ROGER B. MANNING
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198203247
- eISBN:
- 9780191675805
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198203247.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History, Social History
This introductory chapter explains the coverage of this book, which is about social and cultural aspects of the history of unlawful hunting in England during the period from 1485 to 1640. This book ...
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This introductory chapter explains the coverage of this book, which is about social and cultural aspects of the history of unlawful hunting in England during the period from 1485 to 1640. This book focuses on the early modern sense of unlawful taking of deer. It explores the conflicting uses of land, the awakening of political consciousness, and the form violence that often accompany the confrontations between poachers and gamekeepers. The chapter discusses the role of the Court of Star Chamber in the development of the modern law of public order.Less
This introductory chapter explains the coverage of this book, which is about social and cultural aspects of the history of unlawful hunting in England during the period from 1485 to 1640. This book focuses on the early modern sense of unlawful taking of deer. It explores the conflicting uses of land, the awakening of political consciousness, and the form violence that often accompany the confrontations between poachers and gamekeepers. The chapter discusses the role of the Court of Star Chamber in the development of the modern law of public order.
Rein Taagepera
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199287741
- eISBN:
- 9780191713408
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199287741.003.0016
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
The number of seats in the European Parliament roughly equals the cube root of the population of the European Union. This theoretically based ‘cube root law of assembly sizes’ also fits most national ...
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The number of seats in the European Parliament roughly equals the cube root of the population of the European Union. This theoretically based ‘cube root law of assembly sizes’ also fits most national assemblies, and it could be made the official norm for the EP. Allocation of EP seats and Council of the EU voting weights among member states has for forty years closely approximated the distribution a ‘minority enhancement equation’ predicts, solely on the basis of the number and populations of member states plus the total number of seats/voting weights. This logically founded formula could be made the official norm, so as to save political wrangling. It may also be of use for some other supranational bodies and federal second chambers.Less
The number of seats in the European Parliament roughly equals the cube root of the population of the European Union. This theoretically based ‘cube root law of assembly sizes’ also fits most national assemblies, and it could be made the official norm for the EP. Allocation of EP seats and Council of the EU voting weights among member states has for forty years closely approximated the distribution a ‘minority enhancement equation’ predicts, solely on the basis of the number and populations of member states plus the total number of seats/voting weights. This logically founded formula could be made the official norm, so as to save political wrangling. It may also be of use for some other supranational bodies and federal second chambers.
Peter S. Wells
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691143385
- eISBN:
- 9781400844777
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691143385.003.0008
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Historical Archaeology
This chapter analyzes the arrangement of objects in grave in late prehistoric Europe. Graves provide direct views onto how people arranged objects so as to make those objects visually meaningful to ...
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This chapter analyzes the arrangement of objects in grave in late prehistoric Europe. Graves provide direct views onto how people arranged objects so as to make those objects visually meaningful to them. Arrangements on the floors of graves, in burial chambers, or in other kinds of funeral settings enable us to see those objects in the way that the people who participated in the event saw them—from the same viewpoint, in their relation to one another, and in relation to the overall frame (walls) of the grave. In many, if not most, instances, the placement of objects in a burial setting was a critical and dramatic part of the funeral event. It is likely that participants witnessed the placing of each object in the grave chamber, while perhaps a few words were spoken about each and its significance to the occasion.Less
This chapter analyzes the arrangement of objects in grave in late prehistoric Europe. Graves provide direct views onto how people arranged objects so as to make those objects visually meaningful to them. Arrangements on the floors of graves, in burial chambers, or in other kinds of funeral settings enable us to see those objects in the way that the people who participated in the event saw them—from the same viewpoint, in their relation to one another, and in relation to the overall frame (walls) of the grave. In many, if not most, instances, the placement of objects in a burial setting was a critical and dramatic part of the funeral event. It is likely that participants witnessed the placing of each object in the grave chamber, while perhaps a few words were spoken about each and its significance to the occasion.
Milton C. Regan
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198294962
- eISBN:
- 9780191598708
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198294964.003.0023
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
The Supreme Court in Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce upheld the application to the Michigan Chamber of Commerce, a nonprofit corporation funded by dues from members, three-quarters of whom are ...
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The Supreme Court in Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce upheld the application to the Michigan Chamber of Commerce, a nonprofit corporation funded by dues from members, three-quarters of whom are business corporations, of a Michigan law that forbids non-media corporations from using corporate treasury funds to make independent expenditures in connection with state elections for public office. The decision in Austin can be seen as resting on the view that business corporations are constrained in ways that systematically preclude them from cultivating civic virtue. Ironically, despite its often enormous wealth, the corporation is a paradigm of the materially dependent actor that has no choice but to look relentlessly to its self-interest. The modern corporation is operated for the sake of fictional shareholders, who are assumed to care only about maximizing the financial value of their shares, but, given the increasingly broad ownership of shares, shareholders also may well be employees of the company in which they hold stock or members of a community in which the corporation is an important economic presence. Union activity represents an effort at self-governance in the workplace, which requires consideration of and trade-offs among a variety of both material and nonmaterial goods.Less
The Supreme Court in Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce upheld the application to the Michigan Chamber of Commerce, a nonprofit corporation funded by dues from members, three-quarters of whom are business corporations, of a Michigan law that forbids non-media corporations from using corporate treasury funds to make independent expenditures in connection with state elections for public office. The decision in Austin can be seen as resting on the view that business corporations are constrained in ways that systematically preclude them from cultivating civic virtue. Ironically, despite its often enormous wealth, the corporation is a paradigm of the materially dependent actor that has no choice but to look relentlessly to its self-interest. The modern corporation is operated for the sake of fictional shareholders, who are assumed to care only about maximizing the financial value of their shares, but, given the increasingly broad ownership of shares, shareholders also may well be employees of the company in which they hold stock or members of a community in which the corporation is an important economic presence. Union activity represents an effort at self-governance in the workplace, which requires consideration of and trade-offs among a variety of both material and nonmaterial goods.
Scott B. Martin
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198781837
- eISBN:
- 9780191598968
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198781830.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
Between 1991 and 1993, metalworkers’ unions, automotive firms, and state agencies in Brazil engaged in an institutionalized, comprehensive negotiation of industrial policy issues in auto ...
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Between 1991 and 1993, metalworkers’ unions, automotive firms, and state agencies in Brazil engaged in an institutionalized, comprehensive negotiation of industrial policy issues in auto manufacturing, in the ‘sectoral chamber’ of the auto industry. The two national accords that were negotiated helped re‐activate slumping demand, assist productive modernization, and protect job security and enhance wages for autoworkers. This chapter finds that, despite superficial similarities, the sectoral chamber experience cannot be explained with reference to the ‘societal corporatist’ framework, most closely associated with post‐war Western Europe. The author finds that key preconditions for successful, sector‐wide negotiations were (1) the prior establishment of representative unions and business associations with legitimate negotiating authority and (2) incipient bonds of labour‐management trust that had emerged through iterative encounters over productive restructuring issues. Social network ties, along the lines elaborated by the co‐editors in the concluding essay in their ‘associative network’ model, were fundamental to the rise, evolution, and ultimate decline of the auto sectoral chamber.Less
Between 1991 and 1993, metalworkers’ unions, automotive firms, and state agencies in Brazil engaged in an institutionalized, comprehensive negotiation of industrial policy issues in auto manufacturing, in the ‘sectoral chamber’ of the auto industry. The two national accords that were negotiated helped re‐activate slumping demand, assist productive modernization, and protect job security and enhance wages for autoworkers. This chapter finds that, despite superficial similarities, the sectoral chamber experience cannot be explained with reference to the ‘societal corporatist’ framework, most closely associated with post‐war Western Europe. The author finds that key preconditions for successful, sector‐wide negotiations were (1) the prior establishment of representative unions and business associations with legitimate negotiating authority and (2) incipient bonds of labour‐management trust that had emerged through iterative encounters over productive restructuring issues. Social network ties, along the lines elaborated by the co‐editors in the concluding essay in their ‘associative network’ model, were fundamental to the rise, evolution, and ultimate decline of the auto sectoral chamber.
Jan‐Erik Lane, David McKay, and Kenneth Newton
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780198280538
- eISBN:
- 9780191601934
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019828053X.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Reference
This section presents data on government structures in OECD countries. It features tables on chamber systems, electoral systems, elections, constitutional development, human rights, elected ...
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This section presents data on government structures in OECD countries. It features tables on chamber systems, electoral systems, elections, constitutional development, human rights, elected governments, government formation and dissolution, and female representation in parliaments.Less
This section presents data on government structures in OECD countries. It features tables on chamber systems, electoral systems, elections, constitutional development, human rights, elected governments, government formation and dissolution, and female representation in parliaments.
Patrick Dumont and Lieven De Winter
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780198297840
- eISBN:
- 9780191602016
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019829784X.003.0015
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Featuring an indirect chain of delegation and a reasonable correspondence to the singularity principle, the Grand Dutchy of Luxembourg presents a number of characteristics that approximate the ideal ...
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Featuring an indirect chain of delegation and a reasonable correspondence to the singularity principle, the Grand Dutchy of Luxembourg presents a number of characteristics that approximate the ideal type of parliamentary democracy. The country is a unitary parliamentary monarchy with a unicameral Parliament, and it has never used a referendum in the post-war period. Yet, a number of domestic institutions and policy-making procedures deviate from this ideal-typical picture, including collective decision-making within the cabinet and executive-legislative relations. Another constraint has been the country’s involvement in international organizations and arrangements that continuously reduce its sovereignty and thus the significance of the national chain of delegation and accountability.Less
Featuring an indirect chain of delegation and a reasonable correspondence to the singularity principle, the Grand Dutchy of Luxembourg presents a number of characteristics that approximate the ideal type of parliamentary democracy. The country is a unitary parliamentary monarchy with a unicameral Parliament, and it has never used a referendum in the post-war period. Yet, a number of domestic institutions and policy-making procedures deviate from this ideal-typical picture, including collective decision-making within the cabinet and executive-legislative relations. Another constraint has been the country’s involvement in international organizations and arrangements that continuously reduce its sovereignty and thus the significance of the national chain of delegation and accountability.
Tracey A. Sowerby
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199584635
- eISBN:
- 9780191723162
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199584635.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This chapter examines Morison's role in Tudor politics to 1550. It charts Morison's years in Thomas Cromwell's household and the range of activities he undertook on the vice‐gerent's behalf. One ...
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This chapter examines Morison's role in Tudor politics to 1550. It charts Morison's years in Thomas Cromwell's household and the range of activities he undertook on the vice‐gerent's behalf. One courtly activity in which Morison participated was writing poetry. His extant verse, which is of evangelical and political significance, is analysed. Morison also had a strong intellectual interest in English common law and suggested that it be codified in Latin; this proposal is considered in some detail. Morison's role as a member of the Privy Chamber of Henry VIII and Edward VI is examined, as is his position as an MP in several Henrician and Edwardian parliaments. The chapter also discusses Morison's political networks, in particular his strong connections to an evangelical group including Anthony Denny and Catherine Willoughby, which helped him to emerge in 1547 as an important figure in Edwardian politics.Less
This chapter examines Morison's role in Tudor politics to 1550. It charts Morison's years in Thomas Cromwell's household and the range of activities he undertook on the vice‐gerent's behalf. One courtly activity in which Morison participated was writing poetry. His extant verse, which is of evangelical and political significance, is analysed. Morison also had a strong intellectual interest in English common law and suggested that it be codified in Latin; this proposal is considered in some detail. Morison's role as a member of the Privy Chamber of Henry VIII and Edward VI is examined, as is his position as an MP in several Henrician and Edwardian parliaments. The chapter also discusses Morison's political networks, in particular his strong connections to an evangelical group including Anthony Denny and Catherine Willoughby, which helped him to emerge in 1547 as an important figure in Edwardian politics.
TAREK BERRADA
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780197265055
- eISBN:
- 9780191754166
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265055.003.0018
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
Sources such as diaries, letters and inventories suggest that certain places were preferred for music-making during the seventeenth century: the great chamber for eating and dancing, the chamber and ...
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Sources such as diaries, letters and inventories suggest that certain places were preferred for music-making during the seventeenth century: the great chamber for eating and dancing, the chamber and the cabinet for private concerts, and the gallery for great occasions. In the middle of the seventeenth century, the ballroom appears in some beautiful castles and town mansions, equipped with a balcony all around or a small loft to house musicians. During the same period, some people had a cabinet devoted to music. It is only during the second half of the century that we find precise terms such as ‘chamber for music’ at Chenonceau Castle or ‘music room’ as it appears in the well-known Parisian mansion of the duchesse de Guise. This evolution is naturally symptomatic of both the royal examples and the creation of multiple social circles, the so-called ‘salons’.Less
Sources such as diaries, letters and inventories suggest that certain places were preferred for music-making during the seventeenth century: the great chamber for eating and dancing, the chamber and the cabinet for private concerts, and the gallery for great occasions. In the middle of the seventeenth century, the ballroom appears in some beautiful castles and town mansions, equipped with a balcony all around or a small loft to house musicians. During the same period, some people had a cabinet devoted to music. It is only during the second half of the century that we find precise terms such as ‘chamber for music’ at Chenonceau Castle or ‘music room’ as it appears in the well-known Parisian mansion of the duchesse de Guise. This evolution is naturally symptomatic of both the royal examples and the creation of multiple social circles, the so-called ‘salons’.
Guénaél Mettraux
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199207541
- eISBN:
- 9780191709203
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199207541.003.0029
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration
Articles 24 and 23, paragraph 3, of the statutes of the ad hoc tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and for Rwanda, respectively, provide that, in addition to imprisonment, a trial chamber may order ...
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Articles 24 and 23, paragraph 3, of the statutes of the ad hoc tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and for Rwanda, respectively, provide that, in addition to imprisonment, a trial chamber may order the return of any property and proceeds acquired by criminal conduct to their rightful owners. Rule 105 (Restitution of Property) further provides that a trial chamber which finds an accused guilty of a crime and concludes from the evidence that unlawful taking of property by the accused was associated with it, shall make a specific finding to that effect in its judgment and shall order restitution of that property to its rightful owner. The practical difficulties involved in such a process appear to have deterred all trial chambers from any attempt to apply that provision.Less
Articles 24 and 23, paragraph 3, of the statutes of the ad hoc tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and for Rwanda, respectively, provide that, in addition to imprisonment, a trial chamber may order the return of any property and proceeds acquired by criminal conduct to their rightful owners. Rule 105 (Restitution of Property) further provides that a trial chamber which finds an accused guilty of a crime and concludes from the evidence that unlawful taking of property by the accused was associated with it, shall make a specific finding to that effect in its judgment and shall order restitution of that property to its rightful owner. The practical difficulties involved in such a process appear to have deterred all trial chambers from any attempt to apply that provision.
Guénaél Mettraux
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199207541
- eISBN:
- 9780191709203
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199207541.003.0004
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration
In a span of ten years, the law of the ad hoc tribunals created for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda has moved forth with leaps and bounds. The judges have clarified the jurisprudential hierarchy ...
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In a span of ten years, the law of the ad hoc tribunals created for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda has moved forth with leaps and bounds. The judges have clarified the jurisprudential hierarchy that prevails within the tribunals and specified the extent to which decisions of a trial chamber may be said to be binding upon another. The appeals chamber, although not legally bound to follow its own decisions, has recognised that the need for certainty, stability, and predictability in criminal law required that it should follow them in principle, but that it could depart from them ‘for cogent reasons in the interests of justice’. Every chamber’s duty to ascertain that a crime or a form of liability charged in the indictment is both provided for under the statute and that it existed at the relevant time under customary international law.Less
In a span of ten years, the law of the ad hoc tribunals created for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda has moved forth with leaps and bounds. The judges have clarified the jurisprudential hierarchy that prevails within the tribunals and specified the extent to which decisions of a trial chamber may be said to be binding upon another. The appeals chamber, although not legally bound to follow its own decisions, has recognised that the need for certainty, stability, and predictability in criminal law required that it should follow them in principle, but that it could depart from them ‘for cogent reasons in the interests of justice’. Every chamber’s duty to ascertain that a crime or a form of liability charged in the indictment is both provided for under the statute and that it existed at the relevant time under customary international law.
Henk Looijesteijn and Marco H. D. Van Leeuwen
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780197265314
- eISBN:
- 9780191760402
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265314.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
The Dutch Republic had a broad range of means to establish an individual's identity, and a rudimentary ‘system’ of identity registration, essentially established at the local levels of town and ...
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The Dutch Republic had a broad range of means to establish an individual's identity, and a rudimentary ‘system’ of identity registration, essentially established at the local levels of town and parish. This chapter seeks to provide a description of the ways in which the Dutch established an individual's identity. The various registration methods covered almost the entire population of the Dutch Republic at some stage in their life, and it is argued that on balance identity registration in the Dutch Republic was fairly successful. The chapter contends that the degree to which identity was registered and monitored in the early modern era in the Netherlands, while certainly not wholly effective, is remarkable given the absence of a centralized state and the lack of a large bureaucracy.Less
The Dutch Republic had a broad range of means to establish an individual's identity, and a rudimentary ‘system’ of identity registration, essentially established at the local levels of town and parish. This chapter seeks to provide a description of the ways in which the Dutch established an individual's identity. The various registration methods covered almost the entire population of the Dutch Republic at some stage in their life, and it is argued that on balance identity registration in the Dutch Republic was fairly successful. The chapter contends that the degree to which identity was registered and monitored in the early modern era in the Netherlands, while certainly not wholly effective, is remarkable given the absence of a centralized state and the lack of a large bureaucracy.
Margaret Notley
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195305470
- eISBN:
- 9780199866946
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195305470.001.0001
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
Brahms's self-identity and public identity as a Liberal are the basis for the two historical perspectives in this book. One reconstructs his place in Vienna. The other draws on criticism conditioned ...
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Brahms's self-identity and public identity as a Liberal are the basis for the two historical perspectives in this book. One reconstructs his place in Vienna. The other draws on criticism conditioned by Western Marxism, on ideas developed in response to 19th-century Liberalism. Brahms appears not to have recognized a societal problem of late Liberalism: exaggerated emphasis on the individual. He did, however, recognize a related musical problem delineated by Adorno — individualized themes at the expense of the formal whole — and made it central to his lifework. Commentary on Brahms's chamber music draws on other ideas articulated by Adorno and Lukács such as “second nature”, while discussion of ideology of the symphony applies Habermas's explanation of the “public sphere”, in both instances to move between social and musical problems associated with late Liberalism. Emphasis is placed on Brahms's diverse sources of renewal and on an under-explored facet of his music: his mastery of ways and degrees of establishing a key in this late period of tonality. With Brahms's works and his circumstances as exemplars, an addendum to late-style dialectics is proposed: late works are at once an expression of their time and alienated from the contemporary context. For better and worse, Brahms remained an orthodox Liberal. Thus, despite his allegiance to German nationalism he did not succumb to the tribalism that became critical around 1890.Less
Brahms's self-identity and public identity as a Liberal are the basis for the two historical perspectives in this book. One reconstructs his place in Vienna. The other draws on criticism conditioned by Western Marxism, on ideas developed in response to 19th-century Liberalism. Brahms appears not to have recognized a societal problem of late Liberalism: exaggerated emphasis on the individual. He did, however, recognize a related musical problem delineated by Adorno — individualized themes at the expense of the formal whole — and made it central to his lifework. Commentary on Brahms's chamber music draws on other ideas articulated by Adorno and Lukács such as “second nature”, while discussion of ideology of the symphony applies Habermas's explanation of the “public sphere”, in both instances to move between social and musical problems associated with late Liberalism. Emphasis is placed on Brahms's diverse sources of renewal and on an under-explored facet of his music: his mastery of ways and degrees of establishing a key in this late period of tonality. With Brahms's works and his circumstances as exemplars, an addendum to late-style dialectics is proposed: late works are at once an expression of their time and alienated from the contemporary context. For better and worse, Brahms remained an orthodox Liberal. Thus, despite his allegiance to German nationalism he did not succumb to the tribalism that became critical around 1890.
Yulia Ustinova
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199548569
- eISBN:
- 9780191720840
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199548569.003.0005
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Ancient Greek, Roman, and Early Christian Philosophy
In the limited data on the Presocratic philosophers, caves and descent into underground chambers appear with remarkable consistency. Prolonged sleep in Zeus' cave on Crete enlightened Epimenides with ...
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In the limited data on the Presocratic philosophers, caves and descent into underground chambers appear with remarkable consistency. Prolonged sleep in Zeus' cave on Crete enlightened Epimenides with divine knowledge and endowed him with superhuman powers. Pythagoras' underground sojourns shaped his own outlook, and they probably continued to influence his followers centuries after his death. In this chapter, it is also argued that Parmenides attained his revelations in almost total isolation from the disturbances of the outer world within the subterranean chamber belonging to the Eleatic school. Parmenides' and Empedocles' experiences and noetic insights are elucidated by means of juxtaposition with Plotinus' accounts of his multiple out-of-body experiences. The Presocratics and their contemporaries still expected to find the ultimate truth exclusively in the divine realm which could be reached by an ecstatic soul released from the body in the solitude of a cave or an underground chamber.Less
In the limited data on the Presocratic philosophers, caves and descent into underground chambers appear with remarkable consistency. Prolonged sleep in Zeus' cave on Crete enlightened Epimenides with divine knowledge and endowed him with superhuman powers. Pythagoras' underground sojourns shaped his own outlook, and they probably continued to influence his followers centuries after his death. In this chapter, it is also argued that Parmenides attained his revelations in almost total isolation from the disturbances of the outer world within the subterranean chamber belonging to the Eleatic school. Parmenides' and Empedocles' experiences and noetic insights are elucidated by means of juxtaposition with Plotinus' accounts of his multiple out-of-body experiences. The Presocratics and their contemporaries still expected to find the ultimate truth exclusively in the divine realm which could be reached by an ecstatic soul released from the body in the solitude of a cave or an underground chamber.
Elliott Antokoletz
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195365825
- eISBN:
- 9780199868865
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195365825.003.0009
- Subject:
- Music, Opera
This chapter explores the psycho-dramatic and musical bases of the opera, the structural framework as basis for development of psycho-dramatic polarity, power inequality, symbolic musical expression, ...
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This chapter explores the psycho-dramatic and musical bases of the opera, the structural framework as basis for development of psycho-dramatic polarity, power inequality, symbolic musical expression, gender, and power in the modernist conception. Prologue through Door I (Torture Chamber) discusses rhythmic structure and the Hungarian language, characterization, and the intrusion of fate, autobiographical significance and fate, and the emerging symbol of blood. Door I reveals the torture chamber.Less
This chapter explores the psycho-dramatic and musical bases of the opera, the structural framework as basis for development of psycho-dramatic polarity, power inequality, symbolic musical expression, gender, and power in the modernist conception. Prologue through Door I (Torture Chamber) discusses rhythmic structure and the Hungarian language, characterization, and the intrusion of fate, autobiographical significance and fate, and the emerging symbol of blood. Door I reveals the torture chamber.
Floyd Grave and Margaret Grave
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195173574
- eISBN:
- 9780199872152
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195173574.001.0001
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
Encompassing sixty-eight works composed over a span of more than four decades, Haydn's quartet oeuvre contributed to the establishment, solidification, and refinement of late 18th-century ...
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Encompassing sixty-eight works composed over a span of more than four decades, Haydn's quartet oeuvre contributed to the establishment, solidification, and refinement of late 18th-century chamber-music practices, notably by furnishing superlative models of idiomatic ensemble technique (involving textural diversity and continuous change in relationship among the instruments), style (highlighting the play of formal conventions and musical customs associated with folk music, popular dance, opera, concerto, and other genres), and compositional process (featuring motivic elaboration, harmonic novelty, and narrative intrigue). Conventions Haydn adapted for quartet use include those of sonata form, the minuet-trio complex, variation, rondo, and fugue. In addition, he established norms of his own for the sequence of movements in a quartet and for the design of the opus groups, each of which encompasses a particular constellation of variety and consistency in form, style, and ensemble technique. Examination of the opus groups reveals insights into the circumstances under which they were written, the musical resources on which they drew, their innovations, their points of connection with other opus groups, their manifestations of both change and continuity in outlook and style, and their reflections of Haydn's artistic personality — in particular his penchant for novelty in sonority, theme, metrical play, phraseology, and large-scale structure; his gift for musical irony in drawing connections between seemingly unrelated ideas; and his irrepressible musical wit and humor, typically involving strokes of surprise, thwarted expectation, and the whimsical juxtaposition of incongruous elements.Less
Encompassing sixty-eight works composed over a span of more than four decades, Haydn's quartet oeuvre contributed to the establishment, solidification, and refinement of late 18th-century chamber-music practices, notably by furnishing superlative models of idiomatic ensemble technique (involving textural diversity and continuous change in relationship among the instruments), style (highlighting the play of formal conventions and musical customs associated with folk music, popular dance, opera, concerto, and other genres), and compositional process (featuring motivic elaboration, harmonic novelty, and narrative intrigue). Conventions Haydn adapted for quartet use include those of sonata form, the minuet-trio complex, variation, rondo, and fugue. In addition, he established norms of his own for the sequence of movements in a quartet and for the design of the opus groups, each of which encompasses a particular constellation of variety and consistency in form, style, and ensemble technique. Examination of the opus groups reveals insights into the circumstances under which they were written, the musical resources on which they drew, their innovations, their points of connection with other opus groups, their manifestations of both change and continuity in outlook and style, and their reflections of Haydn's artistic personality — in particular his penchant for novelty in sonority, theme, metrical play, phraseology, and large-scale structure; his gift for musical irony in drawing connections between seemingly unrelated ideas; and his irrepressible musical wit and humor, typically involving strokes of surprise, thwarted expectation, and the whimsical juxtaposition of incongruous elements.
Elliott Antokoletz
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195365825
- eISBN:
- 9780199868865
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195365825.003.0010
- Subject:
- Music, Opera
This chapter looks at Doors II (Armoury), III (Treasure Chamber), and IV (Garden) and develops Judith's “Fate” motif and the leitmotif of Stefi Geyer, including the transformation between Judith's ...
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This chapter looks at Doors II (Armoury), III (Treasure Chamber), and IV (Garden) and develops Judith's “Fate” motif and the leitmotif of Stefi Geyer, including the transformation between Judith's (Stefi's) motif of the seventh-chord and the chromatic motif of “Blood”. Descending third transpositions of variant seventh chords produce chromatic collisions as an implication of the “Blood” motif. Interaction of diatonic and whole-tone spheres produce dissonance and the move toward ultimate fate.Less
This chapter looks at Doors II (Armoury), III (Treasure Chamber), and IV (Garden) and develops Judith's “Fate” motif and the leitmotif of Stefi Geyer, including the transformation between Judith's (Stefi's) motif of the seventh-chord and the chromatic motif of “Blood”. Descending third transpositions of variant seventh chords produce chromatic collisions as an implication of the “Blood” motif. Interaction of diatonic and whole-tone spheres produce dissonance and the move toward ultimate fate.
Robert O. Hall Jr., Serge Thomas, and Evelyn E. Gaiser
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195168662
- eISBN:
- 9780199790128
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195168662.003.0010
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
Despite a long history of research, measurements of the metabolism of freshwater ecosystems have undergone many recent methodological improvements that are summarized in this chapter. After ...
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Despite a long history of research, measurements of the metabolism of freshwater ecosystems have undergone many recent methodological improvements that are summarized in this chapter. After describing some relevant considerations about the dynamics of lake and streams, the recommended methods for primary production measurement are detailed. Whole-ecosystem methods of gas exchange are examined, including problems of reaeration and error estimation. An overview of chamber methods using O2 and 14C is provided, including problems of scaling up. Recent advances in microscale methods including oxygen electrodes and fluorometry are described.Less
Despite a long history of research, measurements of the metabolism of freshwater ecosystems have undergone many recent methodological improvements that are summarized in this chapter. After describing some relevant considerations about the dynamics of lake and streams, the recommended methods for primary production measurement are detailed. Whole-ecosystem methods of gas exchange are examined, including problems of reaeration and error estimation. An overview of chamber methods using O2 and 14C is provided, including problems of scaling up. Recent advances in microscale methods including oxygen electrodes and fluorometry are described.
Maria Vernet and Raymond C. Smith
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195168662
- eISBN:
- 9780199790128
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195168662.003.0009
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
Primary production of the open ocean plays a key role in the global carbon cycle, and spatial and temporal scaling problems in the marine ecosystem present severe challenges to its quantification. ...
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Primary production of the open ocean plays a key role in the global carbon cycle, and spatial and temporal scaling problems in the marine ecosystem present severe challenges to its quantification. This chapter describes a suite of experimental approaches to marine production measurement including in situ and laboratory 14C and 18O methods. Indirect, non-invasive methods utilizing passive and active fluorescence and remote sensing techniques coupled to mathematical models are also examined. A summary of recommended methods is provided including scale considerations.Less
Primary production of the open ocean plays a key role in the global carbon cycle, and spatial and temporal scaling problems in the marine ecosystem present severe challenges to its quantification. This chapter describes a suite of experimental approaches to marine production measurement including in situ and laboratory 14C and 18O methods. Indirect, non-invasive methods utilizing passive and active fluorescence and remote sensing techniques coupled to mathematical models are also examined. A summary of recommended methods is provided including scale considerations.
Margaret Notley
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195305470
- eISBN:
- 9780199866946
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195305470.003.0001
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of a chamber movement by Brahms, which introduces the book's themes, one of which concerns genre aesthetics and in particular cultural significance ...
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This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of a chamber movement by Brahms, which introduces the book's themes, one of which concerns genre aesthetics and in particular cultural significance assigned to chamber music and slow movements. Focusing on the inwardness expressed in the excerpt, it then elucidates a second theme, the historicity of his music: the passage, with its clearly implied reflecting subject, sounds of its time and place, late 19th-century Vienna. Further discussion of the excerpt exposes other themes: of lateness within Brahms's oeuvre and in music-historical narratives that encompass him and his time. The chapter establishes the book's historical perspectives and critical sources, such as ideas about late Liberalism taken from Adorno and Lukács. It also introduces the eclectic analytical methodology and music-analytic questions to be addressed, which concern late style and historical lateness.Less
This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of a chamber movement by Brahms, which introduces the book's themes, one of which concerns genre aesthetics and in particular cultural significance assigned to chamber music and slow movements. Focusing on the inwardness expressed in the excerpt, it then elucidates a second theme, the historicity of his music: the passage, with its clearly implied reflecting subject, sounds of its time and place, late 19th-century Vienna. Further discussion of the excerpt exposes other themes: of lateness within Brahms's oeuvre and in music-historical narratives that encompass him and his time. The chapter establishes the book's historical perspectives and critical sources, such as ideas about late Liberalism taken from Adorno and Lukács. It also introduces the eclectic analytical methodology and music-analytic questions to be addressed, which concern late style and historical lateness.
