Sander van Smaalen
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198570820
- eISBN:
- 9780191718762
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198570820.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Crystallography: Physics
Aperiodic crystals are crystalline materials with atomic structures that lack translational symmetry. This book gives a comprehensive account of the superspace theory for the description of the ...
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Aperiodic crystals are crystalline materials with atomic structures that lack translational symmetry. This book gives a comprehensive account of the superspace theory for the description of the crystal structures, and symmetries of incommensurately modulated crystals and composite crystals. It also gives a brief introduction to quasicrystals, thus providing the necessary background for understanding the distinctive features of aperiodic crystals, and it provides the tools for the application of quantitative methods from the realms of crystallography, solid state chemistry, and solid state physics to aperiodic crystal structures. The second half of the book is devoted to crystallographic methods of structural analysis of incommensurate crystals. Thorough accounts are given of the diffraction by incommensurate crystals, the choice of parameters in structure refinements, and the use of superspace in analysing crystal structures. The presentation of methods of structure determination includes direct methods, Fourier methods, Patterson function methods, the maximum entropy method (MEM), and charge flipping. So-called t-plots are introduced as a versatile method for the crystal chemical analysis of incommensurately modulated structures and composite crystals.Less
Aperiodic crystals are crystalline materials with atomic structures that lack translational symmetry. This book gives a comprehensive account of the superspace theory for the description of the crystal structures, and symmetries of incommensurately modulated crystals and composite crystals. It also gives a brief introduction to quasicrystals, thus providing the necessary background for understanding the distinctive features of aperiodic crystals, and it provides the tools for the application of quantitative methods from the realms of crystallography, solid state chemistry, and solid state physics to aperiodic crystal structures. The second half of the book is devoted to crystallographic methods of structural analysis of incommensurate crystals. Thorough accounts are given of the diffraction by incommensurate crystals, the choice of parameters in structure refinements, and the use of superspace in analysing crystal structures. The presentation of methods of structure determination includes direct methods, Fourier methods, Patterson function methods, the maximum entropy method (MEM), and charge flipping. So-called t-plots are introduced as a versatile method for the crystal chemical analysis of incommensurately modulated structures and composite crystals.
Helmut Hofmann
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198504016
- eISBN:
- 9780191708480
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198504016.003.0027
- Subject:
- Physics, Nuclear and Plasma Physics
In this chapter the units are summarized in which nuclear quantities are usually measured, all traced back on the elementary units of energy, time and length (in MeV, 10^{-23}sec and fm).
In this chapter the units are summarized in which nuclear quantities are usually measured, all traced back on the elementary units of energy, time and length (in MeV, 10^{-23}sec and fm).
Marco Sozzi
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199296668
- eISBN:
- 9780191712074
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199296668.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Theoretical, Computational, and Statistical Physics
The investigation of discrete symmetries is a fascinating subject which has been central to the agenda of physics research for fifty years, and has been the target of many experiments, ongoing and in ...
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The investigation of discrete symmetries is a fascinating subject which has been central to the agenda of physics research for fifty years, and has been the target of many experiments, ongoing and in preparation, all over the world. This book approaches the subject from a somewhat less traditional angle: it puts more emphasis on the experimental aspects of the field, trying to provide a wider picture than usual and to convey the intellectual challenge of experimental physics. The book includes the related connection to phenomenology, a purpose for which the precision experiments in this field — often rather elegant and requiring a good amount of ingenuity — are very well suited. The book discusses discrete symmetries (parity, charge conjugation, time reversal, and of course CP symmetry) in microscopic (atomic, nuclear, and particle) physics, and includes a detailed description of some key or representative experiments. The book discusses their principles and challenges more than the historical development. The main past achievements and the most recent developments are both included.Less
The investigation of discrete symmetries is a fascinating subject which has been central to the agenda of physics research for fifty years, and has been the target of many experiments, ongoing and in preparation, all over the world. This book approaches the subject from a somewhat less traditional angle: it puts more emphasis on the experimental aspects of the field, trying to provide a wider picture than usual and to convey the intellectual challenge of experimental physics. The book includes the related connection to phenomenology, a purpose for which the precision experiments in this field — often rather elegant and requiring a good amount of ingenuity — are very well suited. The book discusses discrete symmetries (parity, charge conjugation, time reversal, and of course CP symmetry) in microscopic (atomic, nuclear, and particle) physics, and includes a detailed description of some key or representative experiments. The book discusses their principles and challenges more than the historical development. The main past achievements and the most recent developments are both included.
Mathias Frisch
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- April 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195172157
- eISBN:
- 9780199835294
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195172159.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
This book has two principal aims: to investigate the conceptual structure of classical electrodynamics, and show that investigating a particular scientific theory can shed light on concerns in the ...
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This book has two principal aims: to investigate the conceptual structure of classical electrodynamics, and show that investigating a particular scientific theory can shed light on concerns in the general philosophy of science. It focuses on two basic issues on the interaction between charged particles and classical fields. First, what is the equation of motion of a charged particle interacting with an electromagnetic field? Second, how does the presence of charged particles or sources affect the total field? The book is divided into two parts. Part I focuses on particles — different particle equations of motion and their properties. Part II focuses on fields and their symmetry properties in the presence of particles.Less
This book has two principal aims: to investigate the conceptual structure of classical electrodynamics, and show that investigating a particular scientific theory can shed light on concerns in the general philosophy of science. It focuses on two basic issues on the interaction between charged particles and classical fields. First, what is the equation of motion of a charged particle interacting with an electromagnetic field? Second, how does the presence of charged particles or sources affect the total field? The book is divided into two parts. Part I focuses on particles — different particle equations of motion and their properties. Part II focuses on fields and their symmetry properties in the presence of particles.
Robert Stavins
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195189650
- eISBN:
- 9780199783694
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195189650.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This essay traces the history of market mechanisms and describes their theoretical advantages over prescriptive regulation. It gives an overview of the lessons learned about market instruments thus ...
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This essay traces the history of market mechanisms and describes their theoretical advantages over prescriptive regulation. It gives an overview of the lessons learned about market instruments thus far, among them that there is an ongoing need for both flexibility and simplicity and for more effective monitoring and enforcement. It argues that there remain important limitations to the success of market instruments, including that firms are not yet well equipped to fully utilize them. The chapter concludes with predictions about the conditions under which such instruments are most likely to succeed.Less
This essay traces the history of market mechanisms and describes their theoretical advantages over prescriptive regulation. It gives an overview of the lessons learned about market instruments thus far, among them that there is an ongoing need for both flexibility and simplicity and for more effective monitoring and enforcement. It argues that there remain important limitations to the success of market instruments, including that firms are not yet well equipped to fully utilize them. The chapter concludes with predictions about the conditions under which such instruments are most likely to succeed.
Gastone Gilli and Paola Gilli
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199558964
- eISBN:
- 9780191720949
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199558964.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Crystallography: Physics
Hydrogen bond (H-bond) effects are well known: it makes sea water liquid, joins cellulose microfibrils in sequoia trees, shapes DNA into chromosomes, and polypeptide chains into wool, hair, muscles, ...
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Hydrogen bond (H-bond) effects are well known: it makes sea water liquid, joins cellulose microfibrils in sequoia trees, shapes DNA into chromosomes, and polypeptide chains into wool, hair, muscles, or enzymes. However, its very nature is much less known and we may still wonder why O-H···O energies range from less than 1 to more than 30 kcal/mol without evident reason. This H-bond puzzle is tackled here by a new approach aimed to obtain full rationalization and comprehensive interpretation of the H-bond in terms of classical chemical-bond theories starting from the very root of the problem, an extended compilation of H-bond energies and geometries derived from modern thermodynamic and structural databases. From this analysis new concepts emerge: new classes of systematically strong H-bonds (CAHBs and RAHBs: charge- and resonance-assisted H-bonds); full H-bond classification in six classes (the chemical leitmotifs); assessment of the covalent nature of all strong H-bonds. This finally leads to three distinct though inter-consistent theoretical models able to rationalize the H-bond and to predict its strength which are based on the classical VB theory (electrostatic-covalent H-bond model, ECHBM), the matching of donor-acceptor acid-base parameters (PA/pKa equalization principle), and the shape of the H-bond proton-transfer pathway (transition-state H-bond theory, TSHBT). A number of important chemical and biochemical systems where strong H-bonds play an important functional role are surveyed, such as enzymatic catalysis, ion-transport through cell membranes, crystal packing, prototropic tautomerism, and molecular mechanisms of functional materials. Particular attention is paid to the drug-receptor binding process and to the interpretation of the enthalpy-entropy compensation phenomenon.Less
Hydrogen bond (H-bond) effects are well known: it makes sea water liquid, joins cellulose microfibrils in sequoia trees, shapes DNA into chromosomes, and polypeptide chains into wool, hair, muscles, or enzymes. However, its very nature is much less known and we may still wonder why O-H···O energies range from less than 1 to more than 30 kcal/mol without evident reason. This H-bond puzzle is tackled here by a new approach aimed to obtain full rationalization and comprehensive interpretation of the H-bond in terms of classical chemical-bond theories starting from the very root of the problem, an extended compilation of H-bond energies and geometries derived from modern thermodynamic and structural databases. From this analysis new concepts emerge: new classes of systematically strong H-bonds (CAHBs and RAHBs: charge- and resonance-assisted H-bonds); full H-bond classification in six classes (the chemical leitmotifs); assessment of the covalent nature of all strong H-bonds. This finally leads to three distinct though inter-consistent theoretical models able to rationalize the H-bond and to predict its strength which are based on the classical VB theory (electrostatic-covalent H-bond model, ECHBM), the matching of donor-acceptor acid-base parameters (PA/pKa equalization principle), and the shape of the H-bond proton-transfer pathway (transition-state H-bond theory, TSHBT). A number of important chemical and biochemical systems where strong H-bonds play an important functional role are surveyed, such as enzymatic catalysis, ion-transport through cell membranes, crystal packing, prototropic tautomerism, and molecular mechanisms of functional materials. Particular attention is paid to the drug-receptor binding process and to the interpretation of the enthalpy-entropy compensation phenomenon.
Mathias Frisch
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- April 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195172157
- eISBN:
- 9780199835294
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195172159.003.0009
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
A summary of the main arguments of the previous chapters is presented. Among these are that a theory’s formalism may be inconsistent and yet allow the construction of highly reliable models of the ...
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A summary of the main arguments of the previous chapters is presented. Among these are that a theory’s formalism may be inconsistent and yet allow the construction of highly reliable models of the phenomena of a certain domain. It is shown that there are scientifically meaningful distinctions between various causal locality principles that cannot be captured in causal terms. The most promising explanation for the temporal asymmetry exhibited by the total fields in the presence of radiating charges appeals to a causal constraint, namely that the field component physically associated with a radiating source is fully retarded.Less
A summary of the main arguments of the previous chapters is presented. Among these are that a theory’s formalism may be inconsistent and yet allow the construction of highly reliable models of the phenomena of a certain domain. It is shown that there are scientifically meaningful distinctions between various causal locality principles that cannot be captured in causal terms. The most promising explanation for the temporal asymmetry exhibited by the total fields in the presence of radiating charges appeals to a causal constraint, namely that the field component physically associated with a radiating source is fully retarded.
David Brazell, Jason Brown, and Mark Warshawsky
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199549108
- eISBN:
- 9780191720734
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199549108.003.0013
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Pensions and Pension Management
A life care annuity combines an immediate life annuity with long-term care insurance. This chapter reviews empirical evidence supporting the claim that the marketing of a life care annuity will ...
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A life care annuity combines an immediate life annuity with long-term care insurance. This chapter reviews empirical evidence supporting the claim that the marketing of a life care annuity will produce a lower total price for the combined product, less adverse selection in the individual annuity market, and greater availability of long-term care insurance. It also discusses the institutional, regulatory, and tax aspects of a life care annuity, including its future tax treatment under the recently enacted Pension Protection Act of 2006. The chapter concludes with a numerical illustration of the tax implications of various ways of structuring the life care annuity, and it compares these implications with those produced by an above-the-line deduction for qualified long-term care insurance premiums.Less
A life care annuity combines an immediate life annuity with long-term care insurance. This chapter reviews empirical evidence supporting the claim that the marketing of a life care annuity will produce a lower total price for the combined product, less adverse selection in the individual annuity market, and greater availability of long-term care insurance. It also discusses the institutional, regulatory, and tax aspects of a life care annuity, including its future tax treatment under the recently enacted Pension Protection Act of 2006. The chapter concludes with a numerical illustration of the tax implications of various ways of structuring the life care annuity, and it compares these implications with those produced by an above-the-line deduction for qualified long-term care insurance premiums.
J. B. Rosenzweig
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198525547
- eISBN:
- 9780191711725
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198525547.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Atomic, Laser, and Optical Physics
This book presents beam physics using a unified approach, emphasizing basic concepts and analysis methods. While many existing resources in beams and accelerators are specialized to aid the ...
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This book presents beam physics using a unified approach, emphasizing basic concepts and analysis methods. While many existing resources in beams and accelerators are specialized to aid the professional practitioner, this text anticipates the needs of physics students. The central concepts underpinning the physics of accelerators, charged particle, and photon beams are built up from familiar, intertwining components, such as electromagnetism, relativity, and Hamiltonian dynamics. These components are woven into an illustrative set of examples that allow investigation of a variety of physical scenarios. With these tools, single particle dynamics in linear accelerators are discussed, with general methods that are naturally extended to circular accelerators. Beyond single particle dynamics, the proliferation of commonly used beam descriptions are surveyed and compared. These methods provide a powerful connection between the classical charged particle beams, and beams based on coherent waves — laser beams. Aspects of experimental techniques are introduced. Numerous exercises, and examples drawn from devices such as synchrotrons and free-electron lasers, are included to illustrate relevant physical principles.Less
This book presents beam physics using a unified approach, emphasizing basic concepts and analysis methods. While many existing resources in beams and accelerators are specialized to aid the professional practitioner, this text anticipates the needs of physics students. The central concepts underpinning the physics of accelerators, charged particle, and photon beams are built up from familiar, intertwining components, such as electromagnetism, relativity, and Hamiltonian dynamics. These components are woven into an illustrative set of examples that allow investigation of a variety of physical scenarios. With these tools, single particle dynamics in linear accelerators are discussed, with general methods that are naturally extended to circular accelerators. Beyond single particle dynamics, the proliferation of commonly used beam descriptions are surveyed and compared. These methods provide a powerful connection between the classical charged particle beams, and beams based on coherent waves — laser beams. Aspects of experimental techniques are introduced. Numerous exercises, and examples drawn from devices such as synchrotrons and free-electron lasers, are included to illustrate relevant physical principles.
Richard L. Lippke
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199641468
- eISBN:
- 9780191732195
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199641468.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
The Ethics of Plea Bargaining offers a sustained argument for restrained forms of plea bargaining and against the freewheeling kinds of it that predominate in the United States. Rewards ...
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The Ethics of Plea Bargaining offers a sustained argument for restrained forms of plea bargaining and against the freewheeling kinds of it that predominate in the United States. Rewards for admitting guilt are distinguished from penalties for exercising the right to trial. The latter appear in numerous guises and are shown to be indefensible. Modest and fixed sentence reductions for defendants who admit their guilt are urged. Deliberate overcharging by prosecutors and charge bargaining, it is argued, should be discouraged. Claims that large and variable charge and sentence reductions are needed to expand deserved punishment, reward remorseful offenders, encourage cooperation from defendants in implicating others suspected of crimes, enhance the deterrent profile of the criminal justice system, or salvage convictions when the evidence against accused individuals is weak are all shown to lack credibility. The contention that such reductions in punishment are justified because they are freely agreed by state officials and criminal defendants is likewise shown to be unconvincing, given the ways in and extent to which criminal justice practices ought to be structured by desert or crime reduction norms. Forms of overcriminalization are noted throughout the book and shown to complicate the analysis of plea bargaining practices.Less
The Ethics of Plea Bargaining offers a sustained argument for restrained forms of plea bargaining and against the freewheeling kinds of it that predominate in the United States. Rewards for admitting guilt are distinguished from penalties for exercising the right to trial. The latter appear in numerous guises and are shown to be indefensible. Modest and fixed sentence reductions for defendants who admit their guilt are urged. Deliberate overcharging by prosecutors and charge bargaining, it is argued, should be discouraged. Claims that large and variable charge and sentence reductions are needed to expand deserved punishment, reward remorseful offenders, encourage cooperation from defendants in implicating others suspected of crimes, enhance the deterrent profile of the criminal justice system, or salvage convictions when the evidence against accused individuals is weak are all shown to lack credibility. The contention that such reductions in punishment are justified because they are freely agreed by state officials and criminal defendants is likewise shown to be unconvincing, given the ways in and extent to which criminal justice practices ought to be structured by desert or crime reduction norms. Forms of overcriminalization are noted throughout the book and shown to complicate the analysis of plea bargaining practices.
Stephen Spector
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195368024
- eISBN:
- 9780199867646
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195368024.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society, Judaism
This chapter challenges the claim that all Christian Zionist leaders are inflexible in their insistence that Israel retain every inch of the covenant land, and that they are yearning for the Jews to ...
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This chapter challenges the claim that all Christian Zionist leaders are inflexible in their insistence that Israel retain every inch of the covenant land, and that they are yearning for the Jews to convert or die at the end of time. Many evangelicals’ end-of-days beliefs are neither uniform nor rigid, and their faith doesn’t necessarily lead to adamant political convictions about Israel. Southern Baptist Convention’s Richard Land, for example, told the Bush administration that if the democratically elected government of Israel decides to give back territory for peace, most evangelicals will respect that. Ted Haggard, then-president of the NAE, gave Sharon a similar assurance in 2004. John Hagee also expresses a surprising willingness to accept Israel’s right to cede land for peace, although his lobbying group, Christians United for Israel, is based on the biblical premise that God gave the land to Israel. The chapter notes that many evangelical leaders dispute key aspects of the standard dispensational account of the end-times. Even when evangelicals do share a common understanding of the final events, they inevitably concede that the mystery of God’s providence may confound their expectations.Less
This chapter challenges the claim that all Christian Zionist leaders are inflexible in their insistence that Israel retain every inch of the covenant land, and that they are yearning for the Jews to convert or die at the end of time. Many evangelicals’ end-of-days beliefs are neither uniform nor rigid, and their faith doesn’t necessarily lead to adamant political convictions about Israel. Southern Baptist Convention’s Richard Land, for example, told the Bush administration that if the democratically elected government of Israel decides to give back territory for peace, most evangelicals will respect that. Ted Haggard, then-president of the NAE, gave Sharon a similar assurance in 2004. John Hagee also expresses a surprising willingness to accept Israel’s right to cede land for peace, although his lobbying group, Christians United for Israel, is based on the biblical premise that God gave the land to Israel. The chapter notes that many evangelical leaders dispute key aspects of the standard dispensational account of the end-times. Even when evangelicals do share a common understanding of the final events, they inevitably concede that the mystery of God’s providence may confound their expectations.
M. S. Sozzi
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199296668
- eISBN:
- 9780191712074
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199296668.003.0003
- Subject:
- Physics, Theoretical, Computational, and Statistical Physics
This chapter discusses charge conjugation symmetry, which emerges naturally out of the mating of quantum theory to special relativity, with the antiparticle concept. Despite not being related to ...
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This chapter discusses charge conjugation symmetry, which emerges naturally out of the mating of quantum theory to special relativity, with the antiparticle concept. Despite not being related to space-time, this symmetry turns out to be closely linked to space-time inversions; its consequences are somewhat less widespread than those of parity symmetry, mainly because only neutral systems can be eigenstates of charge conjugation. Charge conjugation symmetry is maximally violated by weak interactions in a way that is closely linked to parity violation. The large violation of parity and charge conjugation symmetries in weak interactions, the intrinsic difficulties in experimenting with composite antimatter systems, and the fact that CPT symmetry constrains several properties of matter and antimatter to be equal, all contribute to the fact that investigations shifted towards the study of the combined symmetry CP instead. A list of further reading and a selection of exercise problems are presented at the end of the chapter.Less
This chapter discusses charge conjugation symmetry, which emerges naturally out of the mating of quantum theory to special relativity, with the antiparticle concept. Despite not being related to space-time, this symmetry turns out to be closely linked to space-time inversions; its consequences are somewhat less widespread than those of parity symmetry, mainly because only neutral systems can be eigenstates of charge conjugation. Charge conjugation symmetry is maximally violated by weak interactions in a way that is closely linked to parity violation. The large violation of parity and charge conjugation symmetries in weak interactions, the intrinsic difficulties in experimenting with composite antimatter systems, and the fact that CPT symmetry constrains several properties of matter and antimatter to be equal, all contribute to the fact that investigations shifted towards the study of the combined symmetry CP instead. A list of further reading and a selection of exercise problems are presented at the end of the chapter.
A.F. Borghesani
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199213603
- eISBN:
- 9780191707421
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213603.003.0007
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
This chapter deals with the discovery that ions interact with hydrodynamic structures of the superfluid in a way that can be explained only by assuming that the flow patterns in the superfluid are ...
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This chapter deals with the discovery that ions interact with hydrodynamic structures of the superfluid in a way that can be explained only by assuming that the flow patterns in the superfluid are quantized. Vortex lines and vortex rings capture the ions and the electron bubbles to produce charged vortex rings and lines which appear to be quantized. The fundamentals of semiclassical vortex hydrodynamics are described. The chapter also discusses experiments that unequivocally show that the relationship between momentum, impulse, and energy of such charged ion-vortex complexes confirm the picture of quantized hydrodynamic structures occurring in the superfluid.Less
This chapter deals with the discovery that ions interact with hydrodynamic structures of the superfluid in a way that can be explained only by assuming that the flow patterns in the superfluid are quantized. Vortex lines and vortex rings capture the ions and the electron bubbles to produce charged vortex rings and lines which appear to be quantized. The fundamentals of semiclassical vortex hydrodynamics are described. The chapter also discusses experiments that unequivocally show that the relationship between momentum, impulse, and energy of such charged ion-vortex complexes confirm the picture of quantized hydrodynamic structures occurring in the superfluid.
Helmuth Spieler
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198527848
- eISBN:
- 9780191713248
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198527848.003.0002
- Subject:
- Physics, Particle Physics / Astrophysics / Cosmology
This chapter first discusses which parameters determine sensor sensitivity, and then explains the basic semiconductor physics relevant to radiation detectors. Statistical limits to energy resolution ...
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This chapter first discusses which parameters determine sensor sensitivity, and then explains the basic semiconductor physics relevant to radiation detectors. Statistical limits to energy resolution are discussed with a simple derivation of the Fano factor. Semiconductor doping and pn-junctions are explained and applied to the formation of extended detector volumes. Quantitative expressions describing charge transport and collection times are derived. The mechanism of induced charge is explained and applied to multi-electrode structures, such as strip and pixel detectors (Ramo's theorem). Charge collection in the presence of trapping and alternate sensor materials is discussed. Avalanche gain is described and applied to photodiodes. The second half of the chapter explains the basics of electronic signal acquisition with voltage, current, or charge-sensitive amplifiers. The relationship between pulse rise time and frequency response is explained together with the basic amplifier parameters that limit bandwidth. In closing, the importance of amplifier input impedance is shown.Less
This chapter first discusses which parameters determine sensor sensitivity, and then explains the basic semiconductor physics relevant to radiation detectors. Statistical limits to energy resolution are discussed with a simple derivation of the Fano factor. Semiconductor doping and pn-junctions are explained and applied to the formation of extended detector volumes. Quantitative expressions describing charge transport and collection times are derived. The mechanism of induced charge is explained and applied to multi-electrode structures, such as strip and pixel detectors (Ramo's theorem). Charge collection in the presence of trapping and alternate sensor materials is discussed. Avalanche gain is described and applied to photodiodes. The second half of the chapter explains the basics of electronic signal acquisition with voltage, current, or charge-sensitive amplifiers. The relationship between pulse rise time and frequency response is explained together with the basic amplifier parameters that limit bandwidth. In closing, the importance of amplifier input impedance is shown.
Arne Haaland
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199235353
- eISBN:
- 9780191715594
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199235353.003.0003
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
The ground-state energy of a poly-electron atom in Group 1, 2, 12, or 18 is completely determined by its electron configuration. Due to the spin of the unpaired electron in a Group 1 atom, the ground ...
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The ground-state energy of a poly-electron atom in Group 1, 2, 12, or 18 is completely determined by its electron configuration. Due to the spin of the unpaired electron in a Group 1 atom, the ground state is doubly degenerate, but the atoms in Groups 2, 12, and 18 have non-degenerate ground states. The lowest energy configurations of the atoms in Groups 13-17, on the other hand, give rise to several non-degenerate states. This chapter defines configuration-averaged energies and ionization energies, and shows how the latter may be used to define a set of useful electronegativity constants. The variation of configuration-averaged ionization energies and atomic bonding radii across the Periodic Table is explored. Electron affinities and atomic polarizabilities are briefly described. Net atomic charges are defined and how they may be estimated by quantum chemical calculations is shown.Less
The ground-state energy of a poly-electron atom in Group 1, 2, 12, or 18 is completely determined by its electron configuration. Due to the spin of the unpaired electron in a Group 1 atom, the ground state is doubly degenerate, but the atoms in Groups 2, 12, and 18 have non-degenerate ground states. The lowest energy configurations of the atoms in Groups 13-17, on the other hand, give rise to several non-degenerate states. This chapter defines configuration-averaged energies and ionization energies, and shows how the latter may be used to define a set of useful electronegativity constants. The variation of configuration-averaged ionization energies and atomic bonding radii across the Periodic Table is explored. Electron affinities and atomic polarizabilities are briefly described. Net atomic charges are defined and how they may be estimated by quantum chemical calculations is shown.
Richard Healey
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199287963
- eISBN:
- 9780191713453
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199287963.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
This chapter introduces the Aharonov-Bohm effect and explains why it poses a challenge to classical conceptions of how electricity and magnetism act on charged particles. It offers a critical ...
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This chapter introduces the Aharonov-Bohm effect and explains why it poses a challenge to classical conceptions of how electricity and magnetism act on charged particles. It offers a critical analysis of attempts to give a gauge-invariant, local account of the effect, and also of the view that the effect may be understood simply by appeals to geometry and topology. After analyzing what might be meant by ‘locality’ in this context, it distinguishes three different interpretations of electromagnetism and how it acts in the Aharonov-Bohm effect. It concludes with a preliminary defense of the view that classical electromagnetism is best understood here as postulating new, non-localized properties.Less
This chapter introduces the Aharonov-Bohm effect and explains why it poses a challenge to classical conceptions of how electricity and magnetism act on charged particles. It offers a critical analysis of attempts to give a gauge-invariant, local account of the effect, and also of the view that the effect may be understood simply by appeals to geometry and topology. After analyzing what might be meant by ‘locality’ in this context, it distinguishes three different interpretations of electromagnetism and how it acts in the Aharonov-Bohm effect. It concludes with a preliminary defense of the view that classical electromagnetism is best understood here as postulating new, non-localized properties.
Christopher Bryan
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195183344
- eISBN:
- 9780199835584
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195183347.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Early Christian Studies
Jesus suffered crucifixion by the Romans. Is this because he was a rebel against Rome? Not according to the evangelists, who claim that the Sanhedrin under Caiaphas initially arraigned Jesus on a ...
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Jesus suffered crucifixion by the Romans. Is this because he was a rebel against Rome? Not according to the evangelists, who claim that the Sanhedrin under Caiaphas initially arraigned Jesus on a capital charge of blasphemy. References to Jesus’ death in Jewish sources (notably Josephus and the Talmud) also claim primary responsibility for the Jerusalem authorities. Having condemned Jesus, the Sanhedrin referred the case to Pilate, as would be necessary, given Rome’s normal practice of reserving the death penalty to itself. For Pilate’s benefit, the charge was restated in terms of maiestas laesa—high treason. The gospels describe Pilate as initially unconvinced and prepared to deal with Jesus of Nazareth as Albinus would later deal with Jesus ben Hananiah. Then, perhaps because he fears a riot, Pilate is persuaded to apply the death penalty. There is no good reason to doubt the essential truth of this record.Less
Jesus suffered crucifixion by the Romans. Is this because he was a rebel against Rome? Not according to the evangelists, who claim that the Sanhedrin under Caiaphas initially arraigned Jesus on a capital charge of blasphemy. References to Jesus’ death in Jewish sources (notably Josephus and the Talmud) also claim primary responsibility for the Jerusalem authorities. Having condemned Jesus, the Sanhedrin referred the case to Pilate, as would be necessary, given Rome’s normal practice of reserving the death penalty to itself. For Pilate’s benefit, the charge was restated in terms of maiestas laesa—high treason. The gospels describe Pilate as initially unconvinced and prepared to deal with Jesus of Nazareth as Albinus would later deal with Jesus ben Hananiah. Then, perhaps because he fears a riot, Pilate is persuaded to apply the death penalty. There is no good reason to doubt the essential truth of this record.
Vladimir Agranovich
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199234417
- eISBN:
- 9780191715426
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199234417.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Atomic, Laser, and Optical Physics
This book details the studies of the properties of electronic and vibrational excitations in organic solids. It brings together most of the theory in this field together with many illustrations of ...
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This book details the studies of the properties of electronic and vibrational excitations in organic solids. It brings together most of the theory in this field together with many illustrations of experiments. There is a detailed treatment of many topics in uniform style, and the book also contains discussions of new phenomena. In different chapters, the theory of the Frenkel excitons, charge transfer excitons and polaritons, and their contribution to the optical properties of organic solids (bulk, superlattices, surfaces, nanostructures) will be found. The surface electronic excitations, optical biphonons, and Fermiresonance by polaritons are also discussed. The book presents the theory of hybrid Frenkel-Wannier-Mott excitons in nanostructures, the theory of polaritons in organic microcavities including hybrid microcavities, the new concept for LED, the effects of mixing of Frenkel and charge-transfer excitons, and the theory of excitons, and polaritons in one- and two-dimensional crystals. There are plenty of references to current research and to important historical work.Less
This book details the studies of the properties of electronic and vibrational excitations in organic solids. It brings together most of the theory in this field together with many illustrations of experiments. There is a detailed treatment of many topics in uniform style, and the book also contains discussions of new phenomena. In different chapters, the theory of the Frenkel excitons, charge transfer excitons and polaritons, and their contribution to the optical properties of organic solids (bulk, superlattices, surfaces, nanostructures) will be found. The surface electronic excitations, optical biphonons, and Fermiresonance by polaritons are also discussed. The book presents the theory of hybrid Frenkel-Wannier-Mott excitons in nanostructures, the theory of polaritons in organic microcavities including hybrid microcavities, the new concept for LED, the effects of mixing of Frenkel and charge-transfer excitons, and the theory of excitons, and polaritons in one- and two-dimensional crystals. There are plenty of references to current research and to important historical work.
Landon R. Y. Storrs
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691153964
- eISBN:
- 9781400845255
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691153964.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter examines the connection between disloyalty charges and the shift toward the political center, or out of government service, by many public officials, which has been difficult to discern ...
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This chapter examines the connection between disloyalty charges and the shift toward the political center, or out of government service, by many public officials, which has been difficult to discern because of the silence that loyalty defendants maintained, even many years later. As they organized papers, gave interviews, and drafted memoirs, they typically avoided disclosing that they had been investigated and downplayed the leftism that had put them in the line of fire. Leon and Mary Dublin Keyserling were not the only former loyalty defendants to offer accounts that were distorted by an accumulation of omissions; they are not to blame for trying to protect themselves and their associates from further persecution. In addition to impeding progressive reform, policymakers' traumatic encounters with the federal employee loyalty program impoverished the primary sources on which scholars have relied to understand mid-twentieth-century American politics.Less
This chapter examines the connection between disloyalty charges and the shift toward the political center, or out of government service, by many public officials, which has been difficult to discern because of the silence that loyalty defendants maintained, even many years later. As they organized papers, gave interviews, and drafted memoirs, they typically avoided disclosing that they had been investigated and downplayed the leftism that had put them in the line of fire. Leon and Mary Dublin Keyserling were not the only former loyalty defendants to offer accounts that were distorted by an accumulation of omissions; they are not to blame for trying to protect themselves and their associates from further persecution. In addition to impeding progressive reform, policymakers' traumatic encounters with the federal employee loyalty program impoverished the primary sources on which scholars have relied to understand mid-twentieth-century American politics.
Vladimir M. Agranovich
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199234417
- eISBN:
- 9780191715426
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199234417.003.0012
- Subject:
- Physics, Atomic, Laser, and Optical Physics
This chapter discusses the properties of surface excitons and polaritons. It presents a discussion of surface polaritons at the sharp interface between media, the observation of exciton surface ...
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This chapter discusses the properties of surface excitons and polaritons. It presents a discussion of surface polaritons at the sharp interface between media, the observation of exciton surface polaritons at room temperature, the surface excitons in the presence of a transition layer, and nonlinear surface polaritons. The two-dimensional site shift surface excitons in outermost monolayers of molecular crystals and their properties are also considered. It is shown that in quasi-one dimensional crystals with molecules having the strong mixing of Frenkel- and CT exciton states at the edge of even perfect chain exciton states can be formed localized at edge analogous to Tamm states in perfect semiconductors.Less
This chapter discusses the properties of surface excitons and polaritons. It presents a discussion of surface polaritons at the sharp interface between media, the observation of exciton surface polaritons at room temperature, the surface excitons in the presence of a transition layer, and nonlinear surface polaritons. The two-dimensional site shift surface excitons in outermost monolayers of molecular crystals and their properties are also considered. It is shown that in quasi-one dimensional crystals with molecules having the strong mixing of Frenkel- and CT exciton states at the edge of even perfect chain exciton states can be formed localized at edge analogous to Tamm states in perfect semiconductors.
