rights to the creation of treaties concerned with more distinct practices and a focus on child-specific rights has led to the positive construction of measures that go beyond criminalisation and which are aimed at providing more comprehensive assistance to the victim and the recognition of children as active rights holders. It also discusses the prohibition of slavery, which was established in the 1926 Slavery Convention and subsequently reinforced under Article 4 of the 1948 United Nations Declaration of Human Rights; slavery and servitude; forced labour; inception of child rights and child welfare; and implementation and enforcement of international laws on child slavery.
Esben Leifsen
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847426109
- eISBN:
- 9781447301714
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847426109.003.0018
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families
This chapter examines international adoption and child trafficking in Ecuador. International adoption involves a number of policy, service, and legal actors operating within a policy and legal ...
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This chapter examines international adoption and child trafficking in Ecuador. International adoption involves a number of policy, service, and legal actors operating within a policy and legal framework. Where officials are corrupt (even if, in their defence, they are driven to be so by their own poverty) or do not fully understand the niceties of that framework, agencies and individuals can manipulate the system to their own advantage. What can be presented by clever operators as an adoption process is, in reality, child trafficking, involving children who have been stolen or removed from parents by a combination of threats and promises. The issue is, in reality, not about a series of ‘irregular acts’ by criminals acting alone. A serious adoption scandal in the Ecuadorian capital, Quito, in 1989, had a major impact on policy formulation and public administration in a crucial moment in the history of child-rights implementation.Less
This chapter examines international adoption and child trafficking in Ecuador. International adoption involves a number of policy, service, and legal actors operating within a policy and legal framework. Where officials are corrupt (even if, in their defence, they are driven to be so by their own poverty) or do not fully understand the niceties of that framework, agencies and individuals can manipulate the system to their own advantage. What can be presented by clever operators as an adoption process is, in reality, child trafficking, involving children who have been stolen or removed from parents by a combination of threats and promises. The issue is, in reality, not about a series of ‘irregular acts’ by criminals acting alone. A serious adoption scandal in the Ecuadorian capital, Quito, in 1989, had a major impact on policy formulation and public administration in a crucial moment in the history of child-rights implementation.
Aliperti Jason and Aliperti Patricia
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847426109
- eISBN:
- 9781447301714
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847426109.003.0010
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families
This chapter explores how education for all children can eradicate child trafficking in India. There are international conventions covering the issue of education, notably in the United Nations ...
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This chapter explores how education for all children can eradicate child trafficking in India. There are international conventions covering the issue of education, notably in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, but while most countries, such as India, have signed up to these, in practice the desire of parents to send their children to school, thus opening up opportunities to better themselves, is overwhelmed by major structural factors such as family poverty, illiteracy, and the cultural and historical ties of debt bondage. The chapter's approach to education is based on the Freirian concept of critical pedagogy, which views education as empowerment and the development of critical consciousness, illustrated through case studies collected in a fieldwork study. Using these case studies, the chapter examines how critical consciousness can be developed to confront factors making villages more prone to child trafficking. It also considers labour exploitation in India, forms of oppression and the need for conscientisation in villages, and conscientisation of children from Bal Ashram.Less
This chapter explores how education for all children can eradicate child trafficking in India. There are international conventions covering the issue of education, notably in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, but while most countries, such as India, have signed up to these, in practice the desire of parents to send their children to school, thus opening up opportunities to better themselves, is overwhelmed by major structural factors such as family poverty, illiteracy, and the cultural and historical ties of debt bondage. The chapter's approach to education is based on the Freirian concept of critical pedagogy, which views education as empowerment and the development of critical consciousness, illustrated through case studies collected in a fieldwork study. Using these case studies, the chapter examines how critical consciousness can be developed to confront factors making villages more prone to child trafficking. It also considers labour exploitation in India, forms of oppression and the need for conscientisation in villages, and conscientisation of children from Bal Ashram.
Joanne Westwood
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781447321859
- eISBN:
- 9781447321880
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447321859.003.0007
- Subject:
- Social Work, Research and Evaluation
This chapter explores the ways in which late nineteenth century campaigning organisations publicised the issue of child trafficking. Continuities can be identified in the way the issue of child ...
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This chapter explores the ways in which late nineteenth century campaigning organisations publicised the issue of child trafficking. Continuities can be identified in the way the issue of child trafficking was discussed in the media then, and, as is the case today, with reports of ‘trafficking’ that tend to adopt sensationalist exaggerated tones. Previously melodramatic themes were evidenced in the social purity campaigning activities, serialised style and pseudo-factual story-telling to convey to an unsuspecting public the tragic situations of victims, through emotional appeals and righteous indignation. Similar tactics are characteristic of contemporary child trafficking policy and media discourses.Less
This chapter explores the ways in which late nineteenth century campaigning organisations publicised the issue of child trafficking. Continuities can be identified in the way the issue of child trafficking was discussed in the media then, and, as is the case today, with reports of ‘trafficking’ that tend to adopt sensationalist exaggerated tones. Previously melodramatic themes were evidenced in the social purity campaigning activities, serialised style and pseudo-factual story-telling to convey to an unsuspecting public the tragic situations of victims, through emotional appeals and righteous indignation. Similar tactics are characteristic of contemporary child trafficking policy and media discourses.
Jacqueline Bhabha
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780691169101
- eISBN:
- 9781400850167
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691169101.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter examines intercountry adoption and how it affects children moved from the “majority” to the “developed” world each year to become part of a new family. The assumption that children ...
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This chapter examines intercountry adoption and how it affects children moved from the “majority” to the “developed” world each year to become part of a new family. The assumption that children belong within a nurturing family environment forms a bedrock of international human rights law. It is also a key feature of immigration and citizenship law. The chapter explains how intercountry adoption gives rise to heated public controversy over what constitutes the “best interests of children.” It considers several causes for skepticism about the value of intercountry adoption, including increased uncertainty about the unqualified benefits of “plenary adoption.” It also shows how increasing commercialization and the lack of adequate safeguards are resulting in criminal abuses including child trafficking, abduction, and sale. Finally, it discusses intercountry adoption as a form of child migration and argues the need to improve the current system of intercountry adoption.Less
This chapter examines intercountry adoption and how it affects children moved from the “majority” to the “developed” world each year to become part of a new family. The assumption that children belong within a nurturing family environment forms a bedrock of international human rights law. It is also a key feature of immigration and citizenship law. The chapter explains how intercountry adoption gives rise to heated public controversy over what constitutes the “best interests of children.” It considers several causes for skepticism about the value of intercountry adoption, including increased uncertainty about the unqualified benefits of “plenary adoption.” It also shows how increasing commercialization and the lack of adequate safeguards are resulting in criminal abuses including child trafficking, abduction, and sale. Finally, it discusses intercountry adoption as a form of child migration and argues the need to improve the current system of intercountry adoption.
Cody Clarie
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847426109
- eISBN:
- 9781447301714
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847426109.003.0011
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families
This chapter, drawing on the experience of Plan International, describes the utilisation of birth registration as a tool to prevent child trafficking. In many countries, failure to register births ...
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This chapter, drawing on the experience of Plan International, describes the utilisation of birth registration as a tool to prevent child trafficking. In many countries, failure to register births often happens on a large scale because of a failure of government resources, inadequate administrative procedures, family poverty, a lack of awareness, limited political will, and corruption. Parents are also often discouraged by the prospect of taxation or even by the fear that registered children become, in due course, ‘visible’ for conscription into armies or slave armies. Yet this registration is the key to claiming a host of rights: in a sense it defines the child as existing at all, hence its enshrinement in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (Articles 7 and 8). It opens the way to healthcare, education, nationality, and to the formal labour market. In other words, birth registration can be an effective means of protecting children, preventing sexual exploitation, and prosecuting cases of child slavery.Less
This chapter, drawing on the experience of Plan International, describes the utilisation of birth registration as a tool to prevent child trafficking. In many countries, failure to register births often happens on a large scale because of a failure of government resources, inadequate administrative procedures, family poverty, a lack of awareness, limited political will, and corruption. Parents are also often discouraged by the prospect of taxation or even by the fear that registered children become, in due course, ‘visible’ for conscription into armies or slave armies. Yet this registration is the key to claiming a host of rights: in a sense it defines the child as existing at all, hence its enshrinement in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (Articles 7 and 8). It opens the way to healthcare, education, nationality, and to the formal labour market. In other words, birth registration can be an effective means of protecting children, preventing sexual exploitation, and prosecuting cases of child slavery.
Lauren A. McCarthy
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801453892
- eISBN:
- 9781501701375
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801453892.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Russian Politics
This introductory chapter narrates the sentencing in a Russian court of three men for trafficking women to Europe and distributing them to brothels in Spain, France, Belgium, and Germany. Their ...
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This introductory chapter narrates the sentencing in a Russian court of three men for trafficking women to Europe and distributing them to brothels in Spain, France, Belgium, and Germany. Their conviction was one of the first in Russia under new laws criminalizing human trafficking. This law was passed in December 2003 to criminalize any forms of trafficking and slave labor. Even though the law creates easier law enforcement against human trafficking cases, there are still difficulties regarding its implementation. Hence, the book examines how Russian law enforcement applies the new laws in order to investigate and prosecute sex trafficking, labor trafficking, and child trafficking.Less
This introductory chapter narrates the sentencing in a Russian court of three men for trafficking women to Europe and distributing them to brothels in Spain, France, Belgium, and Germany. Their conviction was one of the first in Russia under new laws criminalizing human trafficking. This law was passed in December 2003 to criminalize any forms of trafficking and slave labor. Even though the law creates easier law enforcement against human trafficking cases, there are still difficulties regarding its implementation. Hence, the book examines how Russian law enforcement applies the new laws in order to investigate and prosecute sex trafficking, labor trafficking, and child trafficking.
Ieva Jusionyte
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780520283510
- eISBN:
- 9780520959378
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520283510.003.0007
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Latin American Cultural Anthropology
My anthropological research on security and participation in media production converged when I made a television program about illegal adoptions and child trafficking. Following the video format of ...
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My anthropological research on security and participation in media production converged when I made a television program about illegal adoptions and child trafficking. Following the video format of consecutive "takes," this chapter examines why Iguazú residents treated adoptions as a public secret and refused to talk about them on the record. Scarred by scandalous media stories about the trade in babies, residents of the marginalized province feared that common practices of informal fosterage could be misinterpreted as child trafficking, resulting in more deleterious legal and socioeconomic effects. Comparing my experience of making the television episode with writing this book, I highlight important differences between methods and ethics of journalistic and ethnographic knowledge production.Less
My anthropological research on security and participation in media production converged when I made a television program about illegal adoptions and child trafficking. Following the video format of consecutive "takes," this chapter examines why Iguazú residents treated adoptions as a public secret and refused to talk about them on the record. Scarred by scandalous media stories about the trade in babies, residents of the marginalized province feared that common practices of informal fosterage could be misinterpreted as child trafficking, resulting in more deleterious legal and socioeconomic effects. Comparing my experience of making the television episode with writing this book, I highlight important differences between methods and ethics of journalistic and ethnographic knowledge production.
Lauren A. McCarthy
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801453892
- eISBN:
- 9781501701375
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801453892.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Russian Politics
This concluding chapter provides an overview of the Russian law enforcement on trafficking. The enforcement system has pursued three main types of trafficking: sex trafficking, labor trafficking, and ...
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This concluding chapter provides an overview of the Russian law enforcement on trafficking. The enforcement system has pursued three main types of trafficking: sex trafficking, labor trafficking, and child trafficking for illegal adoption. Its institutional machinery—a combination of organizational structure, culture, and statistical performance assessment—drives agencies to emphasize the number of cases cleared, the completion of investigative activities within the time limits set by the Criminal Procedure Code, and a comparison to the previous year’s statistics. This approach leads law enforcement to be cautious in using new laws, as well as oblige them to look for cases that are quick and easy to clear with a fairly certain chance of conviction.Less
This concluding chapter provides an overview of the Russian law enforcement on trafficking. The enforcement system has pursued three main types of trafficking: sex trafficking, labor trafficking, and child trafficking for illegal adoption. Its institutional machinery—a combination of organizational structure, culture, and statistical performance assessment—drives agencies to emphasize the number of cases cleared, the completion of investigative activities within the time limits set by the Criminal Procedure Code, and a comparison to the previous year’s statistics. This approach leads law enforcement to be cautious in using new laws, as well as oblige them to look for cases that are quick and easy to clear with a fairly certain chance of conviction.
