Andreas Herberg‐Rothe
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199202690
- eISBN:
- 9780191707834
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199202690.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter introduces the trinity as Clausewitz's attempt to summarize his different war experiences. The internal development of the first chapter with the trinity at its end follows an immanent ...
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This chapter introduces the trinity as Clausewitz's attempt to summarize his different war experiences. The internal development of the first chapter with the trinity at its end follows an immanent logic of action and (symmetrical as well as asymmetrical) counter-action, which is explained in a detailed interpretation of all consequent paragraphs. Clausewitz's various preliminary efforts to conceptualize warfare (like his definition, his concept of war, and even his world-renowned formula) finally result in the wondrous trinity, which he himself called his result for theory. Clausewitz therefore introduces the trinity at the end of the first chapter, because it integrates methodologically all previous concepts. By making the trinity a basis for the whole interpretation, it is possible to combine all of Clausewitz's various conceptualizations into one comprehensive theory.Less
This chapter introduces the trinity as Clausewitz's attempt to summarize his different war experiences. The internal development of the first chapter with the trinity at its end follows an immanent logic of action and (symmetrical as well as asymmetrical) counter-action, which is explained in a detailed interpretation of all consequent paragraphs. Clausewitz's various preliminary efforts to conceptualize warfare (like his definition, his concept of war, and even his world-renowned formula) finally result in the wondrous trinity, which he himself called his result for theory. Clausewitz therefore introduces the trinity at the end of the first chapter, because it integrates methodologically all previous concepts. By making the trinity a basis for the whole interpretation, it is possible to combine all of Clausewitz's various conceptualizations into one comprehensive theory.
Jennifer M. Welsh (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199267217
- eISBN:
- 9780191601118
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199267219.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
The issue of humanitarian intervention has generated one of the most heated debates in international relations over the past decade, for both theorists and practitioners. At its heart is the alleged ...
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The issue of humanitarian intervention has generated one of the most heated debates in international relations over the past decade, for both theorists and practitioners. At its heart is the alleged tension between the principle of state sovereignty, and the evolving norms related to individual human rights. This edited collection examines the challenges to international society posed by humanitarian intervention in a post-September 11th world. It brings scholars of law, philosophy, and international relations together with those who have actively engaged in cases of intervention, in order to examine the legitimacy and consequences of the use of military force for humanitarian purposes. The book demonstrates why humanitarian intervention continues to be a controversial question not only for the United Nations but also for Western states and humanitarian organisations.Less
The issue of humanitarian intervention has generated one of the most heated debates in international relations over the past decade, for both theorists and practitioners. At its heart is the alleged tension between the principle of state sovereignty, and the evolving norms related to individual human rights. This edited collection examines the challenges to international society posed by humanitarian intervention in a post-September 11th world. It brings scholars of law, philosophy, and international relations together with those who have actively engaged in cases of intervention, in order to examine the legitimacy and consequences of the use of military force for humanitarian purposes. The book demonstrates why humanitarian intervention continues to be a controversial question not only for the United Nations but also for Western states and humanitarian organisations.
Jennifer M. Welsh
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199267217
- eISBN:
- 9780191601118
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199267219.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Three main themes emerge from this edited collection. First, there has been an increased incidence of intervention for humanitarian purposes since the end of the Cold War. In these cases, the alleged ...
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Three main themes emerge from this edited collection. First, there has been an increased incidence of intervention for humanitarian purposes since the end of the Cold War. In these cases, the alleged conflict between sovereignty and human rights has been addressed in one of two ways: through an evolution in the notion of sovereignty, from ‘sovereignty as authority’ to ‘sovereignty as responsibility’; and through an expanded definition of what constitutes a threat to international peace and security under Chapter VII of the UN Charter. Second, despite this new climate of permissiveness, humanitarian intervention remains a controversial norm in international relations – largely because of continued opposition from certain members of international society, and concerns about its potentially negative consequences. Third, while the post Cold War period has seen some successful cases of intervention to address humanitarian catastrophes, the current capability of international organizations to undertake humanitarian interventions remains limited. Indeed, as the book demonstrates, the issue of humanitarian intervention has the potential to divide international institutions such as the UN and damage their credibility.Less
Three main themes emerge from this edited collection. First, there has been an increased incidence of intervention for humanitarian purposes since the end of the Cold War. In these cases, the alleged conflict between sovereignty and human rights has been addressed in one of two ways: through an evolution in the notion of sovereignty, from ‘sovereignty as authority’ to ‘sovereignty as responsibility’; and through an expanded definition of what constitutes a threat to international peace and security under Chapter VII of the UN Charter. Second, despite this new climate of permissiveness, humanitarian intervention remains a controversial norm in international relations – largely because of continued opposition from certain members of international society, and concerns about its potentially negative consequences. Third, while the post Cold War period has seen some successful cases of intervention to address humanitarian catastrophes, the current capability of international organizations to undertake humanitarian interventions remains limited. Indeed, as the book demonstrates, the issue of humanitarian intervention has the potential to divide international institutions such as the UN and damage their credibility.
Nicholas J. Wheeler
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199267217
- eISBN:
- 9780191601118
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199267219.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Argues that we are witnessing the development of a new norm of military intervention for humanitarian purposes in contemporary international society. Since the end of the Cold War, the United Nations ...
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Argues that we are witnessing the development of a new norm of military intervention for humanitarian purposes in contemporary international society. Since the end of the Cold War, the United Nations Security Council has been more active in the realm of intervention, extending its Chapter VII powers into matters that had previously belonged to the domestic jurisdiction of states. Without the material power of Western states, this activism would not have been possible. However, a purely materialist explanation for this development fails to consider the changed normative context within Western states that permitted, and in some cases encouraged, intervention. While normative evolution has occurred, it is also limited in its scope, specifically over the question of whether military intervention must have Security Council authorization.Less
Argues that we are witnessing the development of a new norm of military intervention for humanitarian purposes in contemporary international society. Since the end of the Cold War, the United Nations Security Council has been more active in the realm of intervention, extending its Chapter VII powers into matters that had previously belonged to the domestic jurisdiction of states. Without the material power of Western states, this activism would not have been possible. However, a purely materialist explanation for this development fails to consider the changed normative context within Western states that permitted, and in some cases encouraged, intervention. While normative evolution has occurred, it is also limited in its scope, specifically over the question of whether military intervention must have Security Council authorization.
Jennifer M. Welsh
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199267217
- eISBN:
- 9780191601118
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199267219.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Outlines and evaluates the political, legal, and ethical objections to humanitarian intervention. In so doing, it questions not only whether the doctrine of ‘sovereignty as responsibility’ has taken ...
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Outlines and evaluates the political, legal, and ethical objections to humanitarian intervention. In so doing, it questions not only whether the doctrine of ‘sovereignty as responsibility’ has taken hold in international society, but also whether it should – particularly in the form suggested by Western states. The author argues that the ethical position of pluralism – as articulated by non-Western states – represents the most compelling case against humanitarian intervention, by emphasizing the impact on international society of relaxing the norm of non-intervention. Despite these pluralist objections, military intervention in cases of supreme humanitarian emergency can be defended on moral grounds, provided the intervention meets certain tests of legitimacy. Given the unintended consequences of military action, the author also suggests that more attention should be paid to the non-military means of operationalizing ‘sovereignty as responsibility’.Less
Outlines and evaluates the political, legal, and ethical objections to humanitarian intervention. In so doing, it questions not only whether the doctrine of ‘sovereignty as responsibility’ has taken hold in international society, but also whether it should – particularly in the form suggested by Western states. The author argues that the ethical position of pluralism – as articulated by non-Western states – represents the most compelling case against humanitarian intervention, by emphasizing the impact on international society of relaxing the norm of non-intervention. Despite these pluralist objections, military intervention in cases of supreme humanitarian emergency can be defended on moral grounds, provided the intervention meets certain tests of legitimacy. Given the unintended consequences of military action, the author also suggests that more attention should be paid to the non-military means of operationalizing ‘sovereignty as responsibility’.
Sydney D. Bailey and Sam Daws
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198280736
- eISBN:
- 9780191598746
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198280734.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
The Procedure of the UN Security Council is the definitive book of its kind and has been widely used by UN practitioners and scholars for over twenty years. This new revised and ...
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The Procedure of the UN Security Council is the definitive book of its kind and has been widely used by UN practitioners and scholars for over twenty years. This new revised and thoroughly updated third edition encompasses the many changes in Council procedure that have occurred since the end of the Cold War, which ushered in new possibilities for international co‐operation, and increased recourse to the UN. The last decade has seen the Gulf War and a plethora of new and often complex peacekeeping operations, from Bosnia to Rwanda, and such increased demands and associated expectations have placed a spotlight on the role and functioning of the Security Council. Recent years have seen a greater recourse to informal consultations of Council members prior to Council meetings, and the search for consensual Council decision‐making has led to differences of opinion on both procedural and substantive matters being dealt with largely during such consultations. This has produced calls from non‐members for greater Council transparency. Other proposals, both from within and outside the UN, have advocated reforms to the Council's composition or working methods to ensure its continued effectiveness and legitimacy. The new edition attempts to reflect the many recent developments in the procedure of the Security Council, while still reflecting the considerable continuity that exists with the past. In particular, to illustrate and illuminate aspects of Council procedure, many examples have been used from the UN's early years, since this was the time when many of the original precedents were created. Some of the anecdotes that touch on the human side of Council diplomacy have also been retained. The new edition includes new information on the following: the Provisional Rules of Procedure; public and private meetings; consultations and briefings with non‐members and troop‐contributors, including transparency, Presidential briefings, and orientation debates; informal consultations and ‘Arria formula’ meetings; the appointment of the Secretary‐General of the UN; relationships with the UN General Assembly, the UN International Court of Justice, the UN Trusteeship Council, and the UN Military Staff Committee; subsidiary organs, including sanctions committees; the veto and Security Council membership; Chapter VII resolutions, UN peacekeeping and UN‐authorized enforcement; Council enlargement and de jure and de facto Charter amendments; changes in Council documentation; and ad hoc and regional groupings in the Council.Less
The Procedure of the UN Security Council is the definitive book of its kind and has been widely used by UN practitioners and scholars for over twenty years. This new revised and thoroughly updated third edition encompasses the many changes in Council procedure that have occurred since the end of the Cold War, which ushered in new possibilities for international co‐operation, and increased recourse to the UN. The last decade has seen the Gulf War and a plethora of new and often complex peacekeeping operations, from Bosnia to Rwanda, and such increased demands and associated expectations have placed a spotlight on the role and functioning of the Security Council. Recent years have seen a greater recourse to informal consultations of Council members prior to Council meetings, and the search for consensual Council decision‐making has led to differences of opinion on both procedural and substantive matters being dealt with largely during such consultations. This has produced calls from non‐members for greater Council transparency. Other proposals, both from within and outside the UN, have advocated reforms to the Council's composition or working methods to ensure its continued effectiveness and legitimacy. The new edition attempts to reflect the many recent developments in the procedure of the Security Council, while still reflecting the considerable continuity that exists with the past. In particular, to illustrate and illuminate aspects of Council procedure, many examples have been used from the UN's early years, since this was the time when many of the original precedents were created. Some of the anecdotes that touch on the human side of Council diplomacy have also been retained. The new edition includes new information on the following: the Provisional Rules of Procedure; public and private meetings; consultations and briefings with non‐members and troop‐contributors, including transparency, Presidential briefings, and orientation debates; informal consultations and ‘Arria formula’ meetings; the appointment of the Secretary‐General of the UN; relationships with the UN General Assembly, the UN International Court of Justice, the UN Trusteeship Council, and the UN Military Staff Committee; subsidiary organs, including sanctions committees; the veto and Security Council membership; Chapter VII resolutions, UN peacekeeping and UN‐authorized enforcement; Council enlargement and de jure and de facto Charter amendments; changes in Council documentation; and ad hoc and regional groupings in the Council.
Ray A. Moore and Donald L. Robinson
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195151169
- eISBN:
- 9780199833917
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019515116X.003.0022
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
On August 31, a “special committee,” consisting of 45 members of the House of Peers, began a series of secret meetings that would last until October 3. Attention focused again on the emperor's role ...
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On August 31, a “special committee,” consisting of 45 members of the House of Peers, began a series of secret meetings that would last until October 3. Attention focused again on the emperor's role (kokutai), popular sovereignty, and the proposed electoral review of judges. Peers also criticized the American‐sounding rhetoric of the preamble and the notion in Chapter X of the constitution as “supreme law.” Notable during these debates were exchanges between Takayanagi Kenzō and Sasaki Sōichi. In the end, after making a few minor amendments, the House of Peers added its approval of the revision.Less
On August 31, a “special committee,” consisting of 45 members of the House of Peers, began a series of secret meetings that would last until October 3. Attention focused again on the emperor's role (kokutai), popular sovereignty, and the proposed electoral review of judges. Peers also criticized the American‐sounding rhetoric of the preamble and the notion in Chapter X of the constitution as “supreme law.” Notable during these debates were exchanges between Takayanagi Kenzō and Sasaki Sōichi. In the end, after making a few minor amendments, the House of Peers added its approval of the revision.
Gary Herrigel
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199557738
- eISBN:
- 9780191720871
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199557738.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy
The chapter compares emergence of minimills in Germany, Japan and the US, along with the recomposition of the Integrated Steel Mill sector. Steel production as an industrial activity in each of the ...
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The chapter compares emergence of minimills in Germany, Japan and the US, along with the recomposition of the Integrated Steel Mill sector. Steel production as an industrial activity in each of the societies, especially in the United States, is radically reconceived, but continues to be successful in each country. Again, in contrast to the claims of Varieties of Capitalism, the American steel industry proves adept at both gradual and radical innovation, as do the German and Japanese industries.Less
The chapter compares emergence of minimills in Germany, Japan and the US, along with the recomposition of the Integrated Steel Mill sector. Steel production as an industrial activity in each of the societies, especially in the United States, is radically reconceived, but continues to be successful in each country. Again, in contrast to the claims of Varieties of Capitalism, the American steel industry proves adept at both gradual and radical innovation, as do the German and Japanese industries.
Paul R. Goldin
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780691200798
- eISBN:
- 9780691200811
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691200798.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
This chapter studies the Zhuangzi. Unlike in the previously discussed texts, virtually all serious scholars accept that the Zhuangzi comprises layers of diverse origin and date. Since the twentieth ...
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This chapter studies the Zhuangzi. Unlike in the previously discussed texts, virtually all serious scholars accept that the Zhuangzi comprises layers of diverse origin and date. Since the twentieth century, there have been several attempts to identify the various strata and associate them with particular philosophical camps: syncretists, primitivists, and so on. The details of each scheme vary, but there has been a rough consensus that the “inner chapters” represent the closest surviving approximation of the work of Zhuang Zhou himself, while the “outer” and “mixed chapters” are a grab bag of pieces by Zhuang Zhou's disciples, epigones, and enthusiasts. Accordingly, this chapter refers to relevant passages from the “outer” and “mixed chapters” without embarrassment. Indeed, in some cases, our understanding would be impaired without them. Moreover, the inquiry is delimited by a necessary recognition: what is found in Zhuangzi are repeatedly revisited philosophical themes rather than sustained and internally consistent philosophical arguments. With a text that contains material of diverse origin, covering a span of centuries, it would be unjustifiable to presume coherence. While the range of themes is generally stable, the chapter shows that different passages often explore them in dissimilar ways.Less
This chapter studies the Zhuangzi. Unlike in the previously discussed texts, virtually all serious scholars accept that the Zhuangzi comprises layers of diverse origin and date. Since the twentieth century, there have been several attempts to identify the various strata and associate them with particular philosophical camps: syncretists, primitivists, and so on. The details of each scheme vary, but there has been a rough consensus that the “inner chapters” represent the closest surviving approximation of the work of Zhuang Zhou himself, while the “outer” and “mixed chapters” are a grab bag of pieces by Zhuang Zhou's disciples, epigones, and enthusiasts. Accordingly, this chapter refers to relevant passages from the “outer” and “mixed chapters” without embarrassment. Indeed, in some cases, our understanding would be impaired without them. Moreover, the inquiry is delimited by a necessary recognition: what is found in Zhuangzi are repeatedly revisited philosophical themes rather than sustained and internally consistent philosophical arguments. With a text that contains material of diverse origin, covering a span of centuries, it would be unjustifiable to presume coherence. While the range of themes is generally stable, the chapter shows that different passages often explore them in dissimilar ways.
Volker L. Menze
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199534876
- eISBN:
- 9780191716041
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199534876.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, Early Christian Studies
In the general Conclusion, Justinian's religious policy after 536 until the Second Council of Constantinople in 553 is reconsidered: as the Council of Chalcedon as such could no longer be questioned, ...
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In the general Conclusion, Justinian's religious policy after 536 until the Second Council of Constantinople in 553 is reconsidered: as the Council of Chalcedon as such could no longer be questioned, the emperor established himself as theologian and started to reinterpret Chalcedon by condemning the Three Chapters. However, while the emperor planned the Second Council of Constantinople as a reconciliation council, the non-Chalcedonians started missionary activities and focused on the construction of their own identity, and established a church with a distinctive tradition which is called today the Syrian Orthodox Church.Less
In the general Conclusion, Justinian's religious policy after 536 until the Second Council of Constantinople in 553 is reconsidered: as the Council of Chalcedon as such could no longer be questioned, the emperor established himself as theologian and started to reinterpret Chalcedon by condemning the Three Chapters. However, while the emperor planned the Second Council of Constantinople as a reconciliation council, the non-Chalcedonians started missionary activities and focused on the construction of their own identity, and established a church with a distinctive tradition which is called today the Syrian Orthodox Church.
Helena Waddy
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195371277
- eISBN:
- 9780199777341
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371277.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Chapter Three looks around Munich at the spot where Hitler celebrated war in 1914, at the defile where his 1923 Putsch ended in bloodshed, and at the ruined temples built to honor the Putsch’s ...
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Chapter Three looks around Munich at the spot where Hitler celebrated war in 1914, at the defile where his 1923 Putsch ended in bloodshed, and at the ruined temples built to honor the Putsch’s martyrs. In 1929 Oberammergau’s Nazi chapter was launched primarily by outsiders, but gradually insiders joined, including the architect who became the Nazi mayor, Raimund Lang. These Nazis clashed with a strong Catholic opposition, including Raimund’s cousin Anton Lang, who led charitable efforts to assist desperate villagers during the Depression. The local curate clashed dramatically with Lang in the repeated 1932 election campaigns. The July 1932 election brought the Nazis’ top vote of more than 37%, making them by far the largest party in Germany. Eventually, in January 1933 Hitler became chancellor, and although the Nazi seizure of power passed without much drama in the village, Nazi-Catholic tensions soon emerged, setting up years of confrontation in Oberammergau.Less
Chapter Three looks around Munich at the spot where Hitler celebrated war in 1914, at the defile where his 1923 Putsch ended in bloodshed, and at the ruined temples built to honor the Putsch’s martyrs. In 1929 Oberammergau’s Nazi chapter was launched primarily by outsiders, but gradually insiders joined, including the architect who became the Nazi mayor, Raimund Lang. These Nazis clashed with a strong Catholic opposition, including Raimund’s cousin Anton Lang, who led charitable efforts to assist desperate villagers during the Depression. The local curate clashed dramatically with Lang in the repeated 1932 election campaigns. The July 1932 election brought the Nazis’ top vote of more than 37%, making them by far the largest party in Germany. Eventually, in January 1933 Hitler became chancellor, and although the Nazi seizure of power passed without much drama in the village, Nazi-Catholic tensions soon emerged, setting up years of confrontation in Oberammergau.
Jennifer Knust and Tommy Wasserman
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780691169880
- eISBN:
- 9780691184463
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691169880.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies
This chapter assesses the importance of the Johannine passage in Old Latin and Byzantine texts, with particular attention to paratextual notes, chapter headings, and annotations. Some Old Latin ...
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This chapter assesses the importance of the Johannine passage in Old Latin and Byzantine texts, with particular attention to paratextual notes, chapter headings, and annotations. Some Old Latin Gospels retain traces of the pericope adulterae's earlier absence, but most include it, highlighting it in capitula—the chapter summaries and lists that also accompanied Vulgate Gospels—often preserving Old Latin forms. By contrast, the story remained comparably marginal in Greek contexts, as scholars have frequently noted. Even so, the story was popular enough to provoke an exceptional event: at some point in late antiquity, the passage was interpolated in some manuscripts into the kephalaia—a set of chapter headings with titles that prefaced most Byzantine copies of the Gospels. This manuscript evidence challenges the impression that the story was marginal, even in Greek.Less
This chapter assesses the importance of the Johannine passage in Old Latin and Byzantine texts, with particular attention to paratextual notes, chapter headings, and annotations. Some Old Latin Gospels retain traces of the pericope adulterae's earlier absence, but most include it, highlighting it in capitula—the chapter summaries and lists that also accompanied Vulgate Gospels—often preserving Old Latin forms. By contrast, the story remained comparably marginal in Greek contexts, as scholars have frequently noted. Even so, the story was popular enough to provoke an exceptional event: at some point in late antiquity, the passage was interpolated in some manuscripts into the kephalaia—a set of chapter headings with titles that prefaced most Byzantine copies of the Gospels. This manuscript evidence challenges the impression that the story was marginal, even in Greek.
PATRICK NOLD
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199268757
- eISBN:
- 9780191708510
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199268757.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, History of Religion
This chapter begins by examining the figure apparently caught in the middle of such conflict: the Franciscan Cardinal, Bertrand de la Tour. It focuses on investigating Pope John XXII's personal ...
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This chapter begins by examining the figure apparently caught in the middle of such conflict: the Franciscan Cardinal, Bertrand de la Tour. It focuses on investigating Pope John XXII's personal background. It assesses John's education and whether he had any theological training. It also presents evidence on the reaction of Pope John XXII to the Chapter General. It talks about how John continued his explanation of how the retention domini arrangement had harmed the Franciscans' state of perfection. It ends where the apostolic poverty controversy begins. It clarifies the idea that the Papacy, in the person of Pope John XXII, originally opposed the notion of papal infallibility cannot be substantiated by a thorough analysis of the evidence of the controversy over apostolic poverty.Less
This chapter begins by examining the figure apparently caught in the middle of such conflict: the Franciscan Cardinal, Bertrand de la Tour. It focuses on investigating Pope John XXII's personal background. It assesses John's education and whether he had any theological training. It also presents evidence on the reaction of Pope John XXII to the Chapter General. It talks about how John continued his explanation of how the retention domini arrangement had harmed the Franciscans' state of perfection. It ends where the apostolic poverty controversy begins. It clarifies the idea that the Papacy, in the person of Pope John XXII, originally opposed the notion of papal infallibility cannot be substantiated by a thorough analysis of the evidence of the controversy over apostolic poverty.
Nader Hashemi
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195321241
- eISBN:
- 9780199869831
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195321241.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Islam
This chapter maps out the key arguments, theoretical approaches, analytical assumptions, and methodology that shape this study. The emerging sub-discipline of comparative political theory is ...
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This chapter maps out the key arguments, theoretical approaches, analytical assumptions, and methodology that shape this study. The emerging sub-discipline of comparative political theory is discussed and an argument is advanced as to why this book should be viewed as a contribution to this new discipline of political science. Furthermore, the intellectual context that has informed the academic and intellectual debate both on the relationship between religion and democracy in general and Islam and liberal democracy in particular is discussed with special attention to the post-Cold War and post-September 11, 2001 context. A definition of terms such as religion and liberal democracy is provided along a discussion of the theoretical tensions between the two. A detailed chapter overview and summary appears along with a concluding discussion about the salience of this inquiry for our world today.Less
This chapter maps out the key arguments, theoretical approaches, analytical assumptions, and methodology that shape this study. The emerging sub-discipline of comparative political theory is discussed and an argument is advanced as to why this book should be viewed as a contribution to this new discipline of political science. Furthermore, the intellectual context that has informed the academic and intellectual debate both on the relationship between religion and democracy in general and Islam and liberal democracy in particular is discussed with special attention to the post-Cold War and post-September 11, 2001 context. A definition of terms such as religion and liberal democracy is provided along a discussion of the theoretical tensions between the two. A detailed chapter overview and summary appears along with a concluding discussion about the salience of this inquiry for our world today.
Nader Hashemi
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195321241
- eISBN:
- 9780199869831
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195321241.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Islam
The conclusion summarizes, re‐states, and expands upon the key theoretical and practical claims on the relationship between Islam, secularism, and liberal democracy. A chapter overview and summary ...
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The conclusion summarizes, re‐states, and expands upon the key theoretical and practical claims on the relationship between Islam, secularism, and liberal democracy. A chapter overview and summary appears that recalls the key arguments and propositions advanced throughout this book. A concluding statement on the significance of this topic for contemporary global politics, especially with respect to understanding the role of religion and international affairs, is advanced.Less
The conclusion summarizes, re‐states, and expands upon the key theoretical and practical claims on the relationship between Islam, secularism, and liberal democracy. A chapter overview and summary appears that recalls the key arguments and propositions advanced throughout this book. A concluding statement on the significance of this topic for contemporary global politics, especially with respect to understanding the role of religion and international affairs, is advanced.
Owen Chadwick
- Published in print:
- 1980
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198269199
- eISBN:
- 9780191600487
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198269196.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
An account is given of the position of the clergy in the Catholic Church in Europe in the eighteenth century, before the Enlightenment. The following aspects are covered: numbers of clergy, private ...
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An account is given of the position of the clergy in the Catholic Church in Europe in the eighteenth century, before the Enlightenment. The following aspects are covered: numbers of clergy, private masses, the exemption of priests from taxation, dress, celibacy, training, examination before appointment to a parish, the ordination of coloured priests, confession, the residence of priests in their parishes, church repairs, the receptiva church in Italy (a form of parish administered by a college of priests and sometimes by laymen also), patronage and election, a priest's books, the clergy and secular work, missions, the sermon, the cathedral chapter, retirement and pension, the bishop, the residence of bishops (the requirement for a bishop to remain in his see), visitations, diocesan synods, and the bishop's powers.Less
An account is given of the position of the clergy in the Catholic Church in Europe in the eighteenth century, before the Enlightenment. The following aspects are covered: numbers of clergy, private masses, the exemption of priests from taxation, dress, celibacy, training, examination before appointment to a parish, the ordination of coloured priests, confession, the residence of priests in their parishes, church repairs, the receptiva church in Italy (a form of parish administered by a college of priests and sometimes by laymen also), patronage and election, a priest's books, the clergy and secular work, missions, the sermon, the cathedral chapter, retirement and pension, the bishop, the residence of bishops (the requirement for a bishop to remain in his see), visitations, diocesan synods, and the bishop's powers.
Jennifer L. Devenport, Christopher D. Kimbrough, and Brian L. Cutler
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195331974
- eISBN:
- 9780199868193
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331974.003.003
- Subject:
- Psychology, Forensic Psychology
The legal system recognizes the potential for error in cases involving eyewitness identifications and has implemented numerous safeguards to protect defendants from wrongful conviction resulting from ...
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The legal system recognizes the potential for error in cases involving eyewitness identifications and has implemented numerous safeguards to protect defendants from wrongful conviction resulting from inaccurate eyewitness identifications. These safeguards include such legal procedures as the presence of counsel at post-indictment lineups, motions to suppress identifications, voir dire, cross-examination, and judicial instructions. This chapter discusses the assumptions underlying these safeguards and reviews the research examining the effectiveness of these safeguards.Less
The legal system recognizes the potential for error in cases involving eyewitness identifications and has implemented numerous safeguards to protect defendants from wrongful conviction resulting from inaccurate eyewitness identifications. These safeguards include such legal procedures as the presence of counsel at post-indictment lineups, motions to suppress identifications, voir dire, cross-examination, and judicial instructions. This chapter discusses the assumptions underlying these safeguards and reviews the research examining the effectiveness of these safeguards.
Mark Baldassare
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520214859
- eISBN:
- 9780520921368
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520214859.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Research and Statistics
When Orange County, California, filed for Chapter 9 protection on December 6, 1994, it became the largest municipality in United States history to declare bankruptcy. Providing a comprehensive ...
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When Orange County, California, filed for Chapter 9 protection on December 6, 1994, it became the largest municipality in United States history to declare bankruptcy. Providing a comprehensive analysis of this momentous fiscal crisis, the book uncovers the many twists and turns from the dark days in December 1994 to the financial recovery of June 1996. Utilizing a wealth of primary materials from the county government and Merrill Lynch, as well as interviews with key officials and players in this drama, it untangles the causes of this $1.64 billion fiasco. It identifies three factors critical to understanding the bankruptcy: one, the political fragmentation of the numerous local governments in the area; two, the fiscal conservatism underlying voters' feelings about their tax dollars; and three, the financial austerity in state government and in meeting rising state expenditures. The book finds that these forces help to explain how a county known for its affluence and conservative politics could have allowed its cities' school, water, transportation, and sanitation agencies to be held hostage to this failed investment pool. Meticulously examining the events that led up to the bankruptcy, the local officials' response to the fiscal emergency, and the road to fiscal recovery—as well as the local government reforms engendered by the crisis—this book is a dramatic and instructive economic morality tale. It underlines the dangers inherent in a freewheeling bull economy and the imperatives of local and state governments to protect fiscal assets. As this book shows, Orange County need not—and should not—happen again.Less
When Orange County, California, filed for Chapter 9 protection on December 6, 1994, it became the largest municipality in United States history to declare bankruptcy. Providing a comprehensive analysis of this momentous fiscal crisis, the book uncovers the many twists and turns from the dark days in December 1994 to the financial recovery of June 1996. Utilizing a wealth of primary materials from the county government and Merrill Lynch, as well as interviews with key officials and players in this drama, it untangles the causes of this $1.64 billion fiasco. It identifies three factors critical to understanding the bankruptcy: one, the political fragmentation of the numerous local governments in the area; two, the fiscal conservatism underlying voters' feelings about their tax dollars; and three, the financial austerity in state government and in meeting rising state expenditures. The book finds that these forces help to explain how a county known for its affluence and conservative politics could have allowed its cities' school, water, transportation, and sanitation agencies to be held hostage to this failed investment pool. Meticulously examining the events that led up to the bankruptcy, the local officials' response to the fiscal emergency, and the road to fiscal recovery—as well as the local government reforms engendered by the crisis—this book is a dramatic and instructive economic morality tale. It underlines the dangers inherent in a freewheeling bull economy and the imperatives of local and state governments to protect fiscal assets. As this book shows, Orange County need not—and should not—happen again.
John McManners
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198270034
- eISBN:
- 9780191600685
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198270038.003.0015
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
There were over 600 chapters of cathedrals and collegiate churches in France, with perhaps 12,000 canons, ‘a few very rich, many comfortably off, some living a meagre and threadbare existence’. In ...
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There were over 600 chapters of cathedrals and collegiate churches in France, with perhaps 12,000 canons, ‘a few very rich, many comfortably off, some living a meagre and threadbare existence’. In most chapters, membership was gained through family and social influence and provided a comfortable position for life. Canons were much criticized for laziness, but most took on administrative or other duties at some time in their lives. Cathedrals and the great collegiate churches attracted a horde of minor ecclesiastical and lay employees, making meagre livings but with some social prestige. The great chapters were proud corporations, jealous of their privileges, and had few friends: townspeople resented them and they were in frequent dispute with both bishops and parish priests.Less
There were over 600 chapters of cathedrals and collegiate churches in France, with perhaps 12,000 canons, ‘a few very rich, many comfortably off, some living a meagre and threadbare existence’. In most chapters, membership was gained through family and social influence and provided a comfortable position for life. Canons were much criticized for laziness, but most took on administrative or other duties at some time in their lives. Cathedrals and the great collegiate churches attracted a horde of minor ecclesiastical and lay employees, making meagre livings but with some social prestige. The great chapters were proud corporations, jealous of their privileges, and had few friends: townspeople resented them and they were in frequent dispute with both bishops and parish priests.
John McManners
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198270034
- eISBN:
- 9780191600685
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198270038.003.0016
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
The eighteenth century was an age of liturgical splendour, and changes to cathedral and collegiate church architecture reflected this, judiciously combining classical and Gothic elements. The removal ...
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The eighteenth century was an age of liturgical splendour, and changes to cathedral and collegiate church architecture reflected this, judiciously combining classical and Gothic elements. The removal of rood screens and changes in the admission of light through windows served to emphasize the centrality of the altar in the liturgical space. Chapters spent up to a quarter of their incomes on music, with renowned maîtres de musique being in great demand. Choir schools attached to chapters were the only source of musical training available, and maintained a high standard. Church music was increasingly complex, sophisticated, and virtuosic, following the tastes of the royal court and Parisian high society.Less
The eighteenth century was an age of liturgical splendour, and changes to cathedral and collegiate church architecture reflected this, judiciously combining classical and Gothic elements. The removal of rood screens and changes in the admission of light through windows served to emphasize the centrality of the altar in the liturgical space. Chapters spent up to a quarter of their incomes on music, with renowned maîtres de musique being in great demand. Choir schools attached to chapters were the only source of musical training available, and maintained a high standard. Church music was increasingly complex, sophisticated, and virtuosic, following the tastes of the royal court and Parisian high society.
