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When two individuals have been linked by a connective, a complex reference object is formed, and subsequent reference by plural anaphors rather than singular ones is preferred. Two reading time and one text change detection study were carried out to examine further the details of the representation of singular and plural objects under these circumstances. The normal conjunction cost associated with subsequently referring to one of the individuals by a singular pronoun is eliminated in circumstances where for the purposes of communication there is nothing to be gained from a singular/plural distinction. The findings fit with current views of shallow, good-enough processing, in which semantic distinctions in mental representations are only made when functionally necessary.

This chapter reviews recent evidence indicating that gaze duration can implicitly index change detection, even when direct report cannot. Thus, it seems that at least some implicit measures are more sensitive than explicit measures. Nevertheless, implicit measures have not yet provided information regarding exactly what type of abstract partial information is preserved across views. The discussion holds that abstract visual properties of an object including shape and position are joined into a “relatively detailed” scene representation. Thus, visual scene memory is not minimal and localist to the extreme, nor is it complete and precise.

This chapter presents a model of working memory and change detection in visual scenes that addresses the binding problem: When memorizing a group of objects, each with a location and multiple surface features, how are the properties of each individual object bound together and kept separate from the properties of other objects? In the proposed architecture a stack of feature maps forms the neural substrate for scene working memory. Binding makes use of a spatial dimension shared by all feature maps. The operations of attentional selection and space-feature integration act jointly to memorize multiple objects in a bound fashion and detect changes in visual scenes. The need for attentional selection in some task implies sequential processing of individual items, whereas in other tasks, items can be processed in parallel. This aspect of the model’s behavior provides qualitative predictions about human performance.

This chapter illustrates how the challenges inherent in the real-time integration of perceptual and working memory processes may be addressed within the framework of dynamic field theory. A three-layer model is introduced that captures both perceptual and working memory processes. Its functionality is demonstrated through simulations of two widely used cognitive tasks: spatial recall and visual change detection. In this chapter, readers will learn how to use the three-layer model to capture the encoding and maintenance of information in working memory, the comparison of working memory representations with perceptual inputs, and the generation of response-related decisions. Additionally, readers will be able to explore the factors that influence delay-dependent drift of spatial memory representations.

This chapter describes the primary developmental mechanism implemented in the dynamic field theory, the spatial precision hypothesis. The chapter begins with an introduction to the developmental phenomena that have been addressed by the spatial precision hypothesis, then presents examples of how these phenomena have been modeled. Readers will learn how functioning of one- and three-layer architectures of the dynamic field theory is affected by changing the strength of interactions to capture development. The exercises included in this chapter guide readers through the spatial recall and change detection tasks in the three-layer architecture to demonstrate the consequences of the spatial precision hypothesis.

This chapter describes a model that demonstrates the role of the posterior cingulate cortex (CGp) in policy switching and cognitive control. It begins with the basic anatomy and physiology of CGp. It presents a schematic of the process by which learning, change detection, and policy switching take place. It then reviews recent evidence from single-unit electrophysiology that implicates CGp as an environmental change detector.

The main objective of this chapter is to introduce concepts of dynamic field theory, a continuous attractor neural network, and its implementation of visual working memory. In dynamic field theory, working memory is an attractor state where representations are self-sustained through strong interactions between self-excitation and lateral inhibition. The chapter discusses a visual working memory model with fields represented by stabilized attractor states. Using this model, it demonstrates how encoding, consolidation, maintenance, and comparison occur in correct and incorrect, same and different trials in a change detection task. Further, the model captures accuracy and capacity limitations when visual working memory load is manipulated. Critically, the chapter reviews work from the authors’ research group by demonstrating how the model captures behavioural performance and makes haemodynamic predictions in early childhood, young adulthood, and older adulthood. Using the model, the chapter posits that developmental changes in visual working memory processing occur as a result of the modulation of strength and width of excitation and inhibition. Finally, the chapter describes how the dynamic field theory account compares with current views on a domain-general account and distributed nature of working memory processing.

Land-use planning have a specific function for different human purposes or for any economic activities. Land use/land cover is the observed biophysical cover of the earth’s surface. We should have adequate information on many complex interrelated aspects of its activities in order to make decisions to support sustainable livelihood. Land use is one such aspect, and knowledge about land use and land cover has become increasingly important as any nation plans to overcome the problems of haphazard, uncontrolled development, deteriorating environmental quality, loss of prime agricultural lands, destruction of important wetlands, and loss of wildlife habitat. Land use plans are useful tools because they define where certain activities can take place and determine the effect of human impacts on the landscape. There are many assessments on land planning and land management that have been done and still in progress to find the needs of individual and communities. People who live in urban and rural area have different needs and from time to time their needs are keep changes. Many researchers studied land use and cover using remote sensing and GIS in India and published their researches in various journals and the review of the same is presented in this chapter.