Barry Taylor
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199286690
- eISBN:
- 9780191604065
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199286698.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
This chapter sets out to extract more of the properties of objective truth. It inquires into the principles governing certification. Principles governing the logical connectives are borrowed from ...
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This chapter sets out to extract more of the properties of objective truth. It inquires into the principles governing certification. Principles governing the logical connectives are borrowed from Crispin Wright, and tested for adequacy against intuition, particularly on the question of the distributivity of objective truth across the connectives. It is argued that objective truth can be explicated as truth with the hallmark traits, without commitment to the literal truth of the framework, which has helped us to identify them.Less
This chapter sets out to extract more of the properties of objective truth. It inquires into the principles governing certification. Principles governing the logical connectives are borrowed from Crispin Wright, and tested for adequacy against intuition, particularly on the question of the distributivity of objective truth across the connectives. It is argued that objective truth can be explicated as truth with the hallmark traits, without commitment to the literal truth of the framework, which has helped us to identify them.
Barry Taylor
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199286690
- eISBN:
- 9780191604065
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199286698.003.0006
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
This chapter examines Crispin Wright’s account of truth as superassertibility, and the account with which Putnam proposes in Reason, Truth, and History — of truth as idealized rational acceptability. ...
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This chapter examines Crispin Wright’s account of truth as superassertibility, and the account with which Putnam proposes in Reason, Truth, and History — of truth as idealized rational acceptability. It is argued that both can be represented as attempts to take a version of Part One’s Hierarchy of Certification as a serious analytic tool rather than as a disposable heuristic ladder.Less
This chapter examines Crispin Wright’s account of truth as superassertibility, and the account with which Putnam proposes in Reason, Truth, and History — of truth as idealized rational acceptability. It is argued that both can be represented as attempts to take a version of Part One’s Hierarchy of Certification as a serious analytic tool rather than as a disposable heuristic ladder.
Michelle P. Egan
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199244058
- eISBN:
- 9780191599132
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199244057.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
Focuses on the costs of market fragmentation in Europe. It reviews the economic impact of removing barriers to trade as a result of divergent national standards, testing, and certification ...
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Focuses on the costs of market fragmentation in Europe. It reviews the economic impact of removing barriers to trade as a result of divergent national standards, testing, and certification requirements. Ranked by business as the most important barrier to trade, these domestic regulations can prevent firms from engaging in cross‐border competition and hinder market access. Like other forms of trade protection, such non‐tariff barriers impact the importing country through higher domestic prices, higher cost margins and productive inefficiencies. This chapter also highlights the impact of trade barriers on firm strategies, and provides some empirical evidence of the benefits expected to accrue from market integration.Less
Focuses on the costs of market fragmentation in Europe. It reviews the economic impact of removing barriers to trade as a result of divergent national standards, testing, and certification requirements. Ranked by business as the most important barrier to trade, these domestic regulations can prevent firms from engaging in cross‐border competition and hinder market access. Like other forms of trade protection, such non‐tariff barriers impact the importing country through higher domestic prices, higher cost margins and productive inefficiencies. This chapter also highlights the impact of trade barriers on firm strategies, and provides some empirical evidence of the benefits expected to accrue from market integration.
Michael J. North and Charles M. Macal
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195172119
- eISBN:
- 9780199789894
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195172119.003.0011
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Strategy
This chapter discusses verification and validation for agent-based modeling and simulation. Related topics such as certification and accreditation are also considered.
This chapter discusses verification and validation for agent-based modeling and simulation. Related topics such as certification and accreditation are also considered.
Margaret Jane Radin
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691155333
- eISBN:
- 9781400844838
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691155333.003.0010
- Subject:
- Law, Company and Commercial Law
This chapter considers “private” reform ideas or market solutions for improving the normative and democratic acceptability of boilerplate terms. It begins with a discussion of one potentially ...
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This chapter considers “private” reform ideas or market solutions for improving the normative and democratic acceptability of boilerplate terms. It begins with a discussion of one potentially important “private” incentive: reputation. Some firms are likely to be especially cognizant of the need to maintain good relationships with their users, and therefore responsive to the threat of reputational harm. This is most likely to be true for firms that have users who are reasonably savvy about issues of user rights, such as data privacy or information copying. After outlining the conditions conducive to consumer pushback, the chapter examines other private or market approaches, such as those involving rating agencies, seals of approval, and certifications. Finally, it looks at automated filtering or “machine bargaining,” and especially the implementation of filtering systems for personal computers.Less
This chapter considers “private” reform ideas or market solutions for improving the normative and democratic acceptability of boilerplate terms. It begins with a discussion of one potentially important “private” incentive: reputation. Some firms are likely to be especially cognizant of the need to maintain good relationships with their users, and therefore responsive to the threat of reputational harm. This is most likely to be true for firms that have users who are reasonably savvy about issues of user rights, such as data privacy or information copying. After outlining the conditions conducive to consumer pushback, the chapter examines other private or market approaches, such as those involving rating agencies, seals of approval, and certifications. Finally, it looks at automated filtering or “machine bargaining,” and especially the implementation of filtering systems for personal computers.
Graham Bullock
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780262036429
- eISBN:
- 9780262340984
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262036429.001.0001
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Environmental Studies
A debate has emerged recently about the role of information in environmental politics. Much of this debate has focused on the emergence and effectiveness of product eco-labels and corporate ...
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A debate has emerged recently about the role of information in environmental politics. Much of this debate has focused on the emergence and effectiveness of product eco-labels and corporate sustainability ratings as a new form of environmental governance. “Information optimists” believe that the provision of information can be an effective strategy to protect the environment, while “information pessimists” are concerned that information-based approaches serve as a distraction from more effective forms of governance that rely on the rule of law. This book advances a third position of “information realism,” which acknowledges both the contributions and limitations of information -based governance initiatives. It asserts that these initiatives must develop into more mature governance initiatives for them to overcome their current weaknesses and produce long-lasting and substantial environmental benefits.
The book uses a series of in-depth case studies and an original dataset on 245 cases of environmental certifications and ratings to discuss their contributions and limitations and highlight their best and worst practices. These include programs such as ENERGY STAR and USDA Organic, the Sustainable Forestry Initiative and the Forest Stewardship Council, and LEED and Green Globes. Each chapter is organized around a different component of the information value chain that is at the heart of these initiatives, and applies concepts such as legitimacy, validity, and usability to analyze how they are both constructed and perceived. The book concludes with a set of recommendations for policymakers, designers and users of these initiatives that can improve their long-term effectiveness as a form of environmental governance.Less
A debate has emerged recently about the role of information in environmental politics. Much of this debate has focused on the emergence and effectiveness of product eco-labels and corporate sustainability ratings as a new form of environmental governance. “Information optimists” believe that the provision of information can be an effective strategy to protect the environment, while “information pessimists” are concerned that information-based approaches serve as a distraction from more effective forms of governance that rely on the rule of law. This book advances a third position of “information realism,” which acknowledges both the contributions and limitations of information -based governance initiatives. It asserts that these initiatives must develop into more mature governance initiatives for them to overcome their current weaknesses and produce long-lasting and substantial environmental benefits.
The book uses a series of in-depth case studies and an original dataset on 245 cases of environmental certifications and ratings to discuss their contributions and limitations and highlight their best and worst practices. These include programs such as ENERGY STAR and USDA Organic, the Sustainable Forestry Initiative and the Forest Stewardship Council, and LEED and Green Globes. Each chapter is organized around a different component of the information value chain that is at the heart of these initiatives, and applies concepts such as legitimacy, validity, and usability to analyze how they are both constructed and perceived. The book concludes with a set of recommendations for policymakers, designers and users of these initiatives that can improve their long-term effectiveness as a form of environmental governance.
Curtis L. Meinert
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199742967
- eISBN:
- 9780199897278
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199742967.003.0004
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Epidemiology, Public Health
This chapter discusses the stages of a clinical trial. The stage of a trial is different from phase of a trial. The stage is a period within the course of a trial. The phase is a facet of activities ...
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This chapter discusses the stages of a clinical trial. The stage of a trial is different from phase of a trial. The stage is a period within the course of a trial. The phase is a facet of activities in a sequence of activities related to developing and testing a treatment for possible use in human beings. The sojourn times by stage vary depending on the trial. They can be days, weeks, months, or years; months or years in the case of long-term trials. Stages can be seen as two-dimensional arrays with the following activities, overlaid on stages, since they run across stages: training and certification, data collection and processing, monitoring, data analysis, and paper writing.Less
This chapter discusses the stages of a clinical trial. The stage of a trial is different from phase of a trial. The stage is a period within the course of a trial. The phase is a facet of activities in a sequence of activities related to developing and testing a treatment for possible use in human beings. The sojourn times by stage vary depending on the trial. They can be days, weeks, months, or years; months or years in the case of long-term trials. Stages can be seen as two-dimensional arrays with the following activities, overlaid on stages, since they run across stages: training and certification, data collection and processing, monitoring, data analysis, and paper writing.
Robert Woods
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199542758
- eISBN:
- 9780191715358
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199542758.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Social History
The definition of live birth is problematic. Clinical, statistical, and cultural conventions compete and are, in any case, fluid. This chapter considers how fetal death has been defined; the terms ...
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The definition of live birth is problematic. Clinical, statistical, and cultural conventions compete and are, in any case, fluid. This chapter considers how fetal death has been defined; the terms used by specialists and in common speech (reckoning, quickening, miscarriage, abortion, stillbirth, deadborn); the distinction between miscarriage and induced abortion; and how such deaths have been recorded, and by whom (hospital records, certification, state registration; midwives, clerics, physicians). It discusses the various devices employed to measure fetal and early-age mortality, such as the stillbirth and perinatal mortality rates, neonatal and endogenous mortality. Finally, it reviews a number of alternative explanatory approaches to fetal mortality. Those emphasizing the biological and physiological are contrasted with more socially and culturally nuanced accounts.Less
The definition of live birth is problematic. Clinical, statistical, and cultural conventions compete and are, in any case, fluid. This chapter considers how fetal death has been defined; the terms used by specialists and in common speech (reckoning, quickening, miscarriage, abortion, stillbirth, deadborn); the distinction between miscarriage and induced abortion; and how such deaths have been recorded, and by whom (hospital records, certification, state registration; midwives, clerics, physicians). It discusses the various devices employed to measure fetal and early-age mortality, such as the stillbirth and perinatal mortality rates, neonatal and endogenous mortality. Finally, it reviews a number of alternative explanatory approaches to fetal mortality. Those emphasizing the biological and physiological are contrasted with more socially and culturally nuanced accounts.
Patrick Rysiew
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199693702
- eISBN:
- 9780191741265
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199693702.003.0012
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Language, Metaphysics/Epistemology
Edward Craig urged that instead of analyzing ‘knows’ and its cognates, we should ask, ‘what knowledge does for us, what its role in our life might be, and then ask what a concept having that role ...
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Edward Craig urged that instead of analyzing ‘knows’ and its cognates, we should ask, ‘what knowledge does for us, what its role in our life might be, and then ask what a concept having that role would be like’. An alternative to the Craigian account of the role of ‘know(s)’ (/KNOWS) — the certification view — is presented. (Though caution about whether there is such a thing as the such role is also recommended.) It is then argued that, contrary to initial appearances, a traditional (insensitive invariantist) semantics can explain knowledge ascriptions’ playing the ‘certifying’ role; whereas (and again, contrary to appearances), it’s not clear how well-equipped various non-traditional theories are to explain ‘know(s)’ playing that role. Overall, then: supposing that something like the certification view is correct, contrary to how it might seem, it’s far from clear that traditional invariantism is in trouble.Less
Edward Craig urged that instead of analyzing ‘knows’ and its cognates, we should ask, ‘what knowledge does for us, what its role in our life might be, and then ask what a concept having that role would be like’. An alternative to the Craigian account of the role of ‘know(s)’ (/KNOWS) — the certification view — is presented. (Though caution about whether there is such a thing as the such role is also recommended.) It is then argued that, contrary to initial appearances, a traditional (insensitive invariantist) semantics can explain knowledge ascriptions’ playing the ‘certifying’ role; whereas (and again, contrary to appearances), it’s not clear how well-equipped various non-traditional theories are to explain ‘know(s)’ playing that role. Overall, then: supposing that something like the certification view is correct, contrary to how it might seem, it’s far from clear that traditional invariantism is in trouble.
Sandra L. Bloom and Brian Farragher
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195374803
- eISBN:
- 9780199865420
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195374803.003.0013
- Subject:
- Social Work, Health and Mental Health
This concluding chapter represents an ending and a beginning–the conclusion of this volume and an introduction to what will be more fully covered in a forthcoming volume - a parallel process of ...
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This concluding chapter represents an ending and a beginning–the conclusion of this volume and an introduction to what will be more fully covered in a forthcoming volume - a parallel process of recovery for organizations that we call The Sanctuary Model. The Sanctuary Model offers an evidence-supported trauma-informed theory and methodology for changing organizational cultures. We will only touch on the main components of the model here and explore the subject in more depth in the third volume of this trilogy. We briefly introduce the central concepts of the Sanctuary Model as a change in the operating system for organizations. After briefing describing the Seven Sanctuary Commitments we discuss how the Sanctuary Model is being implemented via the Sanctuary Institute, the Sanctuary Network and Sanctuary Certification.Less
This concluding chapter represents an ending and a beginning–the conclusion of this volume and an introduction to what will be more fully covered in a forthcoming volume - a parallel process of recovery for organizations that we call The Sanctuary Model. The Sanctuary Model offers an evidence-supported trauma-informed theory and methodology for changing organizational cultures. We will only touch on the main components of the model here and explore the subject in more depth in the third volume of this trilogy. We briefly introduce the central concepts of the Sanctuary Model as a change in the operating system for organizations. After briefing describing the Seven Sanctuary Commitments we discuss how the Sanctuary Model is being implemented via the Sanctuary Institute, the Sanctuary Network and Sanctuary Certification.
Garcia Alcubilla and Ruiz del Pozo
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199608867
- eISBN:
- 9780191739125
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199608867.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics, Macro- and Monetary Economics
Agencies domiciled in non-EU countries do not need to be registered in order to issue ratings on EU issuers or on securities offered in the EU. However, these ratings may not be used for regulatory ...
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Agencies domiciled in non-EU countries do not need to be registered in order to issue ratings on EU issuers or on securities offered in the EU. However, these ratings may not be used for regulatory purposes by European financial institutions if they do not follow one of the two procedures set out in the Regulation: endorsement or certification based on equivalence (depending on the systemic importance of the foreign rating agency). This chapter explains the procedures and the requirements that non-EU agencies have to fulfil. In addition, it describes ESMA’s methodology to assess equivalence and its work in this area and on the signing of cooperation arrangements with non-EU authorities. Finally, a more detailed discussion on the US framework, including the SEC’s rules and the new provisions introduced by the Dodd–Frank Act, and an overview of the Japanese legislation on rating agencies are provided in the appendices.Less
Agencies domiciled in non-EU countries do not need to be registered in order to issue ratings on EU issuers or on securities offered in the EU. However, these ratings may not be used for regulatory purposes by European financial institutions if they do not follow one of the two procedures set out in the Regulation: endorsement or certification based on equivalence (depending on the systemic importance of the foreign rating agency). This chapter explains the procedures and the requirements that non-EU agencies have to fulfil. In addition, it describes ESMA’s methodology to assess equivalence and its work in this area and on the signing of cooperation arrangements with non-EU authorities. Finally, a more detailed discussion on the US framework, including the SEC’s rules and the new provisions introduced by the Dodd–Frank Act, and an overview of the Japanese legislation on rating agencies are provided in the appendices.
Brian K. Obach
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262029094
- eISBN:
- 9780262328302
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262029094.001.0001
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Environmental Studies
Organic Struggle analyzes the evolution of the sustainable agriculture movement in the United States and evaluates its achievements and shortcomings. It traces the development of organic farming from ...
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Organic Struggle analyzes the evolution of the sustainable agriculture movement in the United States and evaluates its achievements and shortcomings. It traces the development of organic farming from its roots in the 1940s through its embrace by the 1960s counterculture to its mainstream acceptance and development into a multi-billion dollar industry. The book examines ideological and strategic divisions among those within the movement who wanted to rapidly expand the organic market and who welcomed the involvement of conventional agribusiness versus those who favored a more traditional conception of organic, focusing on the small farm ideal and locally oriented markets. The movement’s changing relationship with governmental institutions fundamentally altered the trajectory of the organic sector. The creation of the government-run National Organic Program yielded dramatic growth in organic sales, but fostered debates among organic proponents regarding the environmental and health benefits and the social justice implications of the changing structure of the organic industry. This gave rise to a fracturing of the sustainable agriculture movement with some focusing on local farming systems, some seeking to develop new labels and certification schemes, and others remaining committed to improving the National Organic Program. Yet ultimately, it is the market-based reform strategy used by virtually all sustainable agriculture advocates that limits the scope of the changes the movement can achieve. Greater state-oriented political engagement is necessary to further advance this important cause.Less
Organic Struggle analyzes the evolution of the sustainable agriculture movement in the United States and evaluates its achievements and shortcomings. It traces the development of organic farming from its roots in the 1940s through its embrace by the 1960s counterculture to its mainstream acceptance and development into a multi-billion dollar industry. The book examines ideological and strategic divisions among those within the movement who wanted to rapidly expand the organic market and who welcomed the involvement of conventional agribusiness versus those who favored a more traditional conception of organic, focusing on the small farm ideal and locally oriented markets. The movement’s changing relationship with governmental institutions fundamentally altered the trajectory of the organic sector. The creation of the government-run National Organic Program yielded dramatic growth in organic sales, but fostered debates among organic proponents regarding the environmental and health benefits and the social justice implications of the changing structure of the organic industry. This gave rise to a fracturing of the sustainable agriculture movement with some focusing on local farming systems, some seeking to develop new labels and certification schemes, and others remaining committed to improving the National Organic Program. Yet ultimately, it is the market-based reform strategy used by virtually all sustainable agriculture advocates that limits the scope of the changes the movement can achieve. Greater state-oriented political engagement is necessary to further advance this important cause.
John Lever and Johan Fischer
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781526103642
- eISBN:
- 9781526135964
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781526103642.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Sociology of Religion
This book explores the emergence and expansion of global kosher and halal markets with a particular focus on the UK and Denmark. Kosher is a Hebrew term meaning “fit” or “proper” while halal is an ...
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This book explores the emergence and expansion of global kosher and halal markets with a particular focus on the UK and Denmark. Kosher is a Hebrew term meaning “fit” or “proper” while halal is an Arabic word that literally means “permissible” or “lawful”. This is the first book of its kind to explore kosher and halal comparatively at different levels of the social scale such as individual consumption, the marketplace, religious organisations and the state. Within the last two decades or so, kosher and halal markets have become global in scope and states, manufacturers, restaurants, shops, certifiers and consumers around the world are faced with ever stricter and more complex kosher and halal requirements. The book is based on extended periods of research carried out in the UK and Denmark where kosher and halal are of particular significance. The research question in this book is: What are the consequences of globalising kosher and halal markets? This book argues that the similarities and differences between kosher and halal consumption, production and regulation in different national contexts are not well understood. We further argue that to better understand global kosher and halal markets these should be explored at different levels of the social scale. The book will be appropriate for students in a variety of upper-level undergraduate courses and graduate seminars as well as academics of food (science), sociology/anthropology, religion, globalisation, politics, economics, business/management as well as companies that are or want to be kosher/halal certified. It will also be of interest to religious organisations and policy makers.Less
This book explores the emergence and expansion of global kosher and halal markets with a particular focus on the UK and Denmark. Kosher is a Hebrew term meaning “fit” or “proper” while halal is an Arabic word that literally means “permissible” or “lawful”. This is the first book of its kind to explore kosher and halal comparatively at different levels of the social scale such as individual consumption, the marketplace, religious organisations and the state. Within the last two decades or so, kosher and halal markets have become global in scope and states, manufacturers, restaurants, shops, certifiers and consumers around the world are faced with ever stricter and more complex kosher and halal requirements. The book is based on extended periods of research carried out in the UK and Denmark where kosher and halal are of particular significance. The research question in this book is: What are the consequences of globalising kosher and halal markets? This book argues that the similarities and differences between kosher and halal consumption, production and regulation in different national contexts are not well understood. We further argue that to better understand global kosher and halal markets these should be explored at different levels of the social scale. The book will be appropriate for students in a variety of upper-level undergraduate courses and graduate seminars as well as academics of food (science), sociology/anthropology, religion, globalisation, politics, economics, business/management as well as companies that are or want to be kosher/halal certified. It will also be of interest to religious organisations and policy makers.
James E. Shaw
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263778
- eISBN:
- 9780191734823
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263778.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
Having examined the structure of small-claims litigation, this chapter seeks to situate the legal process more solidly in its immediate social context. The equitable character of justice at the ...
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Having examined the structure of small-claims litigation, this chapter seeks to situate the legal process more solidly in its immediate social context. The equitable character of justice at the lesser courts was in part related to the amateur status of the judges, yet it also reflected the highly informal nature of most everyday transactions. In the absence of written contracts, there was little scope for a sophisticated law of contract. The court's adoption of an equity approach was functionally related to the type of business that it considered. Courts of conscience provided an equivalent structure for small-claims litigation in England, allowing plaintiffs to seek justice even if they did not have the formal proofs required by the common law. This chapter shows that the behaviour of litigants can only be properly understood when this context of informal economic relations is taken into account.Less
Having examined the structure of small-claims litigation, this chapter seeks to situate the legal process more solidly in its immediate social context. The equitable character of justice at the lesser courts was in part related to the amateur status of the judges, yet it also reflected the highly informal nature of most everyday transactions. In the absence of written contracts, there was little scope for a sophisticated law of contract. The court's adoption of an equity approach was functionally related to the type of business that it considered. Courts of conscience provided an equivalent structure for small-claims litigation in England, allowing plaintiffs to seek justice even if they did not have the formal proofs required by the common law. This chapter shows that the behaviour of litigants can only be properly understood when this context of informal economic relations is taken into account.
C. A. J. Coady
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198235514
- eISBN:
- 9780191597220
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198235518.003.0016
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
The role of expert evidence in the law has been much debated in the legal literature though less so in philosophy. This chapter attempts to bring the insights of the earlier chapters of this book to ...
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The role of expert evidence in the law has been much debated in the legal literature though less so in philosophy. This chapter attempts to bring the insights of the earlier chapters of this book to bear on the problem of the admissibility and value of expert evidence, especially in criminal trials. It examines various proposals for restricting or enlarging the role of experts, and the implications of these proposals are discussed.Less
The role of expert evidence in the law has been much debated in the legal literature though less so in philosophy. This chapter attempts to bring the insights of the earlier chapters of this book to bear on the problem of the admissibility and value of expert evidence, especially in criminal trials. It examines various proposals for restricting or enlarging the role of experts, and the implications of these proposals are discussed.
Graeme Auld
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780300190533
- eISBN:
- 9780300210330
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300190533.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
This chapter examines market, political, informational, and capacity factors that are expected to influence the initiation of certification programs in different sectors. It begins by reviewing ...
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This chapter examines market, political, informational, and capacity factors that are expected to influence the initiation of certification programs in different sectors. It begins by reviewing research on institutional development to advance an evolutionary perspective for private governance, paying particular attention to path dependence in markets and politics. It then considers expectations about how certification programs will evolve based on the interplay of actors' strategic decisions and the program's internal governance structures. It also discusses gaps in the literature with respect to the development of social and environmental certification programs. The chapter concludes by looking at insights on how best to address these gaps.Less
This chapter examines market, political, informational, and capacity factors that are expected to influence the initiation of certification programs in different sectors. It begins by reviewing research on institutional development to advance an evolutionary perspective for private governance, paying particular attention to path dependence in markets and politics. It then considers expectations about how certification programs will evolve based on the interplay of actors' strategic decisions and the program's internal governance structures. It also discusses gaps in the literature with respect to the development of social and environmental certification programs. The chapter concludes by looking at insights on how best to address these gaps.
Shaila Seshia Galvin
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- January 2022
- ISBN:
- 9780300215014
- eISBN:
- 9780300258080
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300215014.003.0003
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Nature
Focusing on the farming of certified organic basmati rice in Uttarakhand’s Doon Valley, this chapter examines the relationship between transparency and trust in certification processes. ...
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Focusing on the farming of certified organic basmati rice in Uttarakhand’s Doon Valley, this chapter examines the relationship between transparency and trust in certification processes. Certification, it is often claimed, affords transparent knowledge about its objects. Because of this, it is thought to be necessary for generating and maintaining widespread public trust. This chapter explores the limits of transparent knowledge, arguing that as organic agriculture becomes established under state government auspices in the Doon Valley, trust is neither solely emergent in personalized relations nor simply an outcome of certification processes. Instead, this chapter shows how practices of organic certification, under conditions of limited transparency, shape and fundamentally reconfigure trust. Through fine ethnography that focuses on sentiments of trust, belief, or faith, expressed by certification inspectors during the course of their work, the chapter traces how such sentiments become integral to the making—and the meaning—of certified organic farming.Less
Focusing on the farming of certified organic basmati rice in Uttarakhand’s Doon Valley, this chapter examines the relationship between transparency and trust in certification processes. Certification, it is often claimed, affords transparent knowledge about its objects. Because of this, it is thought to be necessary for generating and maintaining widespread public trust. This chapter explores the limits of transparent knowledge, arguing that as organic agriculture becomes established under state government auspices in the Doon Valley, trust is neither solely emergent in personalized relations nor simply an outcome of certification processes. Instead, this chapter shows how practices of organic certification, under conditions of limited transparency, shape and fundamentally reconfigure trust. Through fine ethnography that focuses on sentiments of trust, belief, or faith, expressed by certification inspectors during the course of their work, the chapter traces how such sentiments become integral to the making—and the meaning—of certified organic farming.
Ruth G. McRoy, Jerry P. Flanzer, and Joan Levy Zlotnik
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195399646
- eISBN:
- 9780199932757
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195399646.003.0005
- Subject:
- Social Work, Research and Evaluation
This chapter explains the role of research administrators in providing leadership and expertise in supporting faculty grant applicants by addressing all the administrative aspects of the pre and post ...
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This chapter explains the role of research administrators in providing leadership and expertise in supporting faculty grant applicants by addressing all the administrative aspects of the pre and post award activities. These activities may include supporting the investigator in navigating the complex system of university sponsor, state and federal regulations. Details are provided about the role of the office of sponsored research within a university, developing budget justifications, policies and practices around indirect rates, human subjects, effort certification as well as preparation of expenditure reports.Less
This chapter explains the role of research administrators in providing leadership and expertise in supporting faculty grant applicants by addressing all the administrative aspects of the pre and post award activities. These activities may include supporting the investigator in navigating the complex system of university sponsor, state and federal regulations. Details are provided about the role of the office of sponsored research within a university, developing budget justifications, policies and practices around indirect rates, human subjects, effort certification as well as preparation of expenditure reports.
Sasha Courville
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262026338
- eISBN:
- 9780262267526
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262026338.003.0012
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
This chapter traces the changes in the organic and social certification regulations involving coffee production. The role of certification organizations such as the International Federation of ...
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This chapter traces the changes in the organic and social certification regulations involving coffee production. The role of certification organizations such as the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM), along with its basic standards in developing the organic coffee movement, are discussed in detail. The chapter examines the certification systems of sustainable initiatives in the coffee sector, along with their standards, operational scope, and organizational structures. It discusses the emergence of sustainability initiatives and their implications for private global regulators, as well as the increasing role of government in regulating and monitoring the organic certification for maintaining credibility of the product for consumers. The chapter presents solutions to the challenges private regulators face, including certification systems for consumers based on the multiple-stakeholder platform and methods for cost reduction and increasing accessibility.Less
This chapter traces the changes in the organic and social certification regulations involving coffee production. The role of certification organizations such as the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM), along with its basic standards in developing the organic coffee movement, are discussed in detail. The chapter examines the certification systems of sustainable initiatives in the coffee sector, along with their standards, operational scope, and organizational structures. It discusses the emergence of sustainability initiatives and their implications for private global regulators, as well as the increasing role of government in regulating and monitoring the organic certification for maintaining credibility of the product for consumers. The chapter presents solutions to the challenges private regulators face, including certification systems for consumers based on the multiple-stakeholder platform and methods for cost reduction and increasing accessibility.
Robert I. Field
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195159684
- eISBN:
- 9780199864423
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195159684.003.0002
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter presents the regulatory structure for health care professionals with an emphasis on physicians. It traces the history of the formalization of the medical profession, initiated by the ...
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This chapter presents the regulatory structure for health care professionals with an emphasis on physicians. It traces the history of the formalization of the medical profession, initiated by the American Medical Association (AMA). This organization successfully induced every state to adopt a licensing process, and it standardized medical education based on the findings of the Flexner Report, issued in 1910. Regulation of the medical profession, including granting licenses to practice and imposing discipline, remains at the state level but with several federal and private organizations providing elements of national coordination. Oversight is also imposed by various other governmental and private bodies, including the federal Medicare program, specialty boards, health maintenance organizations, and hospitals. Similar regulatory arrangements govern osteopathic physicians and many allied health professions. The chapter concludes with a review of perennial policy conflicts, including that between licensure and consumer information as arbiters of professional quality.Less
This chapter presents the regulatory structure for health care professionals with an emphasis on physicians. It traces the history of the formalization of the medical profession, initiated by the American Medical Association (AMA). This organization successfully induced every state to adopt a licensing process, and it standardized medical education based on the findings of the Flexner Report, issued in 1910. Regulation of the medical profession, including granting licenses to practice and imposing discipline, remains at the state level but with several federal and private organizations providing elements of national coordination. Oversight is also imposed by various other governmental and private bodies, including the federal Medicare program, specialty boards, health maintenance organizations, and hospitals. Similar regulatory arrangements govern osteopathic physicians and many allied health professions. The chapter concludes with a review of perennial policy conflicts, including that between licensure and consumer information as arbiters of professional quality.
