Gordon M. Shepherd
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195391503
- eISBN:
- 9780199863464
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195391503.003.0009
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, History of Neuroscience
In the 1950s, the microelectrode opened the door not only to understanding the properties of the individual nerve cell, but also to how they are connected; how they “talk” to each other. Two ...
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In the 1950s, the microelectrode opened the door not only to understanding the properties of the individual nerve cell, but also to how they are connected; how they “talk” to each other. Two philosophies emerged. One was to aim at working out connections in order to build up the circuits responsible for the responses of the cells. The other approach was to record and characterize the responses of the cells to physiological stimuli, to show what the brain does, and to leave to future work identifying the circuits involved. Both philosophies arose in the 1950s and produced dramatic results that shaped all subsequent studies of the physiology of the central nervous system. This chapter considers the spinal cord, retina, and invertebrate systems.Less
In the 1950s, the microelectrode opened the door not only to understanding the properties of the individual nerve cell, but also to how they are connected; how they “talk” to each other. Two philosophies emerged. One was to aim at working out connections in order to build up the circuits responsible for the responses of the cells. The other approach was to record and characterize the responses of the cells to physiological stimuli, to show what the brain does, and to leave to future work identifying the circuits involved. Both philosophies arose in the 1950s and produced dramatic results that shaped all subsequent studies of the physiology of the central nervous system. This chapter considers the spinal cord, retina, and invertebrate systems.
Kostantin Dobrenis
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198508786
- eISBN:
- 9780191723803
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198508786.003.00014
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Disorders of the Nervous System
Diseases that involve the central nervous system (CNS) pose one of the most difficult challenges in human therapy. Cell-mediated therapy (CMT) is a uniquely complex and powerful approach that offers ...
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Diseases that involve the central nervous system (CNS) pose one of the most difficult challenges in human therapy. Cell-mediated therapy (CMT) is a uniquely complex and powerful approach that offers an unparalleled advantage. This chapter reviews work in the area of CMT with a bias towards understanding the critical mechanisms that underlie successful CMT for CNS storage disease. It highlights the advantages offered by employing cells as the therapeutic agent.Less
Diseases that involve the central nervous system (CNS) pose one of the most difficult challenges in human therapy. Cell-mediated therapy (CMT) is a uniquely complex and powerful approach that offers an unparalleled advantage. This chapter reviews work in the area of CMT with a bias towards understanding the critical mechanisms that underlie successful CMT for CNS storage disease. It highlights the advantages offered by employing cells as the therapeutic agent.
Malcolm Burrows
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198523444
- eISBN:
- 9780191724411
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198523444.003.0003
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Invertebrate Neurobiology
Estimates of the number of glial cells in the central nervous system vary so widely that it is safe to conclude only that we do not know how many there are. In crickets, for example, they are ...
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Estimates of the number of glial cells in the central nervous system vary so widely that it is safe to conclude only that we do not know how many there are. In crickets, for example, they are suggested to outnumber neurons by as much as 8:1 in the central nervous system and to account for as much as half of its volume whereas in the brain of bees they are suggested to represent only 15% (∼19 000 glial cells in a worker bee) of the total number of cells within the Neuropil. In Drosophila, the gene repo is expressed in most glial cells but not in neurons of the developing nervous system. In an abdominal ganglion, it is present in only 60 glial cells. Lack of knowledge of their numbers is matched only by the paucity of information about the structure of the different types of glial cell and of the role that they might be playing in the functioning of the central nervous system. The shining exception to this is the considerable amount of information on the glial cells of the perineurium that surrounds the central nervous system and forms a barrier with the haemolymph.Less
Estimates of the number of glial cells in the central nervous system vary so widely that it is safe to conclude only that we do not know how many there are. In crickets, for example, they are suggested to outnumber neurons by as much as 8:1 in the central nervous system and to account for as much as half of its volume whereas in the brain of bees they are suggested to represent only 15% (∼19 000 glial cells in a worker bee) of the total number of cells within the Neuropil. In Drosophila, the gene repo is expressed in most glial cells but not in neurons of the developing nervous system. In an abdominal ganglion, it is present in only 60 glial cells. Lack of knowledge of their numbers is matched only by the paucity of information about the structure of the different types of glial cell and of the role that they might be playing in the functioning of the central nervous system. The shining exception to this is the considerable amount of information on the glial cells of the perineurium that surrounds the central nervous system and forms a barrier with the haemolymph.
Fuad Lechin and Bertha van der Dijs
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195326697
- eISBN:
- 9780199864874
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195326697.003.0005
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems
This chapter summarizes anatomical, physiological, pathophysiological, pharmacological, immunological, and some therapeutic information dealing with most types of diseases. Evidence is presented to ...
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This chapter summarizes anatomical, physiological, pathophysiological, pharmacological, immunological, and some therapeutic information dealing with most types of diseases. Evidence is presented to support the notion that clinical symptoms (cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, respiratory, dermatological, nephrological, rheumatological, hematological, endocrinological, and others) depend on central nervous system (CNS) disorders that project to the peripheral organs throughout the peripheral autonomic nervous system (ANS) and neuroendocrine pathways. In addition, psychological disorders such as depression and psychosis also provoke ANS, hormonal, and immunological disorders that are responsible for different somatic symptoms. The chapter also demonstrates that the adrenal glands are hypoactive during both childhood and senescence. This peripheral ANS profile explains why they are affected by specific pathophysiological disorders that are rarely observed in young adult subjects. This chapter also presents data emanating from the routine assessment of circulating neurotransmitters that showed that diseases are underlain by peripheral nervous system or adrenal sympathetic overactivity.Less
This chapter summarizes anatomical, physiological, pathophysiological, pharmacological, immunological, and some therapeutic information dealing with most types of diseases. Evidence is presented to support the notion that clinical symptoms (cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, respiratory, dermatological, nephrological, rheumatological, hematological, endocrinological, and others) depend on central nervous system (CNS) disorders that project to the peripheral organs throughout the peripheral autonomic nervous system (ANS) and neuroendocrine pathways. In addition, psychological disorders such as depression and psychosis also provoke ANS, hormonal, and immunological disorders that are responsible for different somatic symptoms. The chapter also demonstrates that the adrenal glands are hypoactive during both childhood and senescence. This peripheral ANS profile explains why they are affected by specific pathophysiological disorders that are rarely observed in young adult subjects. This chapter also presents data emanating from the routine assessment of circulating neurotransmitters that showed that diseases are underlain by peripheral nervous system or adrenal sympathetic overactivity.
Gerta Vrbová and Urszula Sławin´ska
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199746507
- eISBN:
- 9780199918768
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199746507.003.0005
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems, Disorders of the Nervous System
At the Summer School for Biological Treatment of Chronic Spinal Cord Injury, held in Vienna in October 2008, some approaches tested on patients, based on experimental work on animals to encourage ...
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At the Summer School for Biological Treatment of Chronic Spinal Cord Injury, held in Vienna in October 2008, some approaches tested on patients, based on experimental work on animals to encourage regeneration of axons in the central nervous system, were discussed. These included problems of overcoming the effect of the unfavorable environment of the injured spinal cord on axon regeneration; helping regeneration by implantation of various cell populations; and bypassing the unfavorable environment of the spinal cord by grafts of peripheral nerves. This chapter summarizes experimental results that led to these trials on patients.Less
At the Summer School for Biological Treatment of Chronic Spinal Cord Injury, held in Vienna in October 2008, some approaches tested on patients, based on experimental work on animals to encourage regeneration of axons in the central nervous system, were discussed. These included problems of overcoming the effect of the unfavorable environment of the injured spinal cord on axon regeneration; helping regeneration by implantation of various cell populations; and bypassing the unfavorable environment of the spinal cord by grafts of peripheral nerves. This chapter summarizes experimental results that led to these trials on patients.
SUSAN PRESTON-MARTIN, MUNIR REEMA, and CHAKRABARTI REEMA
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195149616
- eISBN:
- 9780199865062
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195149616.003.0062
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Malignant nervous system (NS) tumors account for 18,300 of new cancer diagnoses each year or 1.4% of all primary incident cancers and for 13,100 or 2.4% of annual cancer deaths. The vast majority of ...
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Malignant nervous system (NS) tumors account for 18,300 of new cancer diagnoses each year or 1.4% of all primary incident cancers and for 13,100 or 2.4% of annual cancer deaths. The vast majority of these tumors arise in the central nervous system (CNS), and for this site inclusion of benign tumors doubles the annual incidence. This chapter reviews the epidemiology of tumors in the central nervous system. Topics covered include classification, demographic patterns, environmental factors, host factors, and preventive measures.Less
Malignant nervous system (NS) tumors account for 18,300 of new cancer diagnoses each year or 1.4% of all primary incident cancers and for 13,100 or 2.4% of annual cancer deaths. The vast majority of these tumors arise in the central nervous system (CNS), and for this site inclusion of benign tumors doubles the annual incidence. This chapter reviews the epidemiology of tumors in the central nervous system. Topics covered include classification, demographic patterns, environmental factors, host factors, and preventive measures.
Mary Coleman
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195182224
- eISBN:
- 9780199786701
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195182224.003.0002
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
This chapter examines the components of the impaired neural networks that might underlie the presentation of autistic symptoms. Topics covered include the neural network models of autism, central ...
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This chapter examines the components of the impaired neural networks that might underlie the presentation of autistic symptoms. Topics covered include the neural network models of autism, central nervous system ontology, candidate regions in autism, trouble at the cellular level, trouble with neurotransmitters, trouble with circuitry in autism, and trouble with myelination of neural networks. It is shown that the autistic syndromes may be considered as one extensive set of impaired final common circuits presenting with dysfunctional information processing of behavior and cognition in very young children. Deficits in pragmatics, linguistic abilities, mindreading, executive functions, episodic memory, self-awareness, central coherence, and affective processing have been documented. These deficits are caused by many disease entities whose shared symptoms likely occur owing to malfunction of certain distributed neural networks.Less
This chapter examines the components of the impaired neural networks that might underlie the presentation of autistic symptoms. Topics covered include the neural network models of autism, central nervous system ontology, candidate regions in autism, trouble at the cellular level, trouble with neurotransmitters, trouble with circuitry in autism, and trouble with myelination of neural networks. It is shown that the autistic syndromes may be considered as one extensive set of impaired final common circuits presenting with dysfunctional information processing of behavior and cognition in very young children. Deficits in pragmatics, linguistic abilities, mindreading, executive functions, episodic memory, self-awareness, central coherence, and affective processing have been documented. These deficits are caused by many disease entities whose shared symptoms likely occur owing to malfunction of certain distributed neural networks.
Enrico Fainardi and Massimiliano Castellazzi
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195326697
- eISBN:
- 9780199864874
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195326697.003.0012
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is considered an autoimmune chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by demyelination and axonal damage. The view of MS as a “two-stage ...
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Multiple sclerosis (MS) is considered an autoimmune chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by demyelination and axonal damage. The view of MS as a “two-stage disease”, with a predominant inflammatory demyelination in the early phase (relapsing-remitting MS form) and a subsequent secondary neurodegeneration in the early phase (secondary or primary progressive MS) of the disease, is now challenged by the demonstration that axonal destruction may occur independently of inflammation and may also produce it. Therefore, as CNS inflammation and degeneration can coexist throughout the course of the disease, MS may be a “simultaneous two-component disease”, in which the combination of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration promotes irreversible disability. This chapter discusses factors that contribute to the pathogenesis of MS, immune surveillance in the CNS, regulation of immune responses in the inflamed CNS, initiation of T helper 1 (Th1)-mediated immune reactions in the inflamed CNS, amplification of Th1-mediated immune responses in inflamed CNS and tissue damage, and development of autoimmunity in MS.Less
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is considered an autoimmune chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by demyelination and axonal damage. The view of MS as a “two-stage disease”, with a predominant inflammatory demyelination in the early phase (relapsing-remitting MS form) and a subsequent secondary neurodegeneration in the early phase (secondary or primary progressive MS) of the disease, is now challenged by the demonstration that axonal destruction may occur independently of inflammation and may also produce it. Therefore, as CNS inflammation and degeneration can coexist throughout the course of the disease, MS may be a “simultaneous two-component disease”, in which the combination of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration promotes irreversible disability. This chapter discusses factors that contribute to the pathogenesis of MS, immune surveillance in the CNS, regulation of immune responses in the inflamed CNS, initiation of T helper 1 (Th1)-mediated immune reactions in the inflamed CNS, amplification of Th1-mediated immune responses in inflamed CNS and tissue damage, and development of autoimmunity in MS.
Nancy J. Rothwell (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781872748795
- eISBN:
- 9780191724381
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9781872748795.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Disorders of the Nervous System
This new edition covers recent advances in understanding immunological and inflammatory responses in the nervous system, research driven by the potential to use knowledge of the molecules and ...
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This new edition covers recent advances in understanding immunological and inflammatory responses in the nervous system, research driven by the potential to use knowledge of the molecules and mechanisms involved to intervene in, and arrest, neurodegenerative disease processes. This book covers developmental aspects of immune/inflammatory responses in the CNS and basic aspects of glial function, as well as inflammatory mediators and their mechanisms of action, clinical importance, and sites of infection. There is also coverage of the major diseases of the CNS, including stroke, brain injury, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. Throughout, the focus is on the underlying basic neuroscience, clinical relevance and the potential for therapeutic interventions. This book aims to contribute to the understanding and improving of the diagnosis of neuroimmune diseases and determining therapeutic measures.Less
This new edition covers recent advances in understanding immunological and inflammatory responses in the nervous system, research driven by the potential to use knowledge of the molecules and mechanisms involved to intervene in, and arrest, neurodegenerative disease processes. This book covers developmental aspects of immune/inflammatory responses in the CNS and basic aspects of glial function, as well as inflammatory mediators and their mechanisms of action, clinical importance, and sites of infection. There is also coverage of the major diseases of the CNS, including stroke, brain injury, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. Throughout, the focus is on the underlying basic neuroscience, clinical relevance and the potential for therapeutic interventions. This book aims to contribute to the understanding and improving of the diagnosis of neuroimmune diseases and determining therapeutic measures.
C. B. Martin
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199234103
- eISBN:
- 9780191715570
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199234103.003.0015
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
This chapter argues that the human organism is not a mental agent capable of understanding, feeling, and knowing through the uses under the governance of the autonomic nervous system. The human ...
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This chapter argues that the human organism is not a mental agent capable of understanding, feeling, and knowing through the uses under the governance of the autonomic nervous system. The human organism is such an agent through the uses under the governance only of the central nervous system. The distinction is not to be made in terms of degrees of complexity, but rather in terms of the difference in the material of use, namely, sensory input, feedback, and imagery. Propositional attitudes of belief, desire, hope, fear, frustration, etc., are collections of dispositional state arrays whose typifying manifestations take the form of multifarious modes of use of various forms of sensation and imagery. Progress in the philosophy of mind has been impeded by poverty-stricken accounts of percepts and percept-like imagery, often enough due to the dead hands of Wittgenstein and Ryle.Less
This chapter argues that the human organism is not a mental agent capable of understanding, feeling, and knowing through the uses under the governance of the autonomic nervous system. The human organism is such an agent through the uses under the governance only of the central nervous system. The distinction is not to be made in terms of degrees of complexity, but rather in terms of the difference in the material of use, namely, sensory input, feedback, and imagery. Propositional attitudes of belief, desire, hope, fear, frustration, etc., are collections of dispositional state arrays whose typifying manifestations take the form of multifarious modes of use of various forms of sensation and imagery. Progress in the philosophy of mind has been impeded by poverty-stricken accounts of percepts and percept-like imagery, often enough due to the dead hands of Wittgenstein and Ryle.
Alan Peters
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195369007
- eISBN:
- 9780199865253
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195369007.003.0008
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems, Development
Studies have been conducted on the rhesus monkey to determine what happens to the central nervous system (CNS) during normal aging. This chapter focuses one age-related change—the profound ...
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Studies have been conducted on the rhesus monkey to determine what happens to the central nervous system (CNS) during normal aging. This chapter focuses one age-related change—the profound alterations in myelinated nerve fibers of the CNS. It shows that although there is a strong correlation between nerve fiber loss and age in the white matter tracts, only nerve fiber loss from the anterior commissure and the fornix showed correlations with cognitive decline; fiber loss from the splenium of the corpus callosum did not. The frequency of degenerative alterations in myelin sheaths correlates strongly with age, and as well with cognitive decline. Because myelin provides insulation around nerve fibers and makes saltatory conduction possible, it seems likely that any degenerative alterations in myelin sheaths will affect impulse conduction, as would an interposition of a number of short internodal lengths that occur in remyelination.Less
Studies have been conducted on the rhesus monkey to determine what happens to the central nervous system (CNS) during normal aging. This chapter focuses one age-related change—the profound alterations in myelinated nerve fibers of the CNS. It shows that although there is a strong correlation between nerve fiber loss and age in the white matter tracts, only nerve fiber loss from the anterior commissure and the fornix showed correlations with cognitive decline; fiber loss from the splenium of the corpus callosum did not. The frequency of degenerative alterations in myelin sheaths correlates strongly with age, and as well with cognitive decline. Because myelin provides insulation around nerve fibers and makes saltatory conduction possible, it seems likely that any degenerative alterations in myelin sheaths will affect impulse conduction, as would an interposition of a number of short internodal lengths that occur in remyelination.
Mark S. Sands
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198508786
- eISBN:
- 9780191723803
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198508786.003.0016
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Disorders of the Nervous System
The delivery of genetic material and subsequent expression of a therapeutic protein in a whole animal or patient has proven technically difficult. The transfer of genetic material into cultured cells ...
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The delivery of genetic material and subsequent expression of a therapeutic protein in a whole animal or patient has proven technically difficult. The transfer of genetic material into cultured cells has been accomplished by microinjection-, chemical- (dextran, calcium phosphate, and cationic lipids), receptor ligand-, and viral-mediated approaches. Most of these approaches are either impractical or far too inefficient for in vivo applications. Viral vectors represent one of the most promising methods of gene transfer. Most of the progress with gene therapy approaches in whole animal models of human disease has been made using viral gene transfer vectors. This chapter discusses gene therapy for CNS manifestations of lysosomal storage diseases, focusing on studies utilizing viral-mediated approaches.Less
The delivery of genetic material and subsequent expression of a therapeutic protein in a whole animal or patient has proven technically difficult. The transfer of genetic material into cultured cells has been accomplished by microinjection-, chemical- (dextran, calcium phosphate, and cationic lipids), receptor ligand-, and viral-mediated approaches. Most of these approaches are either impractical or far too inefficient for in vivo applications. Viral vectors represent one of the most promising methods of gene transfer. Most of the progress with gene therapy approaches in whole animal models of human disease has been made using viral gene transfer vectors. This chapter discusses gene therapy for CNS manifestations of lysosomal storage diseases, focusing on studies utilizing viral-mediated approaches.
Ida J. Llewellyn-Smith and Anthony J. M. Verberne (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195306637
- eISBN:
- 9780199894130
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195306637.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Neuroendocrine and Autonomic
Central autonomic circuits in the brain and spinal cord are essential to vertebrate life. They control all basic bodily functions, including blood pressure, body temperature regulation, digestion, ...
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Central autonomic circuits in the brain and spinal cord are essential to vertebrate life. They control all basic bodily functions, including blood pressure, body temperature regulation, digestion, and reproduction. This book presents the extraordinary advances that have been made over the last twenty years in the understanding of how our central nervous system controls autonomic function. The first nine chapters describe central autonomic circuits from the cerebral cortex to the periphery. Eight additional chapters address specific bodily functions and their control by central autonomic circuits. Two additional chapters discuss cardio-respiratory integration and regulation of autonomic function by visceral and somatic afferents. All of the chapters are up-to-date and cover topics such as the central autonomic regulation of airways, gastrointestinal function, energy homeostasis, body temperature, and sexual function, reflecting the latest research.Less
Central autonomic circuits in the brain and spinal cord are essential to vertebrate life. They control all basic bodily functions, including blood pressure, body temperature regulation, digestion, and reproduction. This book presents the extraordinary advances that have been made over the last twenty years in the understanding of how our central nervous system controls autonomic function. The first nine chapters describe central autonomic circuits from the cerebral cortex to the periphery. Eight additional chapters address specific bodily functions and their control by central autonomic circuits. Two additional chapters discuss cardio-respiratory integration and regulation of autonomic function by visceral and somatic afferents. All of the chapters are up-to-date and cover topics such as the central autonomic regulation of airways, gastrointestinal function, energy homeostasis, body temperature, and sexual function, reflecting the latest research.
Linda J. Lawson
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781872748795
- eISBN:
- 9780191724381
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9781872748795.003.0002
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Disorders of the Nervous System
The entry of leukocytes into tissue is a fundamental process in the host's response to injury or infection. Limitations on the entry of leukocytes into the central nervous system are one aspect of ...
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The entry of leukocytes into tissue is a fundamental process in the host's response to injury or infection. Limitations on the entry of leukocytes into the central nervous system are one aspect of the ‘immunological privilege’ of the brain. In both the normal and injured brain, leukocyte recruitment is more restricted than under similar conditions in non-CNS tissues. Discovering how the CNS regulates leukocyte recruitment would broaden our understanding of the role of the tissue microenvironment in modulating inflammatory and immune responses. This chapter discusses the study of leukocyte migration into the brain, mononuclear phagocytes, the inflamed brain, lymphocytes, and the problems of entering the brain.Less
The entry of leukocytes into tissue is a fundamental process in the host's response to injury or infection. Limitations on the entry of leukocytes into the central nervous system are one aspect of the ‘immunological privilege’ of the brain. In both the normal and injured brain, leukocyte recruitment is more restricted than under similar conditions in non-CNS tissues. Discovering how the CNS regulates leukocyte recruitment would broaden our understanding of the role of the tissue microenvironment in modulating inflammatory and immune responses. This chapter discusses the study of leukocyte migration into the brain, mononuclear phagocytes, the inflamed brain, lymphocytes, and the problems of entering the brain.
István Aranyosi
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199989607
- eISBN:
- 9780199346349
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199989607.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
Philosophers of mind, both in the conceptual analysis tradition and in the empirical informed school, have been implicitly neglecting the potential conceptual role of the Peripheral Nervous System ...
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Philosophers of mind, both in the conceptual analysis tradition and in the empirical informed school, have been implicitly neglecting the potential conceptual role of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) in understanding sensory and perceptual states. Instead, the philosophical as well as the neuroscientific literature has been assuming that it is the Central Nervous System (CNS) alone, and more exactly the brain, that should prima facie be taken as conceptually and empirically crucial for a philosophical analysis of such states This is the first monograph that focuses on the PNS and its constitutive role in sensory states, including pain, mechanoception, proprioception, tactile perception, and so forth. The author argues that the brain-centeredness of current philosophy of mind is a prejudice, and proposes a series of original ways in which classic puzzles in the philosophy of mind can be solved once the hypothesis that PNS is a constitutive element of mental states is taken seriously. The author calls this “the Peripheral Mind Hypothesis”, and employs it in a vast range of issues, such as functionalism, physicalism, mental content, embodiment, as well as some issues on neuroethics. Making equal use of conceptual analysis, empirical data from neuroscience, first-person phenomenological data, and philosophical speculation, this work offers a fresh look at, and novel solutions to many philosophical problems, as well as an original argument for the idea of embodied mind, based on the causal analysis of the tactile-proprioceptive illusion known as Aristotle’s illusion.Less
Philosophers of mind, both in the conceptual analysis tradition and in the empirical informed school, have been implicitly neglecting the potential conceptual role of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) in understanding sensory and perceptual states. Instead, the philosophical as well as the neuroscientific literature has been assuming that it is the Central Nervous System (CNS) alone, and more exactly the brain, that should prima facie be taken as conceptually and empirically crucial for a philosophical analysis of such states This is the first monograph that focuses on the PNS and its constitutive role in sensory states, including pain, mechanoception, proprioception, tactile perception, and so forth. The author argues that the brain-centeredness of current philosophy of mind is a prejudice, and proposes a series of original ways in which classic puzzles in the philosophy of mind can be solved once the hypothesis that PNS is a constitutive element of mental states is taken seriously. The author calls this “the Peripheral Mind Hypothesis”, and employs it in a vast range of issues, such as functionalism, physicalism, mental content, embodiment, as well as some issues on neuroethics. Making equal use of conceptual analysis, empirical data from neuroscience, first-person phenomenological data, and philosophical speculation, this work offers a fresh look at, and novel solutions to many philosophical problems, as well as an original argument for the idea of embodied mind, based on the causal analysis of the tactile-proprioceptive illusion known as Aristotle’s illusion.
PETER K. STYS, BRUCE R. RANSOM, JOEL A. BLACK, and STEPHEN G. WAXMAN
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195082937
- eISBN:
- 9780199865802
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195082937.003.0024
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Disorders of the Nervous System
Nerve fibers in both the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system must maintain adequate membrane polarization and transmembrane ion gradients to sustain action potential propagation and ...
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Nerve fibers in both the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system must maintain adequate membrane polarization and transmembrane ion gradients to sustain action potential propagation and maintain normal biochemical homeostasis for survival. Maintenance of adequate transmembrane ion gradients is the single most expensive task performed by nerve fibers. Axons are critically dependent on adequate supplies of oxygen and glucose for normal function and survival. Anoxia/ischemia—the pathological state wherein one of both substrates is limited—is a major mechanism of injury in many human diseases involving both central and peripheral axons. This chapter reviews cellular energy metabolism as it relates to axons.Less
Nerve fibers in both the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system must maintain adequate membrane polarization and transmembrane ion gradients to sustain action potential propagation and maintain normal biochemical homeostasis for survival. Maintenance of adequate transmembrane ion gradients is the single most expensive task performed by nerve fibers. Axons are critically dependent on adequate supplies of oxygen and glucose for normal function and survival. Anoxia/ischemia—the pathological state wherein one of both substrates is limited—is a major mechanism of injury in many human diseases involving both central and peripheral axons. This chapter reviews cellular energy metabolism as it relates to axons.
Floyd E. Bloom
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195373035
- eISBN:
- 9780199865543
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195373035.003.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems, History of Neuroscience
This chapter considers the major discoveries in dopamine (DA) research in the central nervous system from the anatomical, synaptic, and neurohistochemical perspectives, in keeping with the author's ...
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This chapter considers the major discoveries in dopamine (DA) research in the central nervous system from the anatomical, synaptic, and neurohistochemical perspectives, in keeping with the author's didactic hypothesis that “the gains in brain are mainly in the stain.” Topics discussed include what DA does, when DA neurons fire, and what DA does to the postsynaptic targets of DA neurons.Less
This chapter considers the major discoveries in dopamine (DA) research in the central nervous system from the anatomical, synaptic, and neurohistochemical perspectives, in keeping with the author's didactic hypothesis that “the gains in brain are mainly in the stain.” Topics discussed include what DA does, when DA neurons fire, and what DA does to the postsynaptic targets of DA neurons.
Martin Koltzenburg
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198515616
- eISBN:
- 9780191723650
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198515616.003.0005
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems
Most lesions of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) or central nervous system (CNS) do not produce chronic pain. Conditions in which damage of the nervous system does cause pain are a paradox as ...
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Most lesions of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) or central nervous system (CNS) do not produce chronic pain. Conditions in which damage of the nervous system does cause pain are a paradox as impairment of nerve fibres carrying nociceptive information in the PNS or CNS should result in a decrease of pain sensibility (hypo- or analgesia). Thus, the presence of pain after neural injury implies qualitative changes of the neurobiological mechanisms encoding pain. In fact, it is one of the puzzles of pain that lesions of peripheral and central pathways normally signalling pain, rather than those subserving non-nociceptive functions, are the culprit of neuropathic pain. This chapter reviews the neural basis that contributes to this altered pain sensibility in peripheral nerve disease.Less
Most lesions of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) or central nervous system (CNS) do not produce chronic pain. Conditions in which damage of the nervous system does cause pain are a paradox as impairment of nerve fibres carrying nociceptive information in the PNS or CNS should result in a decrease of pain sensibility (hypo- or analgesia). Thus, the presence of pain after neural injury implies qualitative changes of the neurobiological mechanisms encoding pain. In fact, it is one of the puzzles of pain that lesions of peripheral and central pathways normally signalling pain, rather than those subserving non-nociceptive functions, are the culprit of neuropathic pain. This chapter reviews the neural basis that contributes to this altered pain sensibility in peripheral nerve disease.
Frederic Danion, PhD and Mark Latash, PhD
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195395273
- eISBN:
- 9780199863518
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195395273.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems
Motor control has established itself as an area of scientific research characterized by a multi-disciplinary approach. Scientists working in the area of control of voluntary movements come from ...
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Motor control has established itself as an area of scientific research characterized by a multi-disciplinary approach. Scientists working in the area of control of voluntary movements come from different backgrounds including but not limited to physiology, physics, psychology, mathematics, neurology, physical therapy, computer science, robotics, and engineering. One of the factors slowing progress in the area has been the lack of communication among researchers representing all these disciplines. A major objective of this book is to overcome this deficiency and to promote cooperation and mutual understanding among researchers addressing different aspects of the complex phenomenon of motor coordination. The book offers a collection of chapters written by the most prominent researchers in the field. Despite the variety of approaches and methods, all the chapters are united by a common goal: to understand how the central nervous system controls and coordinates natural voluntary movements.Less
Motor control has established itself as an area of scientific research characterized by a multi-disciplinary approach. Scientists working in the area of control of voluntary movements come from different backgrounds including but not limited to physiology, physics, psychology, mathematics, neurology, physical therapy, computer science, robotics, and engineering. One of the factors slowing progress in the area has been the lack of communication among researchers representing all these disciplines. A major objective of this book is to overcome this deficiency and to promote cooperation and mutual understanding among researchers addressing different aspects of the complex phenomenon of motor coordination. The book offers a collection of chapters written by the most prominent researchers in the field. Despite the variety of approaches and methods, all the chapters are united by a common goal: to understand how the central nervous system controls and coordinates natural voluntary movements.
Harald Neumann
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195152227
- eISBN:
- 9780199865024
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195152227.003.0024
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Development, Disorders of the Nervous System
This chapter discusses antigen processing, presentation, and T cell interaction. The central nervous system (CNS) is protected by a blood-brain barrier (BBB) designed to minimize the passage of ...
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This chapter discusses antigen processing, presentation, and T cell interaction. The central nervous system (CNS) is protected by a blood-brain barrier (BBB) designed to minimize the passage of immune cells and macromolecules into the brain parenchyma. In the normal CNS parenchyma antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are functionally inactivated and lack expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Nevertheless, the CNS is routinely surveyed by activated T lymphocytes. Perivascular macrophages situated adjacent to the endothelium cells of the blood vessels take up and present antigens to T lymphocytes. Most cells of the brain parenchyma are immunologically quiescent in the healthy CNS, but can be stimulated to become facultative APCs that process and present antigens via their MHC molecules to T lymphocytes in neuroinflammatory diseases.Less
This chapter discusses antigen processing, presentation, and T cell interaction. The central nervous system (CNS) is protected by a blood-brain barrier (BBB) designed to minimize the passage of immune cells and macromolecules into the brain parenchyma. In the normal CNS parenchyma antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are functionally inactivated and lack expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Nevertheless, the CNS is routinely surveyed by activated T lymphocytes. Perivascular macrophages situated adjacent to the endothelium cells of the blood vessels take up and present antigens to T lymphocytes. Most cells of the brain parenchyma are immunologically quiescent in the healthy CNS, but can be stimulated to become facultative APCs that process and present antigens via their MHC molecules to T lymphocytes in neuroinflammatory diseases.
