Robert E. Goodin
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199547944
- eISBN:
- 9780191720116
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199547944.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, Political Theory
Insofar as the reason ‘why’ we want deliberative democracy is just to pool information, what justifies so much emphasis among deliberative democrats on talking face-to-face to the exclusion of other ...
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Insofar as the reason ‘why’ we want deliberative democracy is just to pool information, what justifies so much emphasis among deliberative democrats on talking face-to-face to the exclusion of other equally good ways of pooling information? This chapter develops a contrast between two ways of pooling information: mechanically (through vote counting) and discursively (through talking together). It goes on to canvass five ways in which pooling information discursively might capture information that would have been lost had the information-pooling been done by more purely mechanical means.Less
Insofar as the reason ‘why’ we want deliberative democracy is just to pool information, what justifies so much emphasis among deliberative democrats on talking face-to-face to the exclusion of other equally good ways of pooling information? This chapter develops a contrast between two ways of pooling information: mechanically (through vote counting) and discursively (through talking together). It goes on to canvass five ways in which pooling information discursively might capture information that would have been lost had the information-pooling been done by more purely mechanical means.
Bernhard Wessels
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198294764
- eISBN:
- 9780191600005
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019829476X.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
The general question addressed in this chapter is whether or not support for the European Community among the mass public is generated by elite action. More precisely, it asks whether opinion flow ...
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The general question addressed in this chapter is whether or not support for the European Community among the mass public is generated by elite action. More precisely, it asks whether opinion flow and opinion formation concerning the EC function according to the cascade model proposed by Deutsch. Its empirical findings provide evidence for a cascade model by showing that the development of support is more congruent between opinion leaders and the highly attentive publics than between opinion leaders and the less attentive strata of society. In the second stage of the analysis, the chapter employs a dynamic model to show that generating support for the EC follows the logic of the normal political process, with stages of articulation, aggregation, and output.Less
The general question addressed in this chapter is whether or not support for the European Community among the mass public is generated by elite action. More precisely, it asks whether opinion flow and opinion formation concerning the EC function according to the cascade model proposed by Deutsch. Its empirical findings provide evidence for a cascade model by showing that the development of support is more congruent between opinion leaders and the highly attentive publics than between opinion leaders and the less attentive strata of society. In the second stage of the analysis, the chapter employs a dynamic model to show that generating support for the EC follows the logic of the normal political process, with stages of articulation, aggregation, and output.
James A. Estes
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195319958
- eISBN:
- 9780199869596
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195319958.003.0002
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
The chapter summarizes the current understanding of the kelp forest ecosystems of Alaska by focusing on the key role that otters, killer whales, and man have played in the ecological organization of ...
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The chapter summarizes the current understanding of the kelp forest ecosystems of Alaska by focusing on the key role that otters, killer whales, and man have played in the ecological organization of this ecosystem. The role of kelp, the effect of anti-predator chemistry, and sea urchin interactions are discussed. The history of the ecosystem as well as the science is covered and includes a discussion of the debate on the role of whaling in influencing otter–killer whale interactions, which may be further changing the ecology of this ecosystem.Less
The chapter summarizes the current understanding of the kelp forest ecosystems of Alaska by focusing on the key role that otters, killer whales, and man have played in the ecological organization of this ecosystem. The role of kelp, the effect of anti-predator chemistry, and sea urchin interactions are discussed. The history of the ecosystem as well as the science is covered and includes a discussion of the debate on the role of whaling in influencing otter–killer whale interactions, which may be further changing the ecology of this ecosystem.
Tim R. McClanahan and George M. Branch
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195319958
- eISBN:
- 9780199869596
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195319958.003.0009
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
This chapter summarizes what the authors consider to be the key and general organizing principles of kelp forests and coral reefs along gradients of oceanography, latitude, and effects of fishing and ...
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This chapter summarizes what the authors consider to be the key and general organizing principles of kelp forests and coral reefs along gradients of oceanography, latitude, and effects of fishing and resource use on these ecosystems. The general structure of these food webs is described as well as the effects of top-down versus bottom-up controls and the prevalence of trophic cascades. Human effects and recommendations for management are presented.Less
This chapter summarizes what the authors consider to be the key and general organizing principles of kelp forests and coral reefs along gradients of oceanography, latitude, and effects of fishing and resource use on these ecosystems. The general structure of these food webs is described as well as the effects of top-down versus bottom-up controls and the prevalence of trophic cascades. Human effects and recommendations for management are presented.
Margaret Lock
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691149783
- eISBN:
- 9781400848461
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691149783.003.0002
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
This chapter focuses on the “discovery” of Alzheimer disease (AD) and a somewhat condensed genealogy of its history to the present time. Emphasis is given to the virtual disappearance of AD for over ...
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This chapter focuses on the “discovery” of Alzheimer disease (AD) and a somewhat condensed genealogy of its history to the present time. Emphasis is given to the virtual disappearance of AD for over four decades after its initial identification, followed by its rediscovery in the late 1960s in association with government and medical recognition of aging populations and their impending burden on society. The chapter also discusses the consolidation of what has been the dominant research paradigm in AD research for the past four decades-the amyloid cascade hypothesis, grounded in localization theory. Throughout the study, difficulties in attempting to unravel the entanglement of “normal” aging from dementia, evident from Alois Alzheimer's time, are pointed out.Less
This chapter focuses on the “discovery” of Alzheimer disease (AD) and a somewhat condensed genealogy of its history to the present time. Emphasis is given to the virtual disappearance of AD for over four decades after its initial identification, followed by its rediscovery in the late 1960s in association with government and medical recognition of aging populations and their impending burden on society. The chapter also discusses the consolidation of what has been the dominant research paradigm in AD research for the past four decades-the amyloid cascade hypothesis, grounded in localization theory. Throughout the study, difficulties in attempting to unravel the entanglement of “normal” aging from dementia, evident from Alois Alzheimer's time, are pointed out.
Margaret Lock
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691149783
- eISBN:
- 9781400848461
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691149783.003.0003
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
This chapter considers repeated attempts at diagnostic refinement and standardization of Alzheimer disease (AD). It explores the difficulties of reconciling repeated mismatches between a clinical and ...
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This chapter considers repeated attempts at diagnostic refinement and standardization of Alzheimer disease (AD). It explores the difficulties of reconciling repeated mismatches between a clinical and a neuropathological diagnosis of AD, as are the discrepancies in diagnoses between specialized memory clinics and general and family practice settings. A diagnosis of AD involves the demonstration at autopsy of neuritic amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and also cell loss or shrinkage of brain tissue. For two decades the preeminent model to account for plaque buildup has been the “amyloid cascade hypothesis” that, it is argued, initiates the eventual formation of tangles and other neuropathological changes. The model is currently being questioned by an increasing number of key researchers and continues to be a driving force, even as the entire Alzheimer enterprise moves to include prevention as a major goal.Less
This chapter considers repeated attempts at diagnostic refinement and standardization of Alzheimer disease (AD). It explores the difficulties of reconciling repeated mismatches between a clinical and a neuropathological diagnosis of AD, as are the discrepancies in diagnoses between specialized memory clinics and general and family practice settings. A diagnosis of AD involves the demonstration at autopsy of neuritic amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and also cell loss or shrinkage of brain tissue. For two decades the preeminent model to account for plaque buildup has been the “amyloid cascade hypothesis” that, it is argued, initiates the eventual formation of tangles and other neuropathological changes. The model is currently being questioned by an increasing number of key researchers and continues to be a driving force, even as the entire Alzheimer enterprise moves to include prevention as a major goal.
Margaret Lock
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691149783
- eISBN:
- 9781400848461
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691149783.003.0005
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
This chapter illustrates an account of the shift, commencing in the late 1980s, to the molecularization of Alzheimer disease (AD), and the attempt to identify significant bodily changes as much as 20 ...
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This chapter illustrates an account of the shift, commencing in the late 1980s, to the molecularization of Alzheimer disease (AD), and the attempt to identify significant bodily changes as much as 20 years before behavioral changes can be diagnosed in individuals. It considers the rationale for efforts to formulate a “prodromal” diagnosis before behavioral symptoms or memory loss are detected, followed by a presentation of the involved molecular diagnostic tools (biomarkers) with emphasis on spinal taps, neuroimaging, and genetic testing. The significance of the first two of these biomarkers is attributed to their apparent ability to detect the onset of the amyloid cascade process. The chapter also discusses the anomalies and uncertainties associated with biomarker testing.Less
This chapter illustrates an account of the shift, commencing in the late 1980s, to the molecularization of Alzheimer disease (AD), and the attempt to identify significant bodily changes as much as 20 years before behavioral changes can be diagnosed in individuals. It considers the rationale for efforts to formulate a “prodromal” diagnosis before behavioral symptoms or memory loss are detected, followed by a presentation of the involved molecular diagnostic tools (biomarkers) with emphasis on spinal taps, neuroimaging, and genetic testing. The significance of the first two of these biomarkers is attributed to their apparent ability to detect the onset of the amyloid cascade process. The chapter also discusses the anomalies and uncertainties associated with biomarker testing.
Michael V. K. Sukhdeo and Alexander D. Hernandez
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198529873
- eISBN:
- 9780191712777
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198529873.003.0005
- Subject:
- Biology, Disease Ecology / Epidemiology
Food webs are theoretical abstractions of the complex linkages and interactions that are thought to occur in nature. Although few real food webs have actually been characterized scientifically, there ...
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Food webs are theoretical abstractions of the complex linkages and interactions that are thought to occur in nature. Although few real food webs have actually been characterized scientifically, there is a large body of literature on the processes that contribute towards complexity and stability in webs. Food webs are generally thought of as ‘what eats what’ webs, but parasites are not usually incorporated into webs even though parasitism is a feeding strategy shared by a majority of species on earth (70%). This chapter examines major ideas on the roles of parasites in food webs, starting with Elton’s (1927) idea that parasites are analogous to predators. It describes some general patterns of parasite web structure (e.g., inverted pyramid of numbers and body size hypotheses) using both available published data and data from studies on food webs in freshwater streams in New Jersey.Less
Food webs are theoretical abstractions of the complex linkages and interactions that are thought to occur in nature. Although few real food webs have actually been characterized scientifically, there is a large body of literature on the processes that contribute towards complexity and stability in webs. Food webs are generally thought of as ‘what eats what’ webs, but parasites are not usually incorporated into webs even though parasitism is a feeding strategy shared by a majority of species on earth (70%). This chapter examines major ideas on the roles of parasites in food webs, starting with Elton’s (1927) idea that parasites are analogous to predators. It describes some general patterns of parasite web structure (e.g., inverted pyramid of numbers and body size hypotheses) using both available published data and data from studies on food webs in freshwater streams in New Jersey.
Wolfram Hinzen
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199289257
- eISBN:
- 9780191706424
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199289257.003.0006
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This chapter asks how far the project of vindicating best design considerations can be carried, as well as the project of naturalizing meaning by reducing it to independently motivated structural ...
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This chapter asks how far the project of vindicating best design considerations can be carried, as well as the project of naturalizing meaning by reducing it to independently motivated structural conditions on syntax. That syntax may, in a formulation of Uriagereka, ‘carve the path interpretation must blindly follow’, hence that semantics emerges in the strict confines of structures projected by the computational system of language, is argued to be the philosophical essence of the Minimalist Project. No such optimism is at this point warranted for the study of human lexical concepts, which remain a murky and perhaps scientifically inaccessible topic. The need for a reconceptualization of philosophical epistemology (a theory of knowledge) is explored. While it is a surprising that our minds may exhibit conditions of best design and that there is likely ‘knowledge by nature’ in Plato's sense, little if anything follows from our capacity to ground such knowledge in some ‘foundations’, let alone in the external conditions that the philosophical tradition has largely made responsible for the origin of meaning.Less
This chapter asks how far the project of vindicating best design considerations can be carried, as well as the project of naturalizing meaning by reducing it to independently motivated structural conditions on syntax. That syntax may, in a formulation of Uriagereka, ‘carve the path interpretation must blindly follow’, hence that semantics emerges in the strict confines of structures projected by the computational system of language, is argued to be the philosophical essence of the Minimalist Project. No such optimism is at this point warranted for the study of human lexical concepts, which remain a murky and perhaps scientifically inaccessible topic. The need for a reconceptualization of philosophical epistemology (a theory of knowledge) is explored. While it is a surprising that our minds may exhibit conditions of best design and that there is likely ‘knowledge by nature’ in Plato's sense, little if anything follows from our capacity to ground such knowledge in some ‘foundations’, let alone in the external conditions that the philosophical tradition has largely made responsible for the origin of meaning.
Guy Woodward, Ross Thompson, Colin R. Townsend, and Alan G. Hildrew
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198564836
- eISBN:
- 9780191713828
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198564836.003.0006
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
Studies on streams provide some of the most detailed and best resolved webs yet available, and provide a means to test food web theory. These systems can be used to test patterns in connectance webs ...
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Studies on streams provide some of the most detailed and best resolved webs yet available, and provide a means to test food web theory. These systems can be used to test patterns in connectance webs and the effect of sampling on the patterns evident. The role of body-size in stream webs is reviewed. This chapter deals with attempts to quantify food webs by measures of energy flow and interaction strengths, and to characterize the circumstances leading to the presence or absence of trophic cascades in food webs. Streams are strongly linked through their food webs with surrounding systems, such as ground water and flood plains, and such cross-system subsidies is considered. The effect of natural and anthropogenic disturbances on food web attributes is addressed. Finally, the relationship between biodiversity/ecosystem functions in stream webs is addressed in the context of environmental stress.Less
Studies on streams provide some of the most detailed and best resolved webs yet available, and provide a means to test food web theory. These systems can be used to test patterns in connectance webs and the effect of sampling on the patterns evident. The role of body-size in stream webs is reviewed. This chapter deals with attempts to quantify food webs by measures of energy flow and interaction strengths, and to characterize the circumstances leading to the presence or absence of trophic cascades in food webs. Streams are strongly linked through their food webs with surrounding systems, such as ground water and flood plains, and such cross-system subsidies is considered. The effect of natural and anthropogenic disturbances on food web attributes is addressed. Finally, the relationship between biodiversity/ecosystem functions in stream webs is addressed in the context of environmental stress.
Andrew R. Solow
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198564836
- eISBN:
- 9780191713828
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198564836.003.0007
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
This chapter focuses on the formal statistical analysis of community food webs. Among the issues covered are testing for hypothesized regularities (e.g., constant connectance) in a collection of food ...
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This chapter focuses on the formal statistical analysis of community food webs. Among the issues covered are testing for hypothesized regularities (e.g., constant connectance) in a collection of food webs and fitting and testing parametric models (e.g., the cascade model). The analysis of partially observed food webs is also covered.Less
This chapter focuses on the formal statistical analysis of community food webs. Among the issues covered are testing for hypothesized regularities (e.g., constant connectance) in a collection of food webs and fitting and testing parametric models (e.g., the cascade model). The analysis of partially observed food webs is also covered.
Bryan Shorrocks
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198570660
- eISBN:
- 9780191717680
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198570660.003.0006
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
This chapter looks at energy flow through the community (primary and secondary production) and food web dynamics. It includes a brief examination of the diversity-stability idea. A detailed flow ...
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This chapter looks at energy flow through the community (primary and secondary production) and food web dynamics. It includes a brief examination of the diversity-stability idea. A detailed flow diagram of the Serengeti ecosystem, along with modelling attempts on this system are examined. This dynamic, interacting web brings to light the importance of cascading interactions (e.g., rinderpest-wildebeest-green grass-dry grass-fire-trees-giraffes), and therefore the multiple interconnection of species. Mention is made of ‘keystone’ species. There is a section on ‘assembly rules’ for savannah communities, including body-size distributions for grazing and browsing ungulates. This section ends with an exploration of virtual island biogeography (protected areas) and the long-term predictions for species numbers. Can ideas from ‘island biogeography’ help us to design National Parks and Nature Reserves? This leads onto conservation issues. The conservation issues for savannahs centre around tourism, hunting (both for trophies and bush meat), and the conflicts between farmers/ranchers and wildlife. This chapter ends with an examination of these issues.Less
This chapter looks at energy flow through the community (primary and secondary production) and food web dynamics. It includes a brief examination of the diversity-stability idea. A detailed flow diagram of the Serengeti ecosystem, along with modelling attempts on this system are examined. This dynamic, interacting web brings to light the importance of cascading interactions (e.g., rinderpest-wildebeest-green grass-dry grass-fire-trees-giraffes), and therefore the multiple interconnection of species. Mention is made of ‘keystone’ species. There is a section on ‘assembly rules’ for savannah communities, including body-size distributions for grazing and browsing ungulates. This section ends with an exploration of virtual island biogeography (protected areas) and the long-term predictions for species numbers. Can ideas from ‘island biogeography’ help us to design National Parks and Nature Reserves? This leads onto conservation issues. The conservation issues for savannahs centre around tourism, hunting (both for trophies and bush meat), and the conflicts between farmers/ranchers and wildlife. This chapter ends with an examination of these issues.
Bradley Cardinale, Emmett Duffy, Diane Srivastava, Michel Loreau, Matt Thomas, and Mark Emmerson
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199547951
- eISBN:
- 9780191720345
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199547951.003.0008
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
While one of the most striking features of our planet is its great variety of life, studies show that ongoing biodiversity loss could reduce the productivity of ecosystems by as much as 50%. However, ...
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While one of the most striking features of our planet is its great variety of life, studies show that ongoing biodiversity loss could reduce the productivity of ecosystems by as much as 50%. However, evidence comes largely from experiments that have used highly simplified communities with on average seven species, all from a single trophic group. In contrast, natural communities have dozens, if not hundreds, of species spanning a variety of trophic levels. Would this additional complexity alter our conclusions about the functional consequences of diversity loss? This chapter reviews five hypotheses about how the fluxes of energy and matter through food-webs might depend on the diversity of species interacting within, as well as across trophic levels. After outlining the empirical support for or against each hypothesis, this chapter discusses several avenues of research that may prove useful as ecologists move towards a food web perspective on biodiversity and ecosystem functioningLess
While one of the most striking features of our planet is its great variety of life, studies show that ongoing biodiversity loss could reduce the productivity of ecosystems by as much as 50%. However, evidence comes largely from experiments that have used highly simplified communities with on average seven species, all from a single trophic group. In contrast, natural communities have dozens, if not hundreds, of species spanning a variety of trophic levels. Would this additional complexity alter our conclusions about the functional consequences of diversity loss? This chapter reviews five hypotheses about how the fluxes of energy and matter through food-webs might depend on the diversity of species interacting within, as well as across trophic levels. After outlining the empirical support for or against each hypothesis, this chapter discusses several avenues of research that may prove useful as ecologists move towards a food web perspective on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning
J. Emmett Duffy
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199228973
- eISBN:
- 9780191711169
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199228973.003.0009
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
The industrial-scale fishing that expanded during the 20th century has strongly reduced the abundance of large animals throughout the world's oceans, reduced the food chain length of many pelagic and ...
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The industrial-scale fishing that expanded during the 20th century has strongly reduced the abundance of large animals throughout the world's oceans, reduced the food chain length of many pelagic and benthic communities, altered fish community size-structure, and selected for evolutionary shifts toward maturation at smaller sizes in many exploited fish assemblages. This chapter reviews the consequences of keystone predation by humans on marine communities. Data from open, unmanipulated marine ecosystems support insights from theory and experiments that trophic cascades can occur in a range of pelagic and benthic systems, despite their complexity and openness. Nevertheless, there is some evidence that functional diversity within lower trophic levels tends to reduce their vulnerability to top-down control.Less
The industrial-scale fishing that expanded during the 20th century has strongly reduced the abundance of large animals throughout the world's oceans, reduced the food chain length of many pelagic and benthic communities, altered fish community size-structure, and selected for evolutionary shifts toward maturation at smaller sizes in many exploited fish assemblages. This chapter reviews the consequences of keystone predation by humans on marine communities. Data from open, unmanipulated marine ecosystems support insights from theory and experiments that trophic cascades can occur in a range of pelagic and benthic systems, despite their complexity and openness. Nevertheless, there is some evidence that functional diversity within lower trophic levels tends to reduce their vulnerability to top-down control.
Karsten Urban
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198526056
- eISBN:
- 9780191712340
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198526056.003.0002
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Applied Mathematics, Mathematical Finance
This chapter considers a piecewise constant approximation of a given function and introduces the Haar system for that purpose. This is compared with a piecewise linear approximation, highlighting ...
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This chapter considers a piecewise constant approximation of a given function and introduces the Haar system for that purpose. This is compared with a piecewise linear approximation, highlighting differences and similar properties. Based upon this, the notion of multiresolution is introduced. Several examples of generating scaling functions are given.Less
This chapter considers a piecewise constant approximation of a given function and introduces the Haar system for that purpose. This is compared with a piecewise linear approximation, highlighting differences and similar properties. Based upon this, the notion of multiresolution is introduced. Several examples of generating scaling functions are given.
Steven U. Walkley
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198508786
- eISBN:
- 9780191723803
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198508786.003.0012
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Disorders of the Nervous System
Lysosomal diseases begin quite simply as single gene mutations that affect the function of one protein. This protein may be an enzyme critical in the degradative action of the lysosomal system or in ...
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Lysosomal diseases begin quite simply as single gene mutations that affect the function of one protein. This protein may be an enzyme critical in the degradative action of the lysosomal system or in the processing and/or trafficking of such enzymes to the lysosome. The pathophysiological consequences in brain ultimately play out as an expanding cascade involving multiple substrate accumulation and widespread, but variable, impact on different types of neurones and glia. In some cases these changes may actually appear as regenerative, as seen in the new growth of dendrites and formation of synaptic connections in Tay–Sachs disease, but which more likely lead to inappropriate connections and neuron dysfunction. This chapter discusses the pathogenic cascade in brain; the why, where, and what of storage; the cellular consequences of storage; and functional assessment of brain.Less
Lysosomal diseases begin quite simply as single gene mutations that affect the function of one protein. This protein may be an enzyme critical in the degradative action of the lysosomal system or in the processing and/or trafficking of such enzymes to the lysosome. The pathophysiological consequences in brain ultimately play out as an expanding cascade involving multiple substrate accumulation and widespread, but variable, impact on different types of neurones and glia. In some cases these changes may actually appear as regenerative, as seen in the new growth of dendrites and formation of synaptic connections in Tay–Sachs disease, but which more likely lead to inappropriate connections and neuron dysfunction. This chapter discusses the pathogenic cascade in brain; the why, where, and what of storage; the cellular consequences of storage; and functional assessment of brain.
Sergey N. Dorogovtsev
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199548927
- eISBN:
- 9780191720574
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199548927.003.0012
- Subject:
- Physics, Theoretical, Computational, and Statistical Physics
This chapter mainly discusses traffic and traffic congestion in complex networks. First, packet switching in the Internet is explained, and then some of the features of Internet traffic are ...
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This chapter mainly discusses traffic and traffic congestion in complex networks. First, packet switching in the Internet is explained, and then some of the features of Internet traffic are discussed. In particular, the self-similar Internet traffic and its fluctuations are considered. The chapter describes various congestion phenomena in Internet traffic and their models. Finally, it discusses and explains cascading failures in complex network systems; in particular, in large electricity grids.Less
This chapter mainly discusses traffic and traffic congestion in complex networks. First, packet switching in the Internet is explained, and then some of the features of Internet traffic are discussed. In particular, the self-similar Internet traffic and its fluctuations are considered. The chapter describes various congestion phenomena in Internet traffic and their models. Finally, it discusses and explains cascading failures in complex network systems; in particular, in large electricity grids.
Takashi Fujimoto
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198530282
- eISBN:
- 9780191713149
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198530282.003.0004
- Subject:
- Physics, Nuclear and Plasma Physics
The rate equation which governs the population of discrete levels leads to the collisional-radiative model, in which the population is expressed as the sum of the ionizing plasma component and the ...
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The rate equation which governs the population of discrete levels leads to the collisional-radiative model, in which the population is expressed as the sum of the ionizing plasma component and the recombining plasma component. In the former component plasma excited levels are in the corona phase at lower densities than Griem's boundary and in the saturation phase at higher densities. In the latter phase, populations are in the ladder-like excitation-ionization chain in the energy-level diagram and the population distribution follows the minus 6th power law. In the latter plasma, excited levels are in the capture-radiative cascade phase at lower densities. At higher densities levels lying higher than Byron's boundary are strongly coupled with each other and thus with the continuum-state electrons so that they are in LTE, and the lower-lying levels are in the ladder-like deexcitation flow obeying the minus 6th power distribution of populations.Less
The rate equation which governs the population of discrete levels leads to the collisional-radiative model, in which the population is expressed as the sum of the ionizing plasma component and the recombining plasma component. In the former component plasma excited levels are in the corona phase at lower densities than Griem's boundary and in the saturation phase at higher densities. In the latter phase, populations are in the ladder-like excitation-ionization chain in the energy-level diagram and the population distribution follows the minus 6th power law. In the latter plasma, excited levels are in the capture-radiative cascade phase at lower densities. At higher densities levels lying higher than Byron's boundary are strongly coupled with each other and thus with the continuum-state electrons so that they are in LTE, and the lower-lying levels are in the ladder-like deexcitation flow obeying the minus 6th power distribution of populations.
Jeffrey Brand-Ballard
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195342291
- eISBN:
- 9780199867011
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195342291.003.0014
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
This chapter asks what guidance rules judges might use to implement the moderate rule defended thus far (individual policy) The discussion shifts from objective appraisal rules to subjective guidance ...
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This chapter asks what guidance rules judges might use to implement the moderate rule defended thus far (individual policy) The discussion shifts from objective appraisal rules to subjective guidance rules. The chapter responds to Alan H. Goldman’s objections to rules that permit judges sometimes to deviate in suboptimal-result cases, as they attempt to optimize. The chapter defends guidance rules that permit each judge to deviate in a certain percentage of the suboptimal-result cases that she decides over the course of her career. It also defends two priority rules for judges. The first rule assigns deviation priority to cases based on how suboptimal the legally required results are. The second rule assigns priority to suboptimal-rule cases over gap cases. The chapter also defends a default rule that permits judges, after they obey the priority rules, to use any morally permissible criteria as the basis for their selection of suboptimal-result cases for deviation. Finally, it addresses the question of how confident a judge must be that a result is suboptimal before deviation is warranted.Less
This chapter asks what guidance rules judges might use to implement the moderate rule defended thus far (individual policy) The discussion shifts from objective appraisal rules to subjective guidance rules. The chapter responds to Alan H. Goldman’s objections to rules that permit judges sometimes to deviate in suboptimal-result cases, as they attempt to optimize. The chapter defends guidance rules that permit each judge to deviate in a certain percentage of the suboptimal-result cases that she decides over the course of her career. It also defends two priority rules for judges. The first rule assigns deviation priority to cases based on how suboptimal the legally required results are. The second rule assigns priority to suboptimal-rule cases over gap cases. The chapter also defends a default rule that permits judges, after they obey the priority rules, to use any morally permissible criteria as the basis for their selection of suboptimal-result cases for deviation. Finally, it addresses the question of how confident a judge must be that a result is suboptimal before deviation is warranted.
John Seibert Farnsworth
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781501747281
- eISBN:
- 9781501747298
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501747281.003.0005
- Subject:
- Information Science, Information Science
This chapter presents the author's field notes from the North Cascades Environmental Learning Center. The center was built as mitigation for the environmental harm caused by the hydroelectric dam ...
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This chapter presents the author's field notes from the North Cascades Environmental Learning Center. The center was built as mitigation for the environmental harm caused by the hydroelectric dam when the dam was relicensed in 1989. It was a unique idea, to mitigate environmental damage with environmental education by building a world-class field campus. The idea was supported by the National Park Service, the Forest Service, local tribes, the North Cascades Conservation Council, and the city of Seattle, which owns the hydroelectric project. The chapter then focuses on Diablo dam. The author's residency there was termed a “creative residency,” and was scheduled to last a month. During his residency, the author was able to spot a lot of birds, including white-winged scoters.Less
This chapter presents the author's field notes from the North Cascades Environmental Learning Center. The center was built as mitigation for the environmental harm caused by the hydroelectric dam when the dam was relicensed in 1989. It was a unique idea, to mitigate environmental damage with environmental education by building a world-class field campus. The idea was supported by the National Park Service, the Forest Service, local tribes, the North Cascades Conservation Council, and the city of Seattle, which owns the hydroelectric project. The chapter then focuses on Diablo dam. The author's residency there was termed a “creative residency,” and was scheduled to last a month. During his residency, the author was able to spot a lot of birds, including white-winged scoters.
