Margaret P. Battin, Leslie P. Francis, Jay A. Jacobson, and Charles B. Smith
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195335842
- eISBN:
- 9780199868926
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335842.003.0015
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
This chapter explores a thought-experiment imagining universal surveillance for all known communicable infectious disease, using rapid tests involving polymerase chain reactions and other methods ...
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This chapter explores a thought-experiment imagining universal surveillance for all known communicable infectious disease, using rapid tests involving polymerase chain reactions and other methods that require twenty minutes or less for results, at airports. Imagine: as you check in at the departures desk, you supply a cheek swab or other sample that is automatically assayed by the time you reach the gate: if you're negative you can board the plane, if positive you're referred to the airport clinic or local hospital for immediate treatment. This thought experiment raises substantial issues of privacy, confidentiality, and other constraints; yet—especially if expanded to other places of public contact—appears to promise a real reduction in the transmission of infectious disease.Less
This chapter explores a thought-experiment imagining universal surveillance for all known communicable infectious disease, using rapid tests involving polymerase chain reactions and other methods that require twenty minutes or less for results, at airports. Imagine: as you check in at the departures desk, you supply a cheek swab or other sample that is automatically assayed by the time you reach the gate: if you're negative you can board the plane, if positive you're referred to the airport clinic or local hospital for immediate treatment. This thought experiment raises substantial issues of privacy, confidentiality, and other constraints; yet—especially if expanded to other places of public contact—appears to promise a real reduction in the transmission of infectious disease.
Douglas L. Dorset
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198529088
- eISBN:
- 9780191712838
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198529088.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Crystallography: Physics
This book describes the solid state behaviour of organic materials based the polymethylene chain, i.e., the functional molecular component of polyethylenes, soaps, detergents, edible fats, lipids, ...
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This book describes the solid state behaviour of organic materials based the polymethylene chain, i.e., the functional molecular component of polyethylenes, soaps, detergents, edible fats, lipids, oils, greases, and waxes. Along with chain unsaturation and branching, polydispersity, i.e., the aggregation of several polymethylene chain lengths, is shown to control various physical properties, including the preservation of metastable phases (polymorphic as well as ‘rotator’ forms). Using linear chain waxes as model materials, this book explores how solid solutions are stabilized and what structures are possible. Strictly linear molecules are compared to those functionalized with ‘head-groups’. The onset of fractionation, followed by formation of eutectic phases, is discussed, again describing the structures of favoured molecular assemblies. The rationale for polydisperse aggregation derives from the early work of A. I. Kitaigorodskii, demonstrating how certain homeomorphic parameters such as relative molecular shape and volume, as well as favoured crystalline polymorphs, lead to stable solid solutions. Relevant to high-molecular weight polymers, the influence of chain-folding is also discussed. A comprehensive review of known linear chain single crystal structures, including the alkanes, cycloalkanes, perfluoroalkanes, fatty alcohols, fatty acids, fatty acid esters, and cholesteryl esters, is presented to show how molecular shape, including chain branching, influences layer packing and co-solubility. Finally, a critique of previously suggested models for petroleum and natural wax assemblies is given, based on current crystallographic and spectroscopic information. This includes single crystal structures based on electron diffraction data. Although constrained to single chain molecules in the examples discussed, cited behaviour can be generalized to multiple chain-containing fats and lipids.Less
This book describes the solid state behaviour of organic materials based the polymethylene chain, i.e., the functional molecular component of polyethylenes, soaps, detergents, edible fats, lipids, oils, greases, and waxes. Along with chain unsaturation and branching, polydispersity, i.e., the aggregation of several polymethylene chain lengths, is shown to control various physical properties, including the preservation of metastable phases (polymorphic as well as ‘rotator’ forms). Using linear chain waxes as model materials, this book explores how solid solutions are stabilized and what structures are possible. Strictly linear molecules are compared to those functionalized with ‘head-groups’. The onset of fractionation, followed by formation of eutectic phases, is discussed, again describing the structures of favoured molecular assemblies. The rationale for polydisperse aggregation derives from the early work of A. I. Kitaigorodskii, demonstrating how certain homeomorphic parameters such as relative molecular shape and volume, as well as favoured crystalline polymorphs, lead to stable solid solutions. Relevant to high-molecular weight polymers, the influence of chain-folding is also discussed. A comprehensive review of known linear chain single crystal structures, including the alkanes, cycloalkanes, perfluoroalkanes, fatty alcohols, fatty acids, fatty acid esters, and cholesteryl esters, is presented to show how molecular shape, including chain branching, influences layer packing and co-solubility. Finally, a critique of previously suggested models for petroleum and natural wax assemblies is given, based on current crystallographic and spectroscopic information. This includes single crystal structures based on electron diffraction data. Although constrained to single chain molecules in the examples discussed, cited behaviour can be generalized to multiple chain-containing fats and lipids.
Thierry Giamarchi
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198525004
- eISBN:
- 9780191711909
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198525004.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
This book presents correlated systems in one dimension. Recent progress in nanotechnology and material research has made one-dimensional systems a crucial part of today's physics. After an ...
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This book presents correlated systems in one dimension. Recent progress in nanotechnology and material research has made one-dimensional systems a crucial part of today's physics. After an introduction to the basic concepts of correlated systems, the book gives a step-by-step description of the techniques needed to treat one-dimension systems, and discusses the resulting physics. Then, specific experimental realizations of one-dimensional systems such as spin chains, quantum wires, nanotubes, and organic superconductors are examined.Less
This book presents correlated systems in one dimension. Recent progress in nanotechnology and material research has made one-dimensional systems a crucial part of today's physics. After an introduction to the basic concepts of correlated systems, the book gives a step-by-step description of the techniques needed to treat one-dimension systems, and discusses the resulting physics. Then, specific experimental realizations of one-dimensional systems such as spin chains, quantum wires, nanotubes, and organic superconductors are examined.
Sharan Jagpal and Shireen Jagpal
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195371055
- eISBN:
- 9780199870745
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371055.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Marketing
This book shows how to fuse marketing, finance, and other disciplines to improve performance for the corporation or organization. Specifically, it shows decision makers at different levels in the ...
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This book shows how to fuse marketing, finance, and other disciplines to improve performance for the corporation or organization. Specifically, it shows decision makers at different levels in the organization and in different functional areas (e.g., marketing, finance, new product development, and human resources management) how to overcome the problems resulting from function- and discipline-based “silos.” The book has several novel features. All concepts are presented in a simple and easily accessible question-and-answer format. The book provides an in-depth analysis of a broad spectrum of important managerial topics (e.g., how to allocate advertising funds between Internet and conventional advertising, how to evaluate brand equity for mergers and acquisitions, and how to coordinate product design, marketing strategy, and production). In addition, because of its fusion-based methodology, the book provides decision makers with new tools to address familiar managerial problems (e.g., resource allocation and the design of managerial contracts in multiproduct or multidivisional firms). Throughout the book, the focus is on providing managers with actionable theories and metrics that are rigorous yet practical, and that allow the firm or organization to fuse — not merely interface — different functional areas.Less
This book shows how to fuse marketing, finance, and other disciplines to improve performance for the corporation or organization. Specifically, it shows decision makers at different levels in the organization and in different functional areas (e.g., marketing, finance, new product development, and human resources management) how to overcome the problems resulting from function- and discipline-based “silos.” The book has several novel features. All concepts are presented in a simple and easily accessible question-and-answer format. The book provides an in-depth analysis of a broad spectrum of important managerial topics (e.g., how to allocate advertising funds between Internet and conventional advertising, how to evaluate brand equity for mergers and acquisitions, and how to coordinate product design, marketing strategy, and production). In addition, because of its fusion-based methodology, the book provides decision makers with new tools to address familiar managerial problems (e.g., resource allocation and the design of managerial contracts in multiproduct or multidivisional firms). Throughout the book, the focus is on providing managers with actionable theories and metrics that are rigorous yet practical, and that allow the firm or organization to fuse — not merely interface — different functional areas.
George J. Mailath and Larry Samuelson
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195300796
- eISBN:
- 9780199783700
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195300796.003.0017
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Behavioural Economics
This chapter presents examples of finitely repeated perfect-monitoring games of the type in which reputation arguments were first introduced, including the prisoners’ dilemma with a tit-for-tat ...
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This chapter presents examples of finitely repeated perfect-monitoring games of the type in which reputation arguments were first introduced, including the prisoners’ dilemma with a tit-for-tat commitment type and the chain store game. It also presents an example of a reputation result for a finitely repeated game of imperfect monitoring.Less
This chapter presents examples of finitely repeated perfect-monitoring games of the type in which reputation arguments were first introduced, including the prisoners’ dilemma with a tit-for-tat commitment type and the chain store game. It also presents an example of a reputation result for a finitely repeated game of imperfect monitoring.
Sharan Jagpal
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195371055
- eISBN:
- 9780199870745
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371055.003.0010
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Marketing
This chapter shows how the firm should choose marketing policies when its products are sold by distributors. It distinguishes between exclusive and nonexclusive distributors, show how the firm can ...
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This chapter shows how the firm should choose marketing policies when its products are sold by distributors. It distinguishes between exclusive and nonexclusive distributors, show how the firm can coordinate its bricks-and-mortar and Internet pricing strategies to maximize performance, show how the firm should coordinate its price and advertising strategies when it sells through distributors, and discuss when the firm should use vertical integration strategies. In particular, it shows how the multiproduct firm should coordinate its channel strategy when the distributor also sells multiple products.Less
This chapter shows how the firm should choose marketing policies when its products are sold by distributors. It distinguishes between exclusive and nonexclusive distributors, show how the firm can coordinate its bricks-and-mortar and Internet pricing strategies to maximize performance, show how the firm should coordinate its price and advertising strategies when it sells through distributors, and discuss when the firm should use vertical integration strategies. In particular, it shows how the multiproduct firm should coordinate its channel strategy when the distributor also sells multiple products.
Sharan Jagpal
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195371055
- eISBN:
- 9780199870745
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371055.003.0019
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Marketing
This chapter discusses the conditions under which brand equity can exist and whether brand equity implies charging high prices. It evaluates the use of standard metrics for measuring brand equity ...
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This chapter discusses the conditions under which brand equity can exist and whether brand equity implies charging high prices. It evaluates the use of standard metrics for measuring brand equity (e.g., Tobin's q-ratio and the multiplier method). Following this, it proposes an integrated marketing-finance fusion method for measuring brand equity that combines behavioral and financial data and allows for competitive effects at different levels in the supply chain and for differential market growth rates.Less
This chapter discusses the conditions under which brand equity can exist and whether brand equity implies charging high prices. It evaluates the use of standard metrics for measuring brand equity (e.g., Tobin's q-ratio and the multiplier method). Following this, it proposes an integrated marketing-finance fusion method for measuring brand equity that combines behavioral and financial data and allows for competitive effects at different levels in the supply chain and for differential market growth rates.
Matthew Flinders
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199271603
- eISBN:
- 9780191709241
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199271603.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, UK Politics, Political Economy
Having examined the long-term institutional layering and sedimentation that has occurred, this chapter sets out to map out the topography of the state as it currently exists. In doing so, it succeeds ...
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Having examined the long-term institutional layering and sedimentation that has occurred, this chapter sets out to map out the topography of the state as it currently exists. In doing so, it succeeds where numerous parliamentary, official, and academic studies have failed. It also provides a new conceptual tool — in the form of the Russian Doll Model — through which different degrees of delegation can be represented and through this, the ‘drift’ of functions across a ‘spectrum of autonomy’.Less
Having examined the long-term institutional layering and sedimentation that has occurred, this chapter sets out to map out the topography of the state as it currently exists. In doing so, it succeeds where numerous parliamentary, official, and academic studies have failed. It also provides a new conceptual tool — in the form of the Russian Doll Model — through which different degrees of delegation can be represented and through this, the ‘drift’ of functions across a ‘spectrum of autonomy’.
Gary Herrigel
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199557738
- eISBN:
- 9780191720871
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199557738.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy
Manufacturing Possibilities examines adjustment dynamics in the steel, automobile and machinery industries in Germany, the U.S., and Japan since World War II. Using detailed historical ...
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Manufacturing Possibilities examines adjustment dynamics in the steel, automobile and machinery industries in Germany, the U.S., and Japan since World War II. Using detailed historical and interview based contemporary analysis, the book shows that as national industrial actors in each sector try to compete in global markets, they recompose firm and industry boundaries, producer strategies, stakeholder interests and governance mechanisms at all levels of their political economies. Theoretically, the book marks a departure from both neoliberal economic and historical institutionalist perspectives on change in advanced political economies. It characterizes industrial change as a creative, bottom up, process driven by reflective social actors. The alternative view consists of two distinctive claims. The first is that action is social, reflective and ultimately creative. When their interactive habits are disrupted, industrial actors seek to repair their relations by reconceiving them. Such imaginative interaction redefines interest and causes unforeseen possibilities for action to emerge, enabling actors to trump existing rules and constraints. Second, industrial change driven by creative action is recompositional. In the social process of reflection, actors rearrange, modify, reconceive and reposition inherited organizational forms and governance mechanisms as they experiment with solutions to the challenges that they face. Continuity in relations is interwoven with continuous reform and change. Most remarkably, creativity in the recomposition process makes the introduction of entirely new practices and relations possible. Ultimately, the message of Manufacturing Possibilities is that social study of change in advanced political economies should devote itself to the discovery of possibility. Preoccupation with constraint and failure to appreciate the capaciousness of reflective social action has led much of contemporary debate to misrecognize the dynamics of change. As a result, discussion of the range of adjustment possibilities has been unnecessarily limited.Less
Manufacturing Possibilities examines adjustment dynamics in the steel, automobile and machinery industries in Germany, the U.S., and Japan since World War II. Using detailed historical and interview based contemporary analysis, the book shows that as national industrial actors in each sector try to compete in global markets, they recompose firm and industry boundaries, producer strategies, stakeholder interests and governance mechanisms at all levels of their political economies. Theoretically, the book marks a departure from both neoliberal economic and historical institutionalist perspectives on change in advanced political economies. It characterizes industrial change as a creative, bottom up, process driven by reflective social actors. The alternative view consists of two distinctive claims. The first is that action is social, reflective and ultimately creative. When their interactive habits are disrupted, industrial actors seek to repair their relations by reconceiving them. Such imaginative interaction redefines interest and causes unforeseen possibilities for action to emerge, enabling actors to trump existing rules and constraints. Second, industrial change driven by creative action is recompositional. In the social process of reflection, actors rearrange, modify, reconceive and reposition inherited organizational forms and governance mechanisms as they experiment with solutions to the challenges that they face. Continuity in relations is interwoven with continuous reform and change. Most remarkably, creativity in the recomposition process makes the introduction of entirely new practices and relations possible. Ultimately, the message of Manufacturing Possibilities is that social study of change in advanced political economies should devote itself to the discovery of possibility. Preoccupation with constraint and failure to appreciate the capaciousness of reflective social action has led much of contemporary debate to misrecognize the dynamics of change. As a result, discussion of the range of adjustment possibilities has been unnecessarily limited.
José M. Bernardo, M. J. Bayarri, James O. Berger, A. P. Dawid, David Heckerman, Adrian F. M. Smith, and Mike West (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199694587
- eISBN:
- 9780191731921
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199694587.001.0001
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Probability / Statistics
The Valencia International Meetings on Bayesian Statistics – established in 1979 and held every four years – have been the forum for a definitive overview of current concerns and activities in ...
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The Valencia International Meetings on Bayesian Statistics – established in 1979 and held every four years – have been the forum for a definitive overview of current concerns and activities in Bayesian statistics. These are the edited Proceedings of the Ninth meeting, and contain the invited papers each followed by their discussion and a rejoinder by the author(s). In the tradition of the earlier editions, this encompasses an enormous range of theoretical and applied research, highlighting the breadth, vitality and impact of Bayesian thinking in interdisciplinary research across many fields as well as the corresponding growth and vitality of core theory and methodology. The Valencia 9 invited papers cover a broad range of topics, including foundational and core theoretical issues in statistics, the continued development of new and refined computational methods for complex Bayesian modelling, substantive applications of flexible Bayesian modelling, and new developments in the theory and methodology of graphical modelling. They also describe advances in methodology for specific applied fields, including financial econometrics and portfolio decision making, public policy applications for drug surveillance, studies in the physical and environmental sciences, astronomy and astrophysics, climate change studies, molecular biosciences, statistical genetics or stochastic dynamic networks in systems biology.Less
The Valencia International Meetings on Bayesian Statistics – established in 1979 and held every four years – have been the forum for a definitive overview of current concerns and activities in Bayesian statistics. These are the edited Proceedings of the Ninth meeting, and contain the invited papers each followed by their discussion and a rejoinder by the author(s). In the tradition of the earlier editions, this encompasses an enormous range of theoretical and applied research, highlighting the breadth, vitality and impact of Bayesian thinking in interdisciplinary research across many fields as well as the corresponding growth and vitality of core theory and methodology. The Valencia 9 invited papers cover a broad range of topics, including foundational and core theoretical issues in statistics, the continued development of new and refined computational methods for complex Bayesian modelling, substantive applications of flexible Bayesian modelling, and new developments in the theory and methodology of graphical modelling. They also describe advances in methodology for specific applied fields, including financial econometrics and portfolio decision making, public policy applications for drug surveillance, studies in the physical and environmental sciences, astronomy and astrophysics, climate change studies, molecular biosciences, statistical genetics or stochastic dynamic networks in systems biology.
N. Thompson Hobbs and Mevin B. Hooten
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691159287
- eISBN:
- 9781400866557
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691159287.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
Bayesian modeling has become an indispensable tool for ecological research because it is uniquely suited to deal with complexity in a statistically coherent way. This book provides a comprehensive ...
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Bayesian modeling has become an indispensable tool for ecological research because it is uniquely suited to deal with complexity in a statistically coherent way. This book provides a comprehensive and accessible introduction to the latest Bayesian methods. It emphasizes the principles behind the computations, giving ecologists a big-picture understanding of how to implement this powerful statistical approach, and is an essential primer for non-statisticians. It begins with a definition of probability and develops a step-by-step sequence of connected ideas, including basic distribution theory, network diagrams, hierarchical models, Markov chain Monte Carlo, and inference from single and multiple models. The book places less emphasis on computer coding, favoring instead a concise presentation of the mathematical statistics needed to understand how and why Bayesian analysis works. It also explains how to write out properly formulated hierarchical Bayesian models and use them in computing, research papers, and proposals. This book enables ecologists to understand the statistical principles behind Bayesian modeling and apply them to research, teaching, policy, and management.Less
Bayesian modeling has become an indispensable tool for ecological research because it is uniquely suited to deal with complexity in a statistically coherent way. This book provides a comprehensive and accessible introduction to the latest Bayesian methods. It emphasizes the principles behind the computations, giving ecologists a big-picture understanding of how to implement this powerful statistical approach, and is an essential primer for non-statisticians. It begins with a definition of probability and develops a step-by-step sequence of connected ideas, including basic distribution theory, network diagrams, hierarchical models, Markov chain Monte Carlo, and inference from single and multiple models. The book places less emphasis on computer coding, favoring instead a concise presentation of the mathematical statistics needed to understand how and why Bayesian analysis works. It also explains how to write out properly formulated hierarchical Bayesian models and use them in computing, research papers, and proposals. This book enables ecologists to understand the statistical principles behind Bayesian modeling and apply them to research, teaching, policy, and management.
D. A. Bini, G. Latouche, and B. Meini
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198527688
- eISBN:
- 9780191713286
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198527688.003.0007
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Numerical Analysis
This chapter is concerned with quadratically convergent algorithms for solving nonlinear matrix equations encountered in M/G/1, G/M/1, and QBD processes. The algorithm of logarithmic reduction for ...
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This chapter is concerned with quadratically convergent algorithms for solving nonlinear matrix equations encountered in M/G/1, G/M/1, and QBD processes. The algorithm of logarithmic reduction for solving QBDs is described and analysed, and an algebraic proof of its convergence is provided. Then the cyclic reduction technique for QBDs is explained and related to logarithmic reduction. Cyclic reduction is extended to M/G/1 and G/M/1 processes, convergence and applicability results are proved. Computational issues concerning the implementation of cyclic reduction are treated by relying on the tools introduced in Chapters 2 and 3.Less
This chapter is concerned with quadratically convergent algorithms for solving nonlinear matrix equations encountered in M/G/1, G/M/1, and QBD processes. The algorithm of logarithmic reduction for solving QBDs is described and analysed, and an algebraic proof of its convergence is provided. Then the cyclic reduction technique for QBDs is explained and related to logarithmic reduction. Cyclic reduction is extended to M/G/1 and G/M/1 processes, convergence and applicability results are proved. Computational issues concerning the implementation of cyclic reduction are treated by relying on the tools introduced in Chapters 2 and 3.
Paul F. Lurquin and Linda Stone
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195315387
- eISBN:
- 9780199785674
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195315387.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter describes the Darwin-Wallace theory of evolution by natural selection. In particular, it explains the notion of fitness, which underlies the concepts of descent with modification and the ...
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This chapter describes the Darwin-Wallace theory of evolution by natural selection. In particular, it explains the notion of fitness, which underlies the concepts of descent with modification and the appearance of species categorized into clades. It shows that descent with modification is a much better evolutionary theory than the “Great chain of being” model, which implies that evolution is driven toward the production of more perfect and complex life-forms. Finally, it explains how the science of genetics strongly supports evolution through the notions of mutation, gene frequencies in populations, and drift.Less
This chapter describes the Darwin-Wallace theory of evolution by natural selection. In particular, it explains the notion of fitness, which underlies the concepts of descent with modification and the appearance of species categorized into clades. It shows that descent with modification is a much better evolutionary theory than the “Great chain of being” model, which implies that evolution is driven toward the production of more perfect and complex life-forms. Finally, it explains how the science of genetics strongly supports evolution through the notions of mutation, gene frequencies in populations, and drift.
Ian Carter
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198294535
- eISBN:
- 9780191598951
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198294530.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
Defending a non-value-based and therefore purely empirical conception of overall freedom must involve showing how available actions can, at least in theory, be individuated and counted. The problems ...
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Defending a non-value-based and therefore purely empirical conception of overall freedom must involve showing how available actions can, at least in theory, be individuated and counted. The problems encountered here include the fact that actions can have an indefinite number of descriptions, that they can be subjected to indefinite spatio-temporal division, and that they give rise to indefinitely long causal chains of events. Solutions to these problems can be found through an application of Donald Davidson’s notion of actions as particulars, and by thinking of act-tokens as located in particular units within a space-time grid. Once possible actions have been adequately individuated, a formula for the measurement of freedom can be constructed, adapting a formula originally proposed by Hillel Steiner and taking into account the compossibility of particular actions and the probability of their being unconstrained. Careful attention to the structure of sets of available actions helps to mitigate some of the supposed counterintuitive implications of this analysis. Furthermore, subscribing to this empirical approach to the measurement of overall freedom does not necessarily imply subscribing to an empiricist or physicalist conception of action.Less
Defending a non-value-based and therefore purely empirical conception of overall freedom must involve showing how available actions can, at least in theory, be individuated and counted. The problems encountered here include the fact that actions can have an indefinite number of descriptions, that they can be subjected to indefinite spatio-temporal division, and that they give rise to indefinitely long causal chains of events. Solutions to these problems can be found through an application of Donald Davidson’s notion of actions as particulars, and by thinking of act-tokens as located in particular units within a space-time grid. Once possible actions have been adequately individuated, a formula for the measurement of freedom can be constructed, adapting a formula originally proposed by Hillel Steiner and taking into account the compossibility of particular actions and the probability of their being unconstrained. Careful attention to the structure of sets of available actions helps to mitigate some of the supposed counterintuitive implications of this analysis. Furthermore, subscribing to this empirical approach to the measurement of overall freedom does not necessarily imply subscribing to an empiricist or physicalist conception of action.
Christel Lane and Jocelyn Probert
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199214815
- eISBN:
- 9780191721779
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199214815.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business, Political Economy
This book studies the way that British, American, and German firms in the clothing industry (manufacturing and retail) co-ordinate and govern their global production networks/value chains. It offers ...
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This book studies the way that British, American, and German firms in the clothing industry (manufacturing and retail) co-ordinate and govern their global production networks/value chains. It offers a multi-level analysis, concerned with processes of economic interaction between international, regional, and national economic institutions and actors. This combines an analysis of international/regional regulatory systems, global markets, and conditions in the developing countries where suppliers are found with a focus on the recent development of the clothing industry in three western countries. The book's study of firms' global networks focuses on the power relationships between western producers and retailers on the one hand and between buyer firms in developed and supplier firms in developing countries on the other. The book additionally investigates their impact on labour. Utilizing over a hundred interviews in six countries on three continents, it follows the value chain from developed to developing countries and studies the many issues which confront students of globalization at the current time. The book combines theoretical perspectives from economic sociology, political economy, and management and seeks to utilise the complementary strengths of the Varieties of Capitalism (VoC) approach and that of Global Production Networks/Value Chains.Less
This book studies the way that British, American, and German firms in the clothing industry (manufacturing and retail) co-ordinate and govern their global production networks/value chains. It offers a multi-level analysis, concerned with processes of economic interaction between international, regional, and national economic institutions and actors. This combines an analysis of international/regional regulatory systems, global markets, and conditions in the developing countries where suppliers are found with a focus on the recent development of the clothing industry in three western countries. The book's study of firms' global networks focuses on the power relationships between western producers and retailers on the one hand and between buyer firms in developed and supplier firms in developing countries on the other. The book additionally investigates their impact on labour. Utilizing over a hundred interviews in six countries on three continents, it follows the value chain from developed to developing countries and studies the many issues which confront students of globalization at the current time. The book combines theoretical perspectives from economic sociology, political economy, and management and seeks to utilise the complementary strengths of the Varieties of Capitalism (VoC) approach and that of Global Production Networks/Value Chains.
Gary Herrigel
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199557738
- eISBN:
- 9780191720871
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199557738.003.0006
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy
This chapter outlines the globalization of disintegrated production. It discusses the relationship between contemporary global disintegrated trends and earlier discussions of disintegration that came ...
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This chapter outlines the globalization of disintegrated production. It discusses the relationship between contemporary global disintegrated trends and earlier discussions of disintegration that came out of literatures on industrial districts and the Japanese system of production. Elements of both are contained within current practices. A second section discusses the locational dynamics within supply chains dominated by multinational corporations. A final section looks at small and medium sized firm efforts to globalize within contemporary transnational supply chains and examines a range of public policy efforts to support sme globalizationLess
This chapter outlines the globalization of disintegrated production. It discusses the relationship between contemporary global disintegrated trends and earlier discussions of disintegration that came out of literatures on industrial districts and the Japanese system of production. Elements of both are contained within current practices. A second section discusses the locational dynamics within supply chains dominated by multinational corporations. A final section looks at small and medium sized firm efforts to globalize within contemporary transnational supply chains and examines a range of public policy efforts to support sme globalization
Gary Herrigel
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199557738
- eISBN:
- 9780191720871
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199557738.003.0007
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy
This chapter examines the way that German and US manufacturers are implementing the modal form of vertical disintegration: Sustained, Contingent Collaboration. In contrast to the expectations of the ...
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This chapter examines the way that German and US manufacturers are implementing the modal form of vertical disintegration: Sustained, Contingent Collaboration. In contrast to the expectations of the Varieties of Capitalism perspective, both German and American manufacturers appear to be successfully embracing SCC. More troubling for institutionalism, the character of experimentation in both places appears not to be significantly constrained by the existing institutional system of rules and constraint. Actors are creatively circumventing rules and ignoring constraints to construct SCC. In the process, they are also recasting old and creating new differences between the two countries.Less
This chapter examines the way that German and US manufacturers are implementing the modal form of vertical disintegration: Sustained, Contingent Collaboration. In contrast to the expectations of the Varieties of Capitalism perspective, both German and American manufacturers appear to be successfully embracing SCC. More troubling for institutionalism, the character of experimentation in both places appears not to be significantly constrained by the existing institutional system of rules and constraint. Actors are creatively circumventing rules and ignoring constraints to construct SCC. In the process, they are also recasting old and creating new differences between the two countries.
Gary Herrigel
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199557738
- eISBN:
- 9780191720871
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199557738.003.0008
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy
This chapter uses a case study of reform efforts in the German industrial relations system to consider the ways in which the dynamics of vertical disintegration are impacting processes of change at ...
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This chapter uses a case study of reform efforts in the German industrial relations system to consider the ways in which the dynamics of vertical disintegration are impacting processes of change at regional and national levels of governance. Despite apparent stalemate at the national level, rich and creative processes of experimentation are occurring in German firms and regions regarding the governance of the workplace. Crucially, in many cases, the diffusion of sustained contingent collaboration appears to be giving rise to the redefinition of who stakeholders in production are and how they should interact with one another in governance processes. This has created a disconnect with the older institutional system of industrial relations and creates a variety of possible options for works council and union action.Less
This chapter uses a case study of reform efforts in the German industrial relations system to consider the ways in which the dynamics of vertical disintegration are impacting processes of change at regional and national levels of governance. Despite apparent stalemate at the national level, rich and creative processes of experimentation are occurring in German firms and regions regarding the governance of the workplace. Crucially, in many cases, the diffusion of sustained contingent collaboration appears to be giving rise to the redefinition of who stakeholders in production are and how they should interact with one another in governance processes. This has created a disconnect with the older institutional system of industrial relations and creates a variety of possible options for works council and union action.
N. Thompson Hobbs and Mevin B. Hooten
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691159287
- eISBN:
- 9781400866557
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691159287.003.0007
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
This chapter explains how to implement Bayesian analyses using the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm, a set of methods for Bayesian analysis made popular by the seminal paper of Gelfand and ...
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This chapter explains how to implement Bayesian analyses using the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm, a set of methods for Bayesian analysis made popular by the seminal paper of Gelfand and Smith (1990). It begins with an explanation of MCMC with a heuristic, high-level treatment of the algorithm, describing its operation in simple terms with a minimum of formalism. In this first part, the chapter explains the algorithm so that all readers can gain an intuitive understanding of how to find the posterior distribution by sampling from it. Next, the chapter offers a somewhat more formal treatment of how MCMC is implemented mathematically. Finally, this chapter discusses implementation of Bayesian models via two routes—by using software and by writing one's own algorithm.Less
This chapter explains how to implement Bayesian analyses using the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm, a set of methods for Bayesian analysis made popular by the seminal paper of Gelfand and Smith (1990). It begins with an explanation of MCMC with a heuristic, high-level treatment of the algorithm, describing its operation in simple terms with a minimum of formalism. In this first part, the chapter explains the algorithm so that all readers can gain an intuitive understanding of how to find the posterior distribution by sampling from it. Next, the chapter offers a somewhat more formal treatment of how MCMC is implemented mathematically. Finally, this chapter discusses implementation of Bayesian models via two routes—by using software and by writing one's own algorithm.
Ludwig Fahrmeir and Thomas Kneib
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199533022
- eISBN:
- 9780191728501
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199533022.001.0001
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Probability / Statistics, Biostatistics
Several recent advances in smoothing and semiparametric regression are presented in this book from a unifying, Bayesian perspective. Simulation-based full Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) ...
More
Several recent advances in smoothing and semiparametric regression are presented in this book from a unifying, Bayesian perspective. Simulation-based full Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) inference, as well as empirical Bayes procedures closely related to penalized likelihood estimation and mixed models, are considered here. Throughout, the focus is on semiparametric regression and smoothing based on basis expansions of unknown functions and effects in combination with smoothness priors for the basis coefficients. Beginning with a review of basic methods for smoothing and mixed models, longitudinal data, spatial data, and event history data are treated in separate chapters. Worked examples from various fields such as forestry, development economics, medicine, and marketing are used to illustrate the statistical methods covered in this book. Most of these examples have been analysed using implementations in the Bayesian software, BayesX, and some with R Codes.Less
Several recent advances in smoothing and semiparametric regression are presented in this book from a unifying, Bayesian perspective. Simulation-based full Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) inference, as well as empirical Bayes procedures closely related to penalized likelihood estimation and mixed models, are considered here. Throughout, the focus is on semiparametric regression and smoothing based on basis expansions of unknown functions and effects in combination with smoothness priors for the basis coefficients. Beginning with a review of basic methods for smoothing and mixed models, longitudinal data, spatial data, and event history data are treated in separate chapters. Worked examples from various fields such as forestry, development economics, medicine, and marketing are used to illustrate the statistical methods covered in this book. Most of these examples have been analysed using implementations in the Bayesian software, BayesX, and some with R Codes.
