Mary Ann Mason and Eve Mason Ekman
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195182675
- eISBN:
- 9780199944019
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195182675.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Marriage and the Family
In the past few decades the number of women entering graduate and professional schools has been going up and up, while the number of women reaching the top rung of the corporate and academic worlds ...
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In the past few decades the number of women entering graduate and professional schools has been going up and up, while the number of women reaching the top rung of the corporate and academic worlds has remained relatively stagnant. Why are so many women falling off the fast track? This book traces the career paths of the first generation of ambitious women who started careers in academia, law, medicine, business, and the media in large numbers in the 1970s and '80s. Many women who had started families but continued working had ended up veering off the path to upper management at a point the author calls “the second glass ceiling.” Rather than sticking to their original career goals, they allowed themselves to slide into a second tier of management that offers fewer hours, less pay, lower prestige, and limited upward mobility. Men who did likewise—entered the career world with high aspirations and then started families while working—not only did not show the same trend, they reached even higher levels of professional success than men who had no families at all. Along with her daughter, an aspiring journalist, the author has written a guide for young women who are facing the tough decision of when—and if—to start a family. It is also a guide for older women seeking a second chance to break through to the next level, as the author herself did in academia.Less
In the past few decades the number of women entering graduate and professional schools has been going up and up, while the number of women reaching the top rung of the corporate and academic worlds has remained relatively stagnant. Why are so many women falling off the fast track? This book traces the career paths of the first generation of ambitious women who started careers in academia, law, medicine, business, and the media in large numbers in the 1970s and '80s. Many women who had started families but continued working had ended up veering off the path to upper management at a point the author calls “the second glass ceiling.” Rather than sticking to their original career goals, they allowed themselves to slide into a second tier of management that offers fewer hours, less pay, lower prestige, and limited upward mobility. Men who did likewise—entered the career world with high aspirations and then started families while working—not only did not show the same trend, they reached even higher levels of professional success than men who had no families at all. Along with her daughter, an aspiring journalist, the author has written a guide for young women who are facing the tough decision of when—and if—to start a family. It is also a guide for older women seeking a second chance to break through to the next level, as the author herself did in academia.
Penny MacGeorge
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199252442
- eISBN:
- 9780191719233
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199252442.003.0005
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
This chapter makes a reconstruction of Marcellinus' career and compares it with that construed from material from Procopius. It is argued that the portrayal of Marcellinus, based on Procopius, as a ...
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This chapter makes a reconstruction of Marcellinus' career and compares it with that construed from material from Procopius. It is argued that the portrayal of Marcellinus, based on Procopius, as a western army officer in command of troops in Dalmatia seems at odds with evidence from other sources.Less
This chapter makes a reconstruction of Marcellinus' career and compares it with that construed from material from Procopius. It is argued that the portrayal of Marcellinus, based on Procopius, as a western army officer in command of troops in Dalmatia seems at odds with evidence from other sources.
Annabel Patterson
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199573462
- eISBN:
- 9780191702112
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199573462.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Milton Studies
After a short account of Milton's life as a writer, this book guides us through Milton's poetry and polemical prose. What do Milton's words look like when we acknowledge their personal and political ...
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After a short account of Milton's life as a writer, this book guides us through Milton's poetry and polemical prose. What do Milton's words look like when we acknowledge their personal and political history; when we track them from text to text; when we consider both the big learned words and the very small ones; when we consider the frequency and uniqueness of words; when we tackle these issues in the Latin texts; when we consider the possibility that certain words gain or lose value for Milton through his life, or become keywords to a particular text; when we reconsider the question of Milton's coinages? This book explains the shape of Milton's writing career and the life-long tension between his literary ambitions and the pressures of political circumstances. The effect on his vocabulary of his campaign to reform his country's church government and its divorce laws was galvanic. He discovered that he enjoyed verbal conflict and he developed a new set of verbal resources. He never got over the experience of writing the divorce tracts. It was still on his mind when he revised his Latin treatise on theology, De Doctrina Christiana. When he was called upon to justify the Long Parliament's execution of Charles I, it forced him to come to terms with the political keywords of his generation. Milton's poetry and prose have been segregated for so long that we have not tended to track his favourite political words into the great poems, where they change their valence.Less
After a short account of Milton's life as a writer, this book guides us through Milton's poetry and polemical prose. What do Milton's words look like when we acknowledge their personal and political history; when we track them from text to text; when we consider both the big learned words and the very small ones; when we consider the frequency and uniqueness of words; when we tackle these issues in the Latin texts; when we consider the possibility that certain words gain or lose value for Milton through his life, or become keywords to a particular text; when we reconsider the question of Milton's coinages? This book explains the shape of Milton's writing career and the life-long tension between his literary ambitions and the pressures of political circumstances. The effect on his vocabulary of his campaign to reform his country's church government and its divorce laws was galvanic. He discovered that he enjoyed verbal conflict and he developed a new set of verbal resources. He never got over the experience of writing the divorce tracts. It was still on his mind when he revised his Latin treatise on theology, De Doctrina Christiana. When he was called upon to justify the Long Parliament's execution of Charles I, it forced him to come to terms with the political keywords of his generation. Milton's poetry and prose have been segregated for so long that we have not tended to track his favourite political words into the great poems, where they change their valence.
Deborah R. Becker and Robert E. Drake
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195131215
- eISBN:
- 9780199863808
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195131215.003.0013
- Subject:
- Social Work, Health and Mental Health
People who develop severe mental illness later in life may have advanced education and successful careers. The goal of returning to work for a highly trained individual has different challenges than ...
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People who develop severe mental illness later in life may have advanced education and successful careers. The goal of returning to work for a highly trained individual has different challenges than for people who are starting entry-level jobs. This chapter includes an illustration of an individual who developed severe mental illness after working successfully as a professor and wanted to return to his career. The employment specialist and the rest of the team provide hope and encouragement for people to achieve their goals. The team makes recommendations about specific steps toward reaching the goal. While respect and dignity should be part of every encounter a client has with the employment specialist and other practitioners, the team needs to recognize and respond to the sense of loss in societal and economic status that many people who have had careers and advanced training experience.Less
People who develop severe mental illness later in life may have advanced education and successful careers. The goal of returning to work for a highly trained individual has different challenges than for people who are starting entry-level jobs. This chapter includes an illustration of an individual who developed severe mental illness after working successfully as a professor and wanted to return to his career. The employment specialist and the rest of the team provide hope and encouragement for people to achieve their goals. The team makes recommendations about specific steps toward reaching the goal. While respect and dignity should be part of every encounter a client has with the employment specialist and other practitioners, the team needs to recognize and respond to the sense of loss in societal and economic status that many people who have had careers and advanced training experience.
George Hoffmann
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198159629
- eISBN:
- 9780191673658
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198159629.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, European Literature
In Montaigne's age hardly anyone made a living through writing. This book examines the practical world in which he and his peers wrote in order to suggest that works like the Essays, for all the ...
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In Montaigne's age hardly anyone made a living through writing. This book examines the practical world in which he and his peers wrote in order to suggest that works like the Essays, for all the status they enjoy today as classics, neither originated in detached pursuits nor flourished as self-contained activities. From where did his wealth come? How did he spend his days at home on the family estate? How did he publish his book? This book follows Montaigne from his wine presses to the printing press, and reveals that he may have expended much more time and effort managing his family's property than has been thought; that publishing demanded he perform professional tasks such as financing, proofreading, and revising for his publisher; and, finally, that rather than an alternative to a political career, writing may have played an integral role in his political ambitions.Less
In Montaigne's age hardly anyone made a living through writing. This book examines the practical world in which he and his peers wrote in order to suggest that works like the Essays, for all the status they enjoy today as classics, neither originated in detached pursuits nor flourished as self-contained activities. From where did his wealth come? How did he spend his days at home on the family estate? How did he publish his book? This book follows Montaigne from his wine presses to the printing press, and reveals that he may have expended much more time and effort managing his family's property than has been thought; that publishing demanded he perform professional tasks such as financing, proofreading, and revising for his publisher; and, finally, that rather than an alternative to a political career, writing may have played an integral role in his political ambitions.
Huw Beynon, Damian Grimshaw, Jill Rubery, and Kevin Ward
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199248698
- eISBN:
- 9780191697760
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199248698.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, HRM / IR, Organization Studies
This book looks at how large organizations have managed and adapted to changing conditions of employment shaped by the recent economic and political environment. Additional data are presented based ...
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This book looks at how large organizations have managed and adapted to changing conditions of employment shaped by the recent economic and political environment. Additional data are presented based on evidence from other significant actors such as agency employment firms and trade unions. The book also engages with important North American debates on the changing nature of work, careers, and employment.Less
This book looks at how large organizations have managed and adapted to changing conditions of employment shaped by the recent economic and political environment. Additional data are presented based on evidence from other significant actors such as agency employment firms and trade unions. The book also engages with important North American debates on the changing nature of work, careers, and employment.
Michael Millgate
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198183662
- eISBN:
- 9780191674099
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198183662.003.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature
Many writers of the last two centuries looked at Sir Walter Scott as a supreme model of career closure and of noble dying. In his last years, aware of the immensity of his reputation, he collaborated ...
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Many writers of the last two centuries looked at Sir Walter Scott as a supreme model of career closure and of noble dying. In his last years, aware of the immensity of his reputation, he collaborated in the production of his final comprehensive edition of novels, his magnum-opus. This book examines the different ways and strategies in which writers and authors in their old age exert some degree of posthumous control over their personal and literary reputations. In this book, their strategies in keeping their personal and creative privacy and in maintaining the interpretation and textual integrity of their published works are discussed. The four authors examined are Robert Browning, Alfred Tennyson, Henry James and Thomas Hardy, all of whom maintained and etched a pattern of conscious career conclusion by deliberately and passionately ensuring the maintenance of their personal and creative privacy up to and beyond the moment of their death and directed the future conceptions of their work by either preserving personal papers, revising earlier works and providing new prefaces and annotations, publishing so-called ‘collected’ editions, and destroying unwanted works.Less
Many writers of the last two centuries looked at Sir Walter Scott as a supreme model of career closure and of noble dying. In his last years, aware of the immensity of his reputation, he collaborated in the production of his final comprehensive edition of novels, his magnum-opus. This book examines the different ways and strategies in which writers and authors in their old age exert some degree of posthumous control over their personal and literary reputations. In this book, their strategies in keeping their personal and creative privacy and in maintaining the interpretation and textual integrity of their published works are discussed. The four authors examined are Robert Browning, Alfred Tennyson, Henry James and Thomas Hardy, all of whom maintained and etched a pattern of conscious career conclusion by deliberately and passionately ensuring the maintenance of their personal and creative privacy up to and beyond the moment of their death and directed the future conceptions of their work by either preserving personal papers, revising earlier works and providing new prefaces and annotations, publishing so-called ‘collected’ editions, and destroying unwanted works.
Richard Whitley
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199205172
- eISBN:
- 9780191709555
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199205172.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy
Twenty-first century capitalism has been marked by an increasing international economic independence, and considerable differences between dominant economic systems of coordination and control. In ...
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Twenty-first century capitalism has been marked by an increasing international economic independence, and considerable differences between dominant economic systems of coordination and control. In this context, national competition and coordination within industries has increased, but the governance of leading firms and the kinds of competences they develop remains quite diverse. This book suggests how we can understand this combination of diversity and integration by developing the comparative business systems framework in three major ways. First, by identifying the particular circumstances in which distinctive business systems and innovation systems become nationally established and reproduced, as well as how changing endogenous and exogenous pressures have affected the major kinds of business systems that developed in many OECD states during the post-war period. Second, by showing how variations in authority sharing with employees and business partners and in the provision of organizational careers lead institutional regimes to affect the nature of organizational capabilities that dominant firms develop and enable them to deal with different kinds of risks and opportunities in particular technologies and markets. Third, by identifying the circumstances in which multinational firms are likely to develop distinctive transnational organizational capabilities through such authority sharing and careers, and so become different kinds of companies from their more domestically focused competitors. In many if not most cases of cross-national managerial coordination, these conditions rarely exist, and so the extent to which multinational firms do indeed constitute distinct organizational forms and strategic actors is much less than is sometimes claimed.Less
Twenty-first century capitalism has been marked by an increasing international economic independence, and considerable differences between dominant economic systems of coordination and control. In this context, national competition and coordination within industries has increased, but the governance of leading firms and the kinds of competences they develop remains quite diverse. This book suggests how we can understand this combination of diversity and integration by developing the comparative business systems framework in three major ways. First, by identifying the particular circumstances in which distinctive business systems and innovation systems become nationally established and reproduced, as well as how changing endogenous and exogenous pressures have affected the major kinds of business systems that developed in many OECD states during the post-war period. Second, by showing how variations in authority sharing with employees and business partners and in the provision of organizational careers lead institutional regimes to affect the nature of organizational capabilities that dominant firms develop and enable them to deal with different kinds of risks and opportunities in particular technologies and markets. Third, by identifying the circumstances in which multinational firms are likely to develop distinctive transnational organizational capabilities through such authority sharing and careers, and so become different kinds of companies from their more domestically focused competitors. In many if not most cases of cross-national managerial coordination, these conditions rarely exist, and so the extent to which multinational firms do indeed constitute distinct organizational forms and strategic actors is much less than is sometimes claimed.
Tony Elger and Chris Smith
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199241514
- eISBN:
- 9780191714405
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199241514.003.0010
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business
This chapter analyses the organization and activities of management within these Japanese subsidiaries, and how local managers responded to Japanese innovations in work organization and employment ...
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This chapter analyses the organization and activities of management within these Japanese subsidiaries, and how local managers responded to Japanese innovations in work organization and employment relations. It examines the role of societal differences in the professional formation and orientations of British and Japanese managers, but also addresses variations in the way they were influenced by their specific organizational and occupational careers, and conformed to or challenged received management recipes. This highlights complex processes of alliance and antagonism, not only between British and expatriate Japanese managers, but within each grouping and between different management specialisms. For example, some British managers embraced Japanese management approaches, some distanced themselves using the language of management commonsense, but most emphasized their distinctive competence in managing British labour. The chapter maps and seeks to explain the rather different ways in which such perspectives and patterns of management micropolitics developed in the different firms.Less
This chapter analyses the organization and activities of management within these Japanese subsidiaries, and how local managers responded to Japanese innovations in work organization and employment relations. It examines the role of societal differences in the professional formation and orientations of British and Japanese managers, but also addresses variations in the way they were influenced by their specific organizational and occupational careers, and conformed to or challenged received management recipes. This highlights complex processes of alliance and antagonism, not only between British and expatriate Japanese managers, but within each grouping and between different management specialisms. For example, some British managers embraced Japanese management approaches, some distanced themselves using the language of management commonsense, but most emphasized their distinctive competence in managing British labour. The chapter maps and seeks to explain the rather different ways in which such perspectives and patterns of management micropolitics developed in the different firms.
W. M. Jacob
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199213009
- eISBN:
- 9780191707179
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213009.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
This book focuses upon the clergy of the established Church in England and Wales as a professional group, and investigates their role in their parishes and society during the ‘long 18th century’ ...
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This book focuses upon the clergy of the established Church in England and Wales as a professional group, and investigates their role in their parishes and society during the ‘long 18th century’ between 1680 and 1840. It concentrates on the ‘lower clergy’, that is parish clergy, and their role within the broader social context of later Stuart and Georgian society. It considers the nature of professions during the period, and examines the social backgrounds; recruitment and selection; education, at school and university or otherwise; career development; and finances of the clergy. It also investigates what they actually did in their parishes in terms of conducting worship, exercising pastoral care, and providing education in the Christian faith, and their relations with the people amongst whom they lived and worked. It takes account of changing expectations during the period, especially the pressure for, and steps towards, ‘reform’ from the 1780s onwards, and, where possible, offers comparisons with people in other professions, especially doctors, lawyers, and ministers of dissenting churches. It also considers the evidence of the accountability and acceptability of the clergy to their congregations, and the extent of anticlericalism, and the means by which they were supervised by bishops and their officers. The clergy emerge as the most carefully recruited and educated of the ‘learned professions’ with a strong supervisory role exercised by bishops, in relation to a generally responsive but not uncritical or subservient laity. The book effectively challenges the received view that the majority of the clergy were inappropriately educated, poverty-stricken, and inattentive to their canonical duties.Less
This book focuses upon the clergy of the established Church in England and Wales as a professional group, and investigates their role in their parishes and society during the ‘long 18th century’ between 1680 and 1840. It concentrates on the ‘lower clergy’, that is parish clergy, and their role within the broader social context of later Stuart and Georgian society. It considers the nature of professions during the period, and examines the social backgrounds; recruitment and selection; education, at school and university or otherwise; career development; and finances of the clergy. It also investigates what they actually did in their parishes in terms of conducting worship, exercising pastoral care, and providing education in the Christian faith, and their relations with the people amongst whom they lived and worked. It takes account of changing expectations during the period, especially the pressure for, and steps towards, ‘reform’ from the 1780s onwards, and, where possible, offers comparisons with people in other professions, especially doctors, lawyers, and ministers of dissenting churches. It also considers the evidence of the accountability and acceptability of the clergy to their congregations, and the extent of anticlericalism, and the means by which they were supervised by bishops and their officers. The clergy emerge as the most carefully recruited and educated of the ‘learned professions’ with a strong supervisory role exercised by bishops, in relation to a generally responsive but not uncritical or subservient laity. The book effectively challenges the received view that the majority of the clergy were inappropriately educated, poverty-stricken, and inattentive to their canonical duties.
Amy Nelson Burnett
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195305760
- eISBN:
- 9780199784912
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195305760.003.0009
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
Over the second half of the 16th century, Basel gradually developed ecclesiastical institutions and traditions for the appointment and supervision of its clergy. Pastors of the third and fourth ...
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Over the second half of the 16th century, Basel gradually developed ecclesiastical institutions and traditions for the appointment and supervision of its clergy. Pastors of the third and fourth generations were more homogeneous than previous generations, which made the task of oversight easier. A clearly identifiable career path developed for both rural and urban clergy. An ecclesiastical hierarchy of sorts developed, subordinating the rural to the urban church, and the city’s senior pastors, working with representatives of the Senate, assumed de facto responsibility for the running of the church.Less
Over the second half of the 16th century, Basel gradually developed ecclesiastical institutions and traditions for the appointment and supervision of its clergy. Pastors of the third and fourth generations were more homogeneous than previous generations, which made the task of oversight easier. A clearly identifiable career path developed for both rural and urban clergy. An ecclesiastical hierarchy of sorts developed, subordinating the rural to the urban church, and the city’s senior pastors, working with representatives of the Senate, assumed de facto responsibility for the running of the church.
Cornelia B. Horn
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199277537
- eISBN:
- 9780191604171
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199277532.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Early Christian Studies
This chapter discusses the major stages in Peter the Iberian’s life and career, highlighting the impact of different geographical, cultural, and political influences, namely those of Georgia, ...
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This chapter discusses the major stages in Peter the Iberian’s life and career, highlighting the impact of different geographical, cultural, and political influences, namely those of Georgia, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Palestine, Alexandria, and Egypt, and the contributions of individuals from different social roles, such as imperial nobility, patriarchs, monks, pilgrims, and women. Central to this examination is Peter’s multifaceted role of prince, monk, and bishop. He played a central role in the history of the anti-Chalcedonian community in Palestine, both as a figure who decisively influenced events as well as a model and hero that inspired people to adhere to an ideal even after his death.Less
This chapter discusses the major stages in Peter the Iberian’s life and career, highlighting the impact of different geographical, cultural, and political influences, namely those of Georgia, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Palestine, Alexandria, and Egypt, and the contributions of individuals from different social roles, such as imperial nobility, patriarchs, monks, pilgrims, and women. Central to this examination is Peter’s multifaceted role of prince, monk, and bishop. He played a central role in the history of the anti-Chalcedonian community in Palestine, both as a figure who decisively influenced events as well as a model and hero that inspired people to adhere to an ideal even after his death.
Richard Whitley
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199205172
- eISBN:
- 9780191709555
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199205172.003.0006
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy
This chapter explores the connection between institutional frameworks and variations in authority sharing and organizational careers, such that firms in contrasting institutional contexts are ...
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This chapter explores the connection between institutional frameworks and variations in authority sharing and organizational careers, such that firms in contrasting institutional contexts are encouraged to develop different kinds of capabilities. These capabilities affect firms' competitive effectiveness in different sub-sectors, especially their ability to develop cumulative or radical innovations, such that economies with contrasting institutional arrangements develop relative strengths and weaknesses in different kinds of industries. In particular, employers' establishment of distinctive types of organizational careers in variously coordinated market economies influence employees' willingness to commit themselves to the continuous improvement of firms' knowledge and collective problem solving capacities, and hence enhance companies' learning capabilities.Less
This chapter explores the connection between institutional frameworks and variations in authority sharing and organizational careers, such that firms in contrasting institutional contexts are encouraged to develop different kinds of capabilities. These capabilities affect firms' competitive effectiveness in different sub-sectors, especially their ability to develop cumulative or radical innovations, such that economies with contrasting institutional arrangements develop relative strengths and weaknesses in different kinds of industries. In particular, employers' establishment of distinctive types of organizational careers in variously coordinated market economies influence employees' willingness to commit themselves to the continuous improvement of firms' knowledge and collective problem solving capacities, and hence enhance companies' learning capabilities.
Richard Whitley
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199205172
- eISBN:
- 9780191709555
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199205172.003.0011
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy
This chapter discusses how the framework exploring the connections between dominant institutions and the development of distinctive organizational capabilities outlined in earlier chapters could be ...
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This chapter discusses how the framework exploring the connections between dominant institutions and the development of distinctive organizational capabilities outlined in earlier chapters could be extended to multinational companies (MNCs) by analysing how international companies from different kinds of market economy are likely to develop varied patterns of employer-employee commitment across national institutional regimes, and so generate different cross-border capabilities. The chapter first considers how MNCs from four ideal types of institutional regimes are likely to share authority with, and provide organizational careers for foreign managerial and skilled employees in the relatively weakly institutionalized international business environment. It then suggests how different kinds of MNCs that combine different degrees of transnational authority sharing and organizational careers develop different types of transnational organizational capabilities.Less
This chapter discusses how the framework exploring the connections between dominant institutions and the development of distinctive organizational capabilities outlined in earlier chapters could be extended to multinational companies (MNCs) by analysing how international companies from different kinds of market economy are likely to develop varied patterns of employer-employee commitment across national institutional regimes, and so generate different cross-border capabilities. The chapter first considers how MNCs from four ideal types of institutional regimes are likely to share authority with, and provide organizational careers for foreign managerial and skilled employees in the relatively weakly institutionalized international business environment. It then suggests how different kinds of MNCs that combine different degrees of transnational authority sharing and organizational careers develop different types of transnational organizational capabilities.
Richard Whitley, Glenn Morgan, William Kelly, and Diana Sharpe
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199205172
- eISBN:
- 9780191709555
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199205172.003.0012
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy
This chapter examines how international managerial careers and attitudes are changing in Japanese companies in two different industries: car manufacturing and banking. This assessment is based on a ...
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This chapter examines how international managerial careers and attitudes are changing in Japanese companies in two different industries: car manufacturing and banking. This assessment is based on a series of interviews with Japanese and British managers working in Japanese firms in the UK, and with head office managers of these multinational companies (MNCs). It seems that Japanese car firms were primarily using expatriate managers to apply their domestically developed recipes to foreign subsidiaries, and then to transmit new information about plant operations to Japan to improve them. They were not, however, encouraging them to develop novel kinds of capabilities in diverse environments that could lead to the adaptation of the basic business recipe. In the case of Japanese banking, the central position of the City and Long-term Credit banks in the domestic business system, together with their largely domestic client-driven internationalization in the 1970s and 1980s, limited their adaptation to, and learning from, foreign operations. The changed conditions of the 1990s have mostly resulted in a retreat to traditional customers and sources of competitive advantage, i.e., their knowledge of, and centrality to, the domestic business system, and so foreign subsidiaries are greatly subordinated to domestic decisions and routines.Less
This chapter examines how international managerial careers and attitudes are changing in Japanese companies in two different industries: car manufacturing and banking. This assessment is based on a series of interviews with Japanese and British managers working in Japanese firms in the UK, and with head office managers of these multinational companies (MNCs). It seems that Japanese car firms were primarily using expatriate managers to apply their domestically developed recipes to foreign subsidiaries, and then to transmit new information about plant operations to Japan to improve them. They were not, however, encouraging them to develop novel kinds of capabilities in diverse environments that could lead to the adaptation of the basic business recipe. In the case of Japanese banking, the central position of the City and Long-term Credit banks in the domestic business system, together with their largely domestic client-driven internationalization in the 1970s and 1980s, limited their adaptation to, and learning from, foreign operations. The changed conditions of the 1990s have mostly resulted in a retreat to traditional customers and sources of competitive advantage, i.e., their knowledge of, and centrality to, the domestic business system, and so foreign subsidiaries are greatly subordinated to domestic decisions and routines.
Ted Gest
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195103434
- eISBN:
- 9780199833887
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195103432.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
Over the years, Congress has consistently increased the jurisdiction of federal courts over crime, from 17 specified offenses when the nation was founded to several thousand now. More than 40% of ...
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Over the years, Congress has consistently increased the jurisdiction of federal courts over crime, from 17 specified offenses when the nation was founded to several thousand now. More than 40% of federal criminal provisions enacted since the Civil War have appeared since 1970. The most dramatic growth was in drug cases, which composed 5% of the federal caseload in 1947 but amounted to 36 percent just 50 years later. An Armed Career Criminal Act in 1984 allowed federal prosecutors to charge suspects who had three local felony convictions. Later laws made carjacking a federal crime and gave the FBI authority over “deadbeat dads” who cross state lines and terrorism involving abortion clinics. A few measures were struck down by the Supreme Court, including one involving use of firearms at schools and another allowing federal civil cases by sexual‐assault victims. In the executive branch, the administration of President George H. W. Bush created a program called ‘Operation Triggerlock’ to pursue firearms cases, and both Bush and successor Bill Clinton directed the FBI to put more emphasis on investigating local violent crime. By 2001, the federal government had taken a prominent role in many categories of crime prosecution that once were the province of states and localities.Less
Over the years, Congress has consistently increased the jurisdiction of federal courts over crime, from 17 specified offenses when the nation was founded to several thousand now. More than 40% of federal criminal provisions enacted since the Civil War have appeared since 1970. The most dramatic growth was in drug cases, which composed 5% of the federal caseload in 1947 but amounted to 36 percent just 50 years later. An Armed Career Criminal Act in 1984 allowed federal prosecutors to charge suspects who had three local felony convictions. Later laws made carjacking a federal crime and gave the FBI authority over “deadbeat dads” who cross state lines and terrorism involving abortion clinics. A few measures were struck down by the Supreme Court, including one involving use of firearms at schools and another allowing federal civil cases by sexual‐assault victims. In the executive branch, the administration of President George H. W. Bush created a program called ‘Operation Triggerlock’ to pursue firearms cases, and both Bush and successor Bill Clinton directed the FBI to put more emphasis on investigating local violent crime. By 2001, the federal government had taken a prominent role in many categories of crime prosecution that once were the province of states and localities.
Jens Borchert and Jürgen Zeiss (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199260362
- eISBN:
- 9780191601873
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199260362.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Professional politicians have increasingly come under public attack in most democratic countries, yet they have received surprisingly little systematic attention in political science. This is the ...
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Professional politicians have increasingly come under public attack in most democratic countries, yet they have received surprisingly little systematic attention in political science. This is the first comprehensive overview of professional politicians in democratic countries.\par This book demonstrates that there are both striking similarities between professional politicians in different countries and notable national peculiarities. The introduction develops a common conceptual framework, which is put into use in the following chapters. Using Gaetano Mosca's term and Max Weber's seminal insights, it reconstructs the concept of political class to demonstrate the degree of common ground between politicians of different parties and institutions. The twenty country chapters written by scholars from sixteen countries provide information on professional politicians in their respective countries, as well as discussing the merits of the theoretical approach employed. Each chapter looks at the historical process of professionalization, the institutional context of professional politics, the size of the political class in each country, typical career paths, the remuneration of politicians, and recent reform debates.Less
Professional politicians have increasingly come under public attack in most democratic countries, yet they have received surprisingly little systematic attention in political science. This is the first comprehensive overview of professional politicians in democratic countries.\par This book demonstrates that there are both striking similarities between professional politicians in different countries and notable national peculiarities. The introduction develops a common conceptual framework, which is put into use in the following chapters. Using Gaetano Mosca's term and Max Weber's seminal insights, it reconstructs the concept of political class to demonstrate the degree of common ground between politicians of different parties and institutions. The twenty country chapters written by scholars from sixteen countries provide information on professional politicians in their respective countries, as well as discussing the merits of the theoretical approach employed. Each chapter looks at the historical process of professionalization, the institutional context of professional politics, the size of the political class in each country, typical career paths, the remuneration of politicians, and recent reform debates.
Fiona Barker, Jonathan Boston, Stephen Levine, Elizabeth McLeay, and Nigel S. Roberts
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199257683
- eISBN:
- 9780191600241
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019925768X.003.0015
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
The purpose is to provide an initial assessment of the impact of the introduction of the mixed‐member proportional (MMP) electoral system on the New Zealand political system, especially with regard ...
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The purpose is to provide an initial assessment of the impact of the introduction of the mixed‐member proportional (MMP) electoral system on the New Zealand political system, especially with regard to the normative criteria established by the New Zealand Royal Commission on the Electoral System. However, since the normative nature of these criteria may limit the breadth of any analysis (they are not necessarily comprehensive and unambiguous, nor do they provide a watertight framework for evaluation), this particular discussion of the impact of MMP on the New Zealand political system is left until the last section. The bulk of the chapter instead employs the findings of political scientists on the relationships between electoral systems, political behavior, and political institutions. These are presented in 10 sections: Anticipating the New Electoral System; The Election and Government Formation; The Political Parties and the Party System; Political Recruitment and Careers; Voting Behavior; Parliament; Government Transition and Durability; Government and the Policy Process; The Future of the New Electoral System; and Winners and Losers. The authors make the point that (as in Germany) personalized geographic representation has continued even as the overall system has been made more proportional.Less
The purpose is to provide an initial assessment of the impact of the introduction of the mixed‐member proportional (MMP) electoral system on the New Zealand political system, especially with regard to the normative criteria established by the New Zealand Royal Commission on the Electoral System. However, since the normative nature of these criteria may limit the breadth of any analysis (they are not necessarily comprehensive and unambiguous, nor do they provide a watertight framework for evaluation), this particular discussion of the impact of MMP on the New Zealand political system is left until the last section. The bulk of the chapter instead employs the findings of political scientists on the relationships between electoral systems, political behavior, and political institutions. These are presented in 10 sections: Anticipating the New Electoral System; The Election and Government Formation; The Political Parties and the Party System; Political Recruitment and Careers; Voting Behavior; Parliament; Government Transition and Durability; Government and the Policy Process; The Future of the New Electoral System; and Winners and Losers. The authors make the point that (as in Germany) personalized geographic representation has continued even as the overall system has been made more proportional.
Barbara Liegl and Wolfgang C. Müller
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198294467
- eISBN:
- 9780191600067
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198294468.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
First provides an overview of the formal structure of the civil service in post‐war Austria and the position of senior officials within it. Includes a discussion of recent changes aimed at making the ...
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First provides an overview of the formal structure of the civil service in post‐war Austria and the position of senior officials within it. Includes a discussion of recent changes aimed at making the civil service more flexible and effective and their impact on the top layer of the permanent bureaucracy. The following two main sections look at the incumbents in these positions, and provide information on the demographic and educational background and career patterns (duration in office and inter‐ministerial mobility) of the top civil servants and members of the cabinets ministériels who served in the 1970–1995 period. The next section turns to the political role of senior officials, and the penultimate section discusses the impact of party politics on the civil service. The concluding section summarizes the main points of the chapter.Less
First provides an overview of the formal structure of the civil service in post‐war Austria and the position of senior officials within it. Includes a discussion of recent changes aimed at making the civil service more flexible and effective and their impact on the top layer of the permanent bureaucracy. The following two main sections look at the incumbents in these positions, and provide information on the demographic and educational background and career patterns (duration in office and inter‐ministerial mobility) of the top civil servants and members of the cabinets ministériels who served in the 1970–1995 period. The next section turns to the political role of senior officials, and the penultimate section discusses the impact of party politics on the civil service. The concluding section summarizes the main points of the chapter.
Marleen Brans and Annie Hondeghem
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198294467
- eISBN:
- 9780191600067
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198294468.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
The Belgian senior civil service is in transition, with external pressures clearly pushing the government firmly towards a reform agenda and improving public confidence in the administrative system, ...
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The Belgian senior civil service is in transition, with external pressures clearly pushing the government firmly towards a reform agenda and improving public confidence in the administrative system, in terms of democracy and accountability and of economy and efficiency. In addition, budgetary pressures have combined with political will to ensure that the operation of the administration complies with the new managerialist paradigm. This chapter gives an overview of the position of senior civil servants in the Belgian federal ministries (the federal civil service). It consists of three main sections: the first describes the coexistence of two opposing civil service models, a formal bureaucratic one and an informal politicized one, and assesses the implications of the clash between these models for the position (job definition, classification, and security; the career ladder; salaries; political appointments; and ministerial cabinets) and role conceptions of top civil servants; the second addresses the issue of representativeness of the senior civil service in terms of education, language, and gender; the third deals with the two major challenges to the Belgian senior civil service (external pressure and internal constraints) and the resulting structural reform agenda.Less
The Belgian senior civil service is in transition, with external pressures clearly pushing the government firmly towards a reform agenda and improving public confidence in the administrative system, in terms of democracy and accountability and of economy and efficiency. In addition, budgetary pressures have combined with political will to ensure that the operation of the administration complies with the new managerialist paradigm. This chapter gives an overview of the position of senior civil servants in the Belgian federal ministries (the federal civil service). It consists of three main sections: the first describes the coexistence of two opposing civil service models, a formal bureaucratic one and an informal politicized one, and assesses the implications of the clash between these models for the position (job definition, classification, and security; the career ladder; salaries; political appointments; and ministerial cabinets) and role conceptions of top civil servants; the second addresses the issue of representativeness of the senior civil service in terms of education, language, and gender; the third deals with the two major challenges to the Belgian senior civil service (external pressure and internal constraints) and the resulting structural reform agenda.
