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Korea has diversified from less to more complex diversified industries in a nonlinear fashion. This chapter suggests that cotton spinning and weaving, South Korea's leading sector in terms of production volume, did not serve as the springboard for further (late) industrialization in any organizational sense. Insofar as the diversified business (industrial) group acted as the agent of expansion, it had its origins in the government's more management‐intensive, early import‐substitution projects, not in a labor‐intensive industry like cotton textiles. The first part of the chapter discusses the Korean textile industry in detail. The last part discusses the textile industry versus the cement‐making industry, with a section devoted specifically to the Hyundai Cement Company.

In the mid-1990s, a proposal by the Pangasinan Cement Corporation to build a cement plant and sprawling industrial center in Bolinao, Pangasinan, split the fishing town, which is the home of the University of the Philippines Marine Science Institute. The undersecretary responsible for the case at the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Antonio La Vina, focused the decision about the necessary Environmental Compliance Certificate on the principal of social acceptability: whether or not the rapid industrialization would be acceptable to the community. This case study provides an important example of how difficult decisions about sustainable development can be made at the local level, how they can be made with transparency and community involvement, and how a community may respond to the potential changes brought about by rapid industrialization.

This chapter describes five different ways of fastening things to a quartz pendulum rod. To connect to a metal rod, a hole is drilled in it or a thread is cut on it. But how do you fasten something to quartz? Quartz is like glass it is brittle and breaks easily. Five types of fasteners are described here, with some pros and cons on each. The five fasteners are cemented sleeve, clamp ring, solder joint, dowel pin, and split sleeve. Any of the fasteners can be used at either the top or bottom of a quartz rod, for connecting to a suspension spring, bob, or rating nut. In most cases, the fastener material should be invar because of its low thermal expansion coefficient.

China is the largest cement-producing and cement-consuming country in the world today. The cement industry plays an important role in emissions of many air pollutants in China. This study estimates the emissions of major air pollutants from cement production based on information on the development of production technologies and tightening emission standards in China's cement industry. The analysis shows that with the replacement of old shaft kilns by precalciner kilns, there is an opportunity to reduce particular matter (PM) emissions through the implementation of stricter emission standards and promotion of high-performance PM control technologies.

The dimension-stones industry is one of the oldest and largest industries worldwide. There are two main classes of rocks: calcareous and siliceous. The calcareous material, or marble, includes the whole class of carbonate rocks amenable to sawing and polishing. The siliceous material, or granite, includes the entire set of eruptive rocks with granular structure and poly-mineral composition, irrespective of quartz content. This chapter discusses the marble and granite production processes; environmental impact of waste generated from the extraction of marble and granite; the analysis of marble and granite waste; utilization of marble and granite waste in composite marble and cement manufacturing; utilization of marble waste in stone paper production; utilization of marble waste in production of water-based paints; and utilization of marble waste in fertilizer production.

This chapter recounts the author's participation in the Egyptian excavation site in Tura. The name Tura is notorious in all of Egypt. A few kilometers south of Cairo lies the state prison where political opponents of the regime were tortured and abused, often enough to death. Its inmates were required to labor in the limestone quarries that supplied the nearby cement plant. In the winter of 1977, the cement plant wanted to expand. The new building site extended into the ancient stone quarries. Before the extension could proceed, however, the new site had to be explored for possible archaeological remains and excavations undertaken wherever something looked promising.

This chapter looks at the changes in the status quo in the Alto Balsas communities. The movement of migratory workers to the United States as well as the craft boom changed the existing status quo in communities in the Alto Balsas as wealth differences became less pronounced. More families started to build houses with adobe-brick walls and clay-roof tiles. In the early 1950s, houses with flat roofs made out of poured concrete, and walls made from cement blocks and bricks, became a sign of wealth and social status. Nowadays, having painted exterior walls or a parabolic antenna is the distinguishing feature of families deemed to be rich. But these are not necessarily the same families as those who dominated the village economy in 1940. Even once very poor families had lived in cement houses.

The chapter revolves around a silo destined for coal storage, made of concrete and shaped as a dodecahedron. Eduardo Torroja designed it for the entrance to the new structural and engineering laboratory, which was built in Madrid between 1952 and 1954 for the Technical Institute for Construction and Cement, which he directed.The chapter explores the economic and aesthetic values behind the silo's striking shape. In doing so, it discovers a project for transforming the Spanish political economy – a project around which much of the scientific and technical research in early Franco's Spain revolved. The chapter utilizes this to delve into the political economy of national raw materials and industrialization. This illuminates the role of the laboratory in retooling the Spanish landscape through water reservoirs and cheap houses.

This chapter argues that the reason why our natural environment has taken such a hit over the generations is it has been thought of and dealt with in pieces, chopped up into segments that can easily be labeled and disposed of—like the Titan Cement permits. Even on the university campus where the author has worked for more than twenty years, natural spaces are typically considered either as mere scenery or future building sites—not as parts of a single connected ecosystem of intrinsic value beyond pleasure or use. David Quammen begins his brilliant book Song of the Dodo by asking his reader to imagine a beautiful Persian carpet, say, twelve by eighteen feet square. Now take a sharp knife, he says: “We set about cutting the carpet into thirty-six equal pieces, each one a rectangle two feet by three.” We wind up with the same 216 square feet of carpet-like stuff. “But what does it amount to?” he asks. “Have we got thirty-six nice Persian throw rugs? No. All we're left with is three dozen ragged fragments, each one worthless and commencing to come apart.”

Causality is connected in philosophical literature with the idea of locality. This chapter proposes allowing causation to retain this association while surrendering the language of causation in science. Causal analysis in the tradition of probabilistic causality (path analysis, for instance) has to ignore important details in many situations. So we should not take causal language as the lingua franca of the sciences. When we look at the actual practices of scientists, we see that they do not trade, in their professional analyses, in this purportedly universal causal language. The notions of “control” and “protocol” help us to get at some of the details that causal analysis doesn’t explain very well. We should leave causation to the applied fields. It makes more sense to conceive of the cement of the universe as ever-changing protocols of order, and these help explain the autonomy of the sciences.

Many of the materials used are ultimately derived from things extracted from the earth. There is always an energy-intensive step of converting the oxide as found in the earth’s crust to the element or metal. Since carbon in the form of coke is frequently used in this process, it is inevitable that CO₂ is emitted. Another thing to consider is the scarcity of the compound from which the element will be derived—that is, the grade of the ore. A low grade of ore, with little of the element of interest, will mean more energy will need to be used to dig up a greater quantity of material. Practically everything has gone through some form of high-temperature processing that contributes to its embodied energy. The embodied energy can be very high if extreme purity is demanded or if a low-abundance isotope is needed.

Torts are involuntary seizures of entitlements of a certain kind in a particular exchange environment, and tort liability attempts to ensure that tortfeasors compensate their victims for the costs these takings impose. Liability is the law’s answer to externality. It doesn’t seek to deter torts absolutely, but to control them through the principle of corrective justice, which separates efficient from inefficient torts by liability prices and deters only the latter. This chapter examines how these involuntary exchanges are governed by tort liability to do corrective justice and imperfectly completed through individual and class action tort suits for compensatory damages. Tort liability is shown to effectively encourage efficient torts, in which the value of the unlawful cost imposition to the tortfeasor exceeds the external costs of the tort, and thus provide a means to move entitlements to higher-valuing owners in an environment of involuntary takings by private takers.

Inherent properties of a soil determine the extent to which that soil will erode. These properties are soil texture, soil structure, soil permeability, and the amount of soil organic matter. Soil texture consists of a mixture of soil particle sizes of sand, silt, and clay. Soil texture is also related to water movement into the soil [infiltration] and water movement through a soil (permeability). Sand grains are large and difficult to move; however, they are easily detached. Clay particles often stick together and therefore are difficult to detach; however, once detached the clays remain suspended and are easily carried and separated from the original soil mass by water. Silt is intermediate in size between sand and clay, but silt is both easily detached and easily transported. Thus, any soil that has large amounts of silt will erode easily. Infiltration. Water moves into and within a soil through the large macropores and only a very limited amount in the small micropores. Sandy soils have many large pores allowing water to move into the soils by infiltration. Conversely, clay soils have many microspores through which water passes only very slowly. Therefore, during a moderate storm, runoff and erosion would be greater from a soil with more fine textured clays than from a soil where coarse texture dominates. Permeability. Once water enters a soil, it flows within the soil. The extent of internal movement of water in a soil is the permeability of that soil. A soil aggregate is a soil granule or soil crumb consisting of a number of soil grains, that is, silt or clay, held together by a cementing substance. Aggregation is the condition of a soil having many individual aggregates. Soils that have many large stable aggregate are more permeable and are difficult to detach and erode. An aggregate has stability when it is not broken easily by water. Soil aggregates help keep the soil receptive to rapid infiltration of water and keep water from moving over the soil and eroding it.

This textbook has covered the common causes of broken down teeth: dental caries, tooth wear, and trauma. In addition, long-term failure of parts, or all, of the existing tooth–restoration complex can be significant and may require further operative intervention for its successful management (see Chapter 9). Many intra-coronal defects can be repaired with direct adhesive restorations, as discussed in Chapters 5 and 9. However, the situation can be complicated by the loss of significant portions of existing restoration or tooth structure (e.g. cusps, buccal/lingual walls), which influence the restorative procedures used in an attempt to maintain the tooth longevity, as well as pulp viability, for as long as possible. For direct restorations to succeed clinically, they require healthy dental tissues to aid support, retention, and ideally provide an element of protection from excessive occlusal loads. With diminishing amounts of tooth structure to work with, greater thought and care are required to manage and prepare the remaining viable hard tissues to support and retain the larger restoration. The core restoration describes the often large direct plastic restoration used to build up the clinically broken down crown. It is retained and supported by remaining tooth structure wherever possible (sometimes including the pulp chamber and posts in root canals of endodontically treated teeth). These large restorations often benefit from further overlying protection to secure their clinical longevity, by means of indirect onlays, and partial or full coverage crowns. Before carrying out a detailed clinical examination of the individual tooth and the related oral cavity, it is always important to justify your clinical decisions, for both operative and non-operative preventive interventions. The five key reasons for minimally invasive (MI) operative intervention are:… • to repair hard tissue damage/cavitation caused by the active, progressing caries/tooth-wear process (where non-operative prevention has failed repeatedly) • to remove plaque stagnation areas within cavities/defects which will increase the risk of caries activity due to the lack of effective plaque removal by the patient • to help to manage acute pulpitic pain caused by active caries by removing the bacterial biomass and sealing the defect, thereby protecting the pulp • to restore the tooth to maintain structure and function in the dental arch • aesthetics.

Traditionally, glacial and periglacial geomorphology has not featured prominently in discussions about the physical geography of the Mediterranean basin. It is now clear, however, that on numerous occasions during the Pleistocene, and to a lesser extent during the Little Ice Age (LIA), glacial and periglacial activity was widespread in many of the region’s mountain ranges (Hughes et al. 2006a; Hughes and Woodward 2008). Even today, small glaciers and active periglacial features can be found on the highest peaks. Many mountain landscapes in the Mediterranean basin are therefore the product of glacial and periglacial processes that have fluctuated in intensity and spatial extent through the Quaternary. Glacial processes are defined here as those occurring as a result of dynamic glacier ice. The periglacial zone is sometimes defined as non-glacial areas where the mean annual temperature is less than 3°C (French 1996: 20). However, cryogenic processes can be important in landform development, even in areas of shallow frost over a wide range of mean annual temperatures. Thus, the term ‘periglacial’ is applied here to areas characterized by cold-climate processes—where frost and nival processes are important—but where glaciers are absent. Glacial and periglacial processes in the uplands can exert considerable influence upon geomorphological systems at lower elevations. Fluvial systems, for example, over a range of timescales have been shown to be especially sensitive to changes in sediment supply and water discharge from glaciated mountain headwaters (Gurnell and Clark 1987; Woodward et al. 2008). Nonetheless, the geomorphological impacts of glaciation are most clearly evident in the Mediterranean mountains where the erosional and depositional legacy is frequently well preserved. Cirques, glacial lakes, icescoured valleys, moraines, pronival ramparts, relict rock glaciers, and other glacial and periglacial features can be found in many Mediterranean mountain ranges (Hughes et al. 2006a). Upland limestone terrains are widespread across the Mediterranean and many of these landscapes have been shaped by a combination of glacial and karstic processes (Chapter 10). In fact, glacio-karst is probably the dominant landscape in many mountain regions, including the Dinaric Alps of Croatia/Bosnia/Montenegro (Nicod 1968), the Cantabrian Mountains of Spain (Smart 1986) and the Pindus Mountains of Greece (Waltham 1978; Woodward et al. 2004; Hughes et al. 2006b).