Shenyang Guo
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195337518
- eISBN:
- 9780199864256
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195337518.001.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Research and Evaluation
Survival analysis is a class of statistical methods for studying the occurrence and timing of events. Statistical analysis of longitudinal data, particularly censored data, lies at the heart of ...
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Survival analysis is a class of statistical methods for studying the occurrence and timing of events. Statistical analysis of longitudinal data, particularly censored data, lies at the heart of social work research, and many of social work research's empirical problems, such as child welfare, welfare policy, evaluation of welfare-to-work programs, and mental health, can be formulated as investigations of timing of event occurrence. Social work researchers also often need to analyze multilevel or grouped data (for example, event times formed by sibling groups or mother-child dyads or recurrences of events such as re-entries into foster care), but these and other more robust methods can be challenging to social work researchers without a background in higher math. With clearly written summaries and plentiful examples, all written with social work issues and social work researchers in mind, this pocket guide will put this important statistical tool in the hands of many more social work researchers than have been able to use it before, to the field's benefit.Less
Survival analysis is a class of statistical methods for studying the occurrence and timing of events. Statistical analysis of longitudinal data, particularly censored data, lies at the heart of social work research, and many of social work research's empirical problems, such as child welfare, welfare policy, evaluation of welfare-to-work programs, and mental health, can be formulated as investigations of timing of event occurrence. Social work researchers also often need to analyze multilevel or grouped data (for example, event times formed by sibling groups or mother-child dyads or recurrences of events such as re-entries into foster care), but these and other more robust methods can be challenging to social work researchers without a background in higher math. With clearly written summaries and plentiful examples, all written with social work issues and social work researchers in mind, this pocket guide will put this important statistical tool in the hands of many more social work researchers than have been able to use it before, to the field's benefit.
Darrell Duffie
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199279234
- eISBN:
- 9780191728419
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199279234.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This chapter provides the mathematical foundations for stochastic intensity, on which most of the methodology is based. The intensity of an event such as default is its conditional mean arrival rate, ...
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This chapter provides the mathematical foundations for stochastic intensity, on which most of the methodology is based. The intensity of an event such as default is its conditional mean arrival rate, measured in events per year, given all information currently available to the observer. The chapter also presents the multi-firm version of the doubly-stochastic hypothesis, under which the sole source of default correlation between two firms is the dependence of their default intensities on common or correlated observable risk factors. The doubly-stochastic property rules out contagion as well as correlation induced by unobservable risk factors. The chapter includes a mathematical device for testing a model of the default intensity processes of a large number of borrowers.Less
This chapter provides the mathematical foundations for stochastic intensity, on which most of the methodology is based. The intensity of an event such as default is its conditional mean arrival rate, measured in events per year, given all information currently available to the observer. The chapter also presents the multi-firm version of the doubly-stochastic hypothesis, under which the sole source of default correlation between two firms is the dependence of their default intensities on common or correlated observable risk factors. The doubly-stochastic property rules out contagion as well as correlation induced by unobservable risk factors. The chapter includes a mathematical device for testing a model of the default intensity processes of a large number of borrowers.
D. A. Bini, G. Latouche, and B. Meini
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198527688
- eISBN:
- 9780191713286
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198527688.003.0001
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Numerical Analysis
This chapter contains a brief introduction to the fundamental concepts of Markov chains, including classification of states, irreducible classes, first passage times, stochastic complementation and ...
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This chapter contains a brief introduction to the fundamental concepts of Markov chains, including classification of states, irreducible classes, first passage times, stochastic complementation and censoring, and stationary distributions, for both discrete and continuous time processes. The chapter ends with properties of non-negative matrices and the Perron-Frobenius theorem.Less
This chapter contains a brief introduction to the fundamental concepts of Markov chains, including classification of states, irreducible classes, first passage times, stochastic complementation and censoring, and stationary distributions, for both discrete and continuous time processes. The chapter ends with properties of non-negative matrices and the Perron-Frobenius theorem.
Katharine Hodgson
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197262894
- eISBN:
- 9780191734977
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197262894.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Poetry
This book is an examination of a poet whose career offers a case study in the complexities facing Soviet writers in the Stalin era. Ol′ga Berggol′ts (1910–1975) was a prominent Russian Soviet poet, ...
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This book is an examination of a poet whose career offers a case study in the complexities facing Soviet writers in the Stalin era. Ol′ga Berggol′ts (1910–1975) was a prominent Russian Soviet poet, whose accounts of heroism in wartime Leningrad brought her fame. This book addresses her position as a writer whose Party loyalties were frequently in conflict with the demands of artistic and personal integrity. Writers who pursued their careers under the restrictions of the Stalin era have been categorized as ‘official’ figures whose work is assumed to be drab, inept and opportunistic; but such assumptions impose a uniformity on the work of Soviet writers that the censors and the Writers Union could not achieve. An exploration of Berggol′ts's work shows that the borders between ‘official’ and ‘unofficial’ literature were in fact permeable and shifting. This book draws on unpublished sources such as diaries and notebooks to reveal the range and scope of her work, and to show how conflict and ambiguity functioned as a creative structuring principle. The text discusses how Berggol′ts's lyric poetry constructs the subject from multiple, conflicting discourses, and examines the poet's treatment of genres such as narrative verse, verse tragedy and prose in the changing cultural context of the 1950s. Berggol′ts's use of inter-textual, and especially intra-textual, reference is also investigated; the intensively self-referential nature of her work creates a web of allusion that connects texts of different genres, ‘official’ as well as ‘unofficial’ writing.Less
This book is an examination of a poet whose career offers a case study in the complexities facing Soviet writers in the Stalin era. Ol′ga Berggol′ts (1910–1975) was a prominent Russian Soviet poet, whose accounts of heroism in wartime Leningrad brought her fame. This book addresses her position as a writer whose Party loyalties were frequently in conflict with the demands of artistic and personal integrity. Writers who pursued their careers under the restrictions of the Stalin era have been categorized as ‘official’ figures whose work is assumed to be drab, inept and opportunistic; but such assumptions impose a uniformity on the work of Soviet writers that the censors and the Writers Union could not achieve. An exploration of Berggol′ts's work shows that the borders between ‘official’ and ‘unofficial’ literature were in fact permeable and shifting. This book draws on unpublished sources such as diaries and notebooks to reveal the range and scope of her work, and to show how conflict and ambiguity functioned as a creative structuring principle. The text discusses how Berggol′ts's lyric poetry constructs the subject from multiple, conflicting discourses, and examines the poet's treatment of genres such as narrative verse, verse tragedy and prose in the changing cultural context of the 1950s. Berggol′ts's use of inter-textual, and especially intra-textual, reference is also investigated; the intensively self-referential nature of her work creates a web of allusion that connects texts of different genres, ‘official’ as well as ‘unofficial’ writing.
Rebecca Hillauer
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789774249433
- eISBN:
- 9781936190089
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- American University in Cairo Press
- DOI:
- 10.5743/cairo/9789774249433.003.0010
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Middle Eastern Studies
Filmmaking in the rest of the Arab realm is only rudimentary in its development. In Sudan as well as Libya, Mauritania, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates native productions have ...
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Filmmaking in the rest of the Arab realm is only rudimentary in its development. In Sudan as well as Libya, Mauritania, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates native productions have remained largely limited to documentaries, short films, and films for television. Mass audiences are fed foreign-made commercial films in the cinemas and on television that must first pass through the strict scrutiny of the censors. The number of feature films that have been made so far can be counted on the fingers of one's hand. Many filmmakers like Saba Ghada from Jordan, Nadra Al Sultan from Kuwait, Hizam Al Kilani from Saudi Arabia, and Nujoom Al Ghaneem from United Arab Emirates live and work outside their native countries.Less
Filmmaking in the rest of the Arab realm is only rudimentary in its development. In Sudan as well as Libya, Mauritania, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates native productions have remained largely limited to documentaries, short films, and films for television. Mass audiences are fed foreign-made commercial films in the cinemas and on television that must first pass through the strict scrutiny of the censors. The number of feature films that have been made so far can be counted on the fingers of one's hand. Many filmmakers like Saba Ghada from Jordan, Nadra Al Sultan from Kuwait, Hizam Al Kilani from Saudi Arabia, and Nujoom Al Ghaneem from United Arab Emirates live and work outside their native countries.
Arsenii Formakov
Emily D. Johnson (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780300209310
- eISBN:
- 9780300228199
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300209310.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Russian and Former Soviet Union History
Memoirs and works of fiction that describe the Stalinist Gulag often depict labor camps as entirely cut off from the rest of Soviet society. In fact, however, many prisoners corresponded at least ...
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Memoirs and works of fiction that describe the Stalinist Gulag often depict labor camps as entirely cut off from the rest of Soviet society. In fact, however, many prisoners corresponded at least sporadically with relatives either through the official, censored Gulag mail system or by smuggling letters out of camp with free laborers. Examples of such correspondence that survive to the present day represent a powerful, largely unstudied historical source with the potential to fundamentally change the way we understand both the Soviet forced labor system and Stalinist society in general.
Gulag Letters offers readers an English-language translation of the letters of a single Gulag inmate, the journalist, poet, and novelist Arsenii Formakov (1900-1983), who was a prominent member of Latvia’s large and vibrant Russian Old Believer community during the interwar period. Formakov was arrested by the Soviet secret police in June 1940 as part of a broad round-up of anti-Soviet elements that began just weeks after the Soviet Union forcibly annexed Latvia, and survived two terms in Soviet labor camps (1940-1947 and 1949-1955). The letters that he mailed home to his wife and children while serving these sentences reveal the surprising porousness of the Gulag and the variability of labor camp life and describe the difficult conditions that prisoners faced during and after World War II. They also represent an important eye-witness account of the experience of Latvian citizens deported to internment sites in the Soviet interior during the 1940s.Less
Memoirs and works of fiction that describe the Stalinist Gulag often depict labor camps as entirely cut off from the rest of Soviet society. In fact, however, many prisoners corresponded at least sporadically with relatives either through the official, censored Gulag mail system or by smuggling letters out of camp with free laborers. Examples of such correspondence that survive to the present day represent a powerful, largely unstudied historical source with the potential to fundamentally change the way we understand both the Soviet forced labor system and Stalinist society in general.
Gulag Letters offers readers an English-language translation of the letters of a single Gulag inmate, the journalist, poet, and novelist Arsenii Formakov (1900-1983), who was a prominent member of Latvia’s large and vibrant Russian Old Believer community during the interwar period. Formakov was arrested by the Soviet secret police in June 1940 as part of a broad round-up of anti-Soviet elements that began just weeks after the Soviet Union forcibly annexed Latvia, and survived two terms in Soviet labor camps (1940-1947 and 1949-1955). The letters that he mailed home to his wife and children while serving these sentences reveal the surprising porousness of the Gulag and the variability of labor camp life and describe the difficult conditions that prisoners faced during and after World War II. They also represent an important eye-witness account of the experience of Latvian citizens deported to internment sites in the Soviet interior during the 1940s.
Archibald David
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780719078088
- eISBN:
- 9781781704592
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719078088.003.0011
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
This chapter sums up the book, gathering together the various threads. It argues that, while the memory and meaning of the Spanish Civil War remain hotly contested, the civil war setting will be one ...
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This chapter sums up the book, gathering together the various threads. It argues that, while the memory and meaning of the Spanish Civil War remain hotly contested, the civil war setting will be one to which filmmakers increasingly turn. The chapter outlines how the civil war has, in more recent years, provided rich material for filmmakers to narrativise the conflict in order to both make more general points about the historical process and to propagate contemporary concerns. The book, which has also pointed to the changing nature of representations inside Spain, exploring how filmmakers such as Carlos Saura attempted to circumnavigate government censors under the dictatorship, concludes that the civil war has become a touchstone in the Western political imaginary. Inside Spain, the increased level of debate has provoked wider interest in the conflict.Less
This chapter sums up the book, gathering together the various threads. It argues that, while the memory and meaning of the Spanish Civil War remain hotly contested, the civil war setting will be one to which filmmakers increasingly turn. The chapter outlines how the civil war has, in more recent years, provided rich material for filmmakers to narrativise the conflict in order to both make more general points about the historical process and to propagate contemporary concerns. The book, which has also pointed to the changing nature of representations inside Spain, exploring how filmmakers such as Carlos Saura attempted to circumnavigate government censors under the dictatorship, concludes that the civil war has become a touchstone in the Western political imaginary. Inside Spain, the increased level of debate has provoked wider interest in the conflict.
Chone Shmeruk
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- February 2021
- ISBN:
- 9781874774051
- eISBN:
- 9781800340688
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3828/liverpool/9781874774051.003.0025
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism
This chapter assesses a selection of materials from the archive of the Tsarist censorship office in Warsaw, carefully edited by Maria Prussak in 1994 and entitled The World under Control: A Selection ...
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This chapter assesses a selection of materials from the archive of the Tsarist censorship office in Warsaw, carefully edited by Maria Prussak in 1994 and entitled The World under Control: A Selection of Materials from the Archive of the Russian Censor in Warsaw. This selection bears out the existence of the gaps in people's knowledge of the literature dealing with Jews in the Russian part of partitioned Poland up to the First World War. While it would have been expected that material dealing with Jews existed in the sections of the tsarist censorship office records that handled Hebrew and Yiddish publications and stage productions, it is quite unexpected to find such material in the section of the censorship office which dealt with materials in Polish. The selection by Prussak, understandably fragmentary, shows that even in this section it is possible to find interesting information and observations. The chapter then considers how the Russian censors applied various methods when dealing with literature about Jews.Less
This chapter assesses a selection of materials from the archive of the Tsarist censorship office in Warsaw, carefully edited by Maria Prussak in 1994 and entitled The World under Control: A Selection of Materials from the Archive of the Russian Censor in Warsaw. This selection bears out the existence of the gaps in people's knowledge of the literature dealing with Jews in the Russian part of partitioned Poland up to the First World War. While it would have been expected that material dealing with Jews existed in the sections of the tsarist censorship office records that handled Hebrew and Yiddish publications and stage productions, it is quite unexpected to find such material in the section of the censorship office which dealt with materials in Polish. The selection by Prussak, understandably fragmentary, shows that even in this section it is possible to find interesting information and observations. The chapter then considers how the Russian censors applied various methods when dealing with literature about Jews.
Andrew Pickles and Bianca De Stavola
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198528487
- eISBN:
- 9780191723940
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198528487.003.0009
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter explains the concepts of censoring and time scales, and introduces proportional hazards, accelerated failure time, and proportional odds models. More complex models for competing events, ...
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This chapter explains the concepts of censoring and time scales, and introduces proportional hazards, accelerated failure time, and proportional odds models. More complex models for competing events, for multiple events of the same and of different types, and for multistate processes are considered. Errors in the dating of events are discussed. For profiles of event occurrence over an extended period, the chapter illustrates a typological analysis. Finally, the problem of time-varying confounding is described and ways in which it can be addressed using marginal structural models and G-estimation considered.Less
This chapter explains the concepts of censoring and time scales, and introduces proportional hazards, accelerated failure time, and proportional odds models. More complex models for competing events, for multiple events of the same and of different types, and for multistate processes are considered. Errors in the dating of events are discussed. For profiles of event occurrence over an extended period, the chapter illustrates a typological analysis. Finally, the problem of time-varying confounding is described and ways in which it can be addressed using marginal structural models and G-estimation considered.
J.E. Smyth
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813124063
- eISBN:
- 9780813134765
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813124063.003.0008
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
This chapter examines the historical films produced in the U.S. during the period from 1932 to 1939 about World War 1. During this period, Hollywood's depictions of the war, the impoverishment of the ...
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This chapter examines the historical films produced in the U.S. during the period from 1932 to 1939 about World War 1. During this period, Hollywood's depictions of the war, the impoverishment of the war hero and national decline revealed the frustrating barriers between the American cinema's struggle for historical prestige and the antagonism of censors and critics. Examples of these films include I Am a Fugitive from a Georgia Chain Gang, Gold Diggers and The Roaring Twenties.Less
This chapter examines the historical films produced in the U.S. during the period from 1932 to 1939 about World War 1. During this period, Hollywood's depictions of the war, the impoverishment of the war hero and national decline revealed the frustrating barriers between the American cinema's struggle for historical prestige and the antagonism of censors and critics. Examples of these films include I Am a Fugitive from a Georgia Chain Gang, Gold Diggers and The Roaring Twenties.
Judith D. Singer and John B. Willett
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195152968
- eISBN:
- 9780199864980
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195152968.003.0009
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter introduces the essential features of event occurrence data, explaining how and why they create the need for new analytic methods. Section 9.1 provides a context by describing three ...
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This chapter introduces the essential features of event occurrence data, explaining how and why they create the need for new analytic methods. Section 9.1 provides a context by describing three studies of event occurrence, each conducted in a different discipline. Section 9.2 identifies the three major methodological features of each study: a well-defined “event” whose occurrence is being explored; a clearly identified “beginning of time”; and a substantively meaningful metric for clocking time. Section 9.3 concludes by highlighting the hallmark feature of event occurrence data that makes the new statistical methods we soon discuss necessary—the problem known as censoring.Less
This chapter introduces the essential features of event occurrence data, explaining how and why they create the need for new analytic methods. Section 9.1 provides a context by describing three studies of event occurrence, each conducted in a different discipline. Section 9.2 identifies the three major methodological features of each study: a well-defined “event” whose occurrence is being explored; a clearly identified “beginning of time”; and a substantively meaningful metric for clocking time. Section 9.3 concludes by highlighting the hallmark feature of event occurrence data that makes the new statistical methods we soon discuss necessary—the problem known as censoring.
Robert W. Platt and Germaine M. Buck Louis
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195387902
- eISBN:
- 9780199895328
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195387902.003.0098
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Epidemiology
Reproductive and perinatal epidemiology has a number of unique challenges that require careful attention when designing research and analyzing data. These include conceptual considerations such as ...
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Reproductive and perinatal epidemiology has a number of unique challenges that require careful attention when designing research and analyzing data. These include conceptual considerations such as defining critical and sensitive windows consistent with the highly interrelated and timed nature of human reproduction and development, and measuring maternal, paternal or parental exposures for couple dependent outcomes such as pregnancy. Methodologic considerations discussed in the chapter include the known clustering of study outcomes such as successive pregnancies, multiple births or consecutive infertility treatment cycles, along with interval censoring and truncation issues. In addition, the chapter reviews modeling strategies suitable for addressing clustered outcomes such as hierarchical and semi-parametric models, and methods for addressing censoring and truncation.Less
Reproductive and perinatal epidemiology has a number of unique challenges that require careful attention when designing research and analyzing data. These include conceptual considerations such as defining critical and sensitive windows consistent with the highly interrelated and timed nature of human reproduction and development, and measuring maternal, paternal or parental exposures for couple dependent outcomes such as pregnancy. Methodologic considerations discussed in the chapter include the known clustering of study outcomes such as successive pregnancies, multiple births or consecutive infertility treatment cycles, along with interval censoring and truncation issues. In addition, the chapter reviews modeling strategies suitable for addressing clustered outcomes such as hierarchical and semi-parametric models, and methods for addressing censoring and truncation.
Julian Petley
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748625383
- eISBN:
- 9780748670871
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748625383.003.0003
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
The most obvious reason why the Video Recordings Bill is undesirable is that the so-called ‘video nasties’ have already been deemed illegal under the Obscene Publications Act (OPA) and disappeared. ...
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The most obvious reason why the Video Recordings Bill is undesirable is that the so-called ‘video nasties’ have already been deemed illegal under the Obscene Publications Act (OPA) and disappeared. In its statutory role, the British Board of Film Censors (BBFC) will become a large quango accountable to no one but the Secretary of State. It is impossible not to see the Bill as part and parcel of a multi-fronted attack on civil liberties in Britain. Sir Bernard Braine has continuously tried to hijack the Bill on its passage through the Committee Stage. The chapter then deals with some of the wider knock-on effects of the Video Recordings Bill, such as its effects on film censorship and on television. It is mentioned that the Video Recordings Bill cannot be divorced from the wider ideological climate.Less
The most obvious reason why the Video Recordings Bill is undesirable is that the so-called ‘video nasties’ have already been deemed illegal under the Obscene Publications Act (OPA) and disappeared. In its statutory role, the British Board of Film Censors (BBFC) will become a large quango accountable to no one but the Secretary of State. It is impossible not to see the Bill as part and parcel of a multi-fronted attack on civil liberties in Britain. Sir Bernard Braine has continuously tried to hijack the Bill on its passage through the Committee Stage. The chapter then deals with some of the wider knock-on effects of the Video Recordings Bill, such as its effects on film censorship and on television. It is mentioned that the Video Recordings Bill cannot be divorced from the wider ideological climate.
Laura Wittern-Keller
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813124513
- eISBN:
- 9780813134901
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813124513.001.0001
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
The proliferation of movies at the turn of the twentieth century attracted not only the attention of audiences across America, but also the apprehensive eyes of government officials and special ...
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The proliferation of movies at the turn of the twentieth century attracted not only the attention of audiences across America, but also the apprehensive eyes of government officials and special interest groups concerned about the messages which the movies disseminated. Between 1907 and 1926, seven states and more than 100 cities authorized censors to suppress all images and messages considered inappropriate for American audiences. Movie studios, hoping to avoid problems with state censors, worrying that censorship might be extended to the federal level, and facing increased pressure from religious groups, also jumped into the censoring business. They restrained the content by adopting the self-censoring Production Code, also known as the Hays code. Some industry outsiders, however, believed that movies deserved the free speech protections of the First Amendment and brought legal challenges to censorship at the state and local levels. This book chronicles both the evolution of judicial attitudes toward film restriction, and the plight of the individuals who fought for the right to deliver provocative and relevant movies to American audiences. The path to cinematic freedom was marked with both achievements and roadblocks, which are discussed in detail. The book's coverage extends from the establishment of the Production Code Administration, to the landmark cases over films such as The Miracle, La ronde, and Lady Chatterley's Lover which paved the way for increased freedom of expression. As the fight against censorship progressed case by case through state courts and the U.S. Supreme Court, legal authorities and the public responded, growing increasingly sympathetic toward artistic freedom. A small, unorganized group of independent film distributors and exhibitors during the middle of the twentieth-century fought back against what they believed was an unconstitutional prior restraint of motion pictures. This effectively gave films after 1965 a new direction and allowed movies to mature into an artistic medium.Less
The proliferation of movies at the turn of the twentieth century attracted not only the attention of audiences across America, but also the apprehensive eyes of government officials and special interest groups concerned about the messages which the movies disseminated. Between 1907 and 1926, seven states and more than 100 cities authorized censors to suppress all images and messages considered inappropriate for American audiences. Movie studios, hoping to avoid problems with state censors, worrying that censorship might be extended to the federal level, and facing increased pressure from religious groups, also jumped into the censoring business. They restrained the content by adopting the self-censoring Production Code, also known as the Hays code. Some industry outsiders, however, believed that movies deserved the free speech protections of the First Amendment and brought legal challenges to censorship at the state and local levels. This book chronicles both the evolution of judicial attitudes toward film restriction, and the plight of the individuals who fought for the right to deliver provocative and relevant movies to American audiences. The path to cinematic freedom was marked with both achievements and roadblocks, which are discussed in detail. The book's coverage extends from the establishment of the Production Code Administration, to the landmark cases over films such as The Miracle, La ronde, and Lady Chatterley's Lover which paved the way for increased freedom of expression. As the fight against censorship progressed case by case through state courts and the U.S. Supreme Court, legal authorities and the public responded, growing increasingly sympathetic toward artistic freedom. A small, unorganized group of independent film distributors and exhibitors during the middle of the twentieth-century fought back against what they believed was an unconstitutional prior restraint of motion pictures. This effectively gave films after 1965 a new direction and allowed movies to mature into an artistic medium.
Allen Douglas
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520228764
- eISBN:
- 9780520926943
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520228764.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter takes a look at the Canard Enchaîné, a satirical weekly that was founded in 1915. It used verbal and visual irony to avoid the censors, and divided its articles between the ridicule of ...
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This chapter takes a look at the Canard Enchaîné, a satirical weekly that was founded in 1915. It used verbal and visual irony to avoid the censors, and divided its articles between the ridicule of the Central Powers and patriotic support of the common soldier, and a developing antimilitarism that remained on the safe side of explicitness. The chapter shows that the war that led to the creation of the Canard and the development of its distinctive style also forced its pacifism into a rather unstable union with a sincere support for the soldiers.Less
This chapter takes a look at the Canard Enchaîné, a satirical weekly that was founded in 1915. It used verbal and visual irony to avoid the censors, and divided its articles between the ridicule of the Central Powers and patriotic support of the common soldier, and a developing antimilitarism that remained on the safe side of explicitness. The chapter shows that the war that led to the creation of the Canard and the development of its distinctive style also forced its pacifism into a rather unstable union with a sincere support for the soldiers.
Allen Douglas
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520228764
- eISBN:
- 9780520926943
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520228764.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter studies how peace and the abolition of the censor paved the way for the Canard to become slightly less openly pacifist and frankly antimilitarist. It shows that about a year after the ...
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This chapter studies how peace and the abolition of the censor paved the way for the Canard to become slightly less openly pacifist and frankly antimilitarist. It shows that about a year after the peace treaty was signed, the weekly started to air its pessimism through a pun that eventually became a topos. The writers manipulated the dual meanings of the phrase la dernière guerre, which means the most recent war, and invented the phrase prochaine dernière guerre, or “next last war.” The Canard not only attacked those who criticized the efforts at Franco-German rapprochement and who continued to trade in anti-German hysteria, but also cynically greeted the peace offensives of Aristide Briand.Less
This chapter studies how peace and the abolition of the censor paved the way for the Canard to become slightly less openly pacifist and frankly antimilitarist. It shows that about a year after the peace treaty was signed, the weekly started to air its pessimism through a pun that eventually became a topos. The writers manipulated the dual meanings of the phrase la dernière guerre, which means the most recent war, and invented the phrase prochaine dernière guerre, or “next last war.” The Canard not only attacked those who criticized the efforts at Franco-German rapprochement and who continued to trade in anti-German hysteria, but also cynically greeted the peace offensives of Aristide Briand.
Steve Selvin
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198833444
- eISBN:
- 9780191872280
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198833444.003.0029
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Probability / Statistics, Applied Mathematics
Human disease and mortality rates are important statistical measures. The analysis and inferences based on calculated rates are defined and their estimation is described.
Human disease and mortality rates are important statistical measures. The analysis and inferences based on calculated rates are defined and their estimation is described.
Steve Selvin
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198833444
- eISBN:
- 9780191872280
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198833444.003.0040
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Probability / Statistics, Applied Mathematics
Like the normal distribution, the log-normal distribution’s properties are useful and often revealing. A short description presents an analysis of log-normal data collected to asses cancer risk ...
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Like the normal distribution, the log-normal distribution’s properties are useful and often revealing. A short description presents an analysis of log-normal data collected to asses cancer risk associated with a specific pesticide.Less
Like the normal distribution, the log-normal distribution’s properties are useful and often revealing. A short description presents an analysis of log-normal data collected to asses cancer risk associated with a specific pesticide.
Tony Shaw
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748625239
- eISBN:
- 9780748670918
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748625239.001.0001
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
Published at a point when American filmmakers are deeply involved in the War on Terror, this book offers a comprehensive account of Hollywood's propaganda role during the defining ideological ...
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Published at a point when American filmmakers are deeply involved in the War on Terror, this book offers a comprehensive account of Hollywood's propaganda role during the defining ideological conflict of the twentieth century: the Cold War. In an analysis of films dating from America's first Red Scare in the wake of the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution to the collapse of the Berlin Wall in 1989, the book examines the complex relationship between filmmakers, censors, politicians and government propagandists. Movies were at the centre of the Cold War's battle for hearts and minds. Hollywood's comedies, love stories, musicals, thrillers, documentaries and science fiction shockers — to list a few genres — played a critical dual role: on the one hand teaching millions of Americans why communism represented the greatest threat their country had ever faced, and on the other, selling America's liberal-capitalist ideals across the globe. Drawing on declassified government documents, studio archives and filmmakers' private papers, the book reveals the different ways in which cinematic propaganda was produced, disseminated and received by audiences during the Cold War. In the process, it blends subjects as diverse as women's fashions, McCarthyism, drug smuggling, Christianity and American cultural diplomacy in India.Less
Published at a point when American filmmakers are deeply involved in the War on Terror, this book offers a comprehensive account of Hollywood's propaganda role during the defining ideological conflict of the twentieth century: the Cold War. In an analysis of films dating from America's first Red Scare in the wake of the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution to the collapse of the Berlin Wall in 1989, the book examines the complex relationship between filmmakers, censors, politicians and government propagandists. Movies were at the centre of the Cold War's battle for hearts and minds. Hollywood's comedies, love stories, musicals, thrillers, documentaries and science fiction shockers — to list a few genres — played a critical dual role: on the one hand teaching millions of Americans why communism represented the greatest threat their country had ever faced, and on the other, selling America's liberal-capitalist ideals across the globe. Drawing on declassified government documents, studio archives and filmmakers' private papers, the book reveals the different ways in which cinematic propaganda was produced, disseminated and received by audiences during the Cold War. In the process, it blends subjects as diverse as women's fashions, McCarthyism, drug smuggling, Christianity and American cultural diplomacy in India.
Tim Brooks
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748625192
- eISBN:
- 9780748651351
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748625192.003.0005
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Media Studies
This chapter considers the reactions of the French people, the Vichy authorities and the Germans to British white propaganda. The methods of distribution used by ordinary French people to further ...
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This chapter considers the reactions of the French people, the Vichy authorities and the Germans to British white propaganda. The methods of distribution used by ordinary French people to further circulate British propaganda, the means employed by the authorities in France to prevent them and more general views about propaganda are explained. It seems unlikely that the Vichy postal censors opened all correspondence, so some may have got through simply by chance. The evidence of collection and circulation shows that the leaflets were carried out covertly. The evidence from France was almost entirely favourable in its judgement of leaflet propaganda and British Broadcasting Corporation broadcasts. German and Vichy French measures to prevent people from reading, collecting, hearing and circulating British propaganda indicate the authorities' fears about the pervasive influence that it could have.Less
This chapter considers the reactions of the French people, the Vichy authorities and the Germans to British white propaganda. The methods of distribution used by ordinary French people to further circulate British propaganda, the means employed by the authorities in France to prevent them and more general views about propaganda are explained. It seems unlikely that the Vichy postal censors opened all correspondence, so some may have got through simply by chance. The evidence of collection and circulation shows that the leaflets were carried out covertly. The evidence from France was almost entirely favourable in its judgement of leaflet propaganda and British Broadcasting Corporation broadcasts. German and Vichy French measures to prevent people from reading, collecting, hearing and circulating British propaganda indicate the authorities' fears about the pervasive influence that it could have.
