Diana Kuh and Rebecca Hardy (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780192632890
- eISBN:
- 9780191723629
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192632890.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
How far is the health of middle-aged and older women shaped by biological, social, and psychological processes that begin in pre-natal development, childhood, adolescence, or early adult life? Do ...
More
How far is the health of middle-aged and older women shaped by biological, social, and psychological processes that begin in pre-natal development, childhood, adolescence, or early adult life? Do health risks gradually accumulate over the life course or do experiences as a child and young adult have interactive effects on health in midlife and beyond? Are women now reaching middle age in better health than those from previous generations? This book reviews the latest scientific evidence on biological and social factors at each stage of life that have long-term effects on reproductive outcomes, breast cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, musculoskeletal ageing, depression, body weight, and body dissatisfaction. There is growing evidence that the sources of risk to physical and mental health occur across the course of life, not just in adult life, and in some instances reach right back to pre-natal development, or the previous generation. Contributors in this book draw on their varied expertise in epidemiology, endocrinology, physiology, developmental psychology, sociology, and anthropology to identify the pathways that link early life experiences, reproductive events, adult lifestyle and lifetime socio-economic circumstances to later health. This book looks for connections between development and ageing, and between the childhood and adult social environment.Less
How far is the health of middle-aged and older women shaped by biological, social, and psychological processes that begin in pre-natal development, childhood, adolescence, or early adult life? Do health risks gradually accumulate over the life course or do experiences as a child and young adult have interactive effects on health in midlife and beyond? Are women now reaching middle age in better health than those from previous generations? This book reviews the latest scientific evidence on biological and social factors at each stage of life that have long-term effects on reproductive outcomes, breast cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, musculoskeletal ageing, depression, body weight, and body dissatisfaction. There is growing evidence that the sources of risk to physical and mental health occur across the course of life, not just in adult life, and in some instances reach right back to pre-natal development, or the previous generation. Contributors in this book draw on their varied expertise in epidemiology, endocrinology, physiology, developmental psychology, sociology, and anthropology to identify the pathways that link early life experiences, reproductive events, adult lifestyle and lifetime socio-economic circumstances to later health. This book looks for connections between development and ageing, and between the childhood and adult social environment.
Diana Kuh and Yoav Ben-Shlomo
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198578154
- eISBN:
- 9780191724039
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198578154.003.0003
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
A growing body of research has highlighted the potential role of pre-adult influences that may operate through different life course models. Until recently, much of this evidence has been relatively ...
More
A growing body of research has highlighted the potential role of pre-adult influences that may operate through different life course models. Until recently, much of this evidence has been relatively weak and indirect, using either ecological or proxy measures, such as adult height. However, prospective and cohort studies have provided more rigorous evidence to test associations between circumstances and outcomes several decades apart. This chapter reviews this evidence in terms of its association with coronary heart disease and stroke.Less
A growing body of research has highlighted the potential role of pre-adult influences that may operate through different life course models. Until recently, much of this evidence has been relatively weak and indirect, using either ecological or proxy measures, such as adult height. However, prospective and cohort studies have provided more rigorous evidence to test associations between circumstances and outcomes several decades apart. This chapter reviews this evidence in terms of its association with coronary heart disease and stroke.
Debbie A. Lawlor, Shah Ebrahim, and George Davey Smith
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780192632890
- eISBN:
- 9780191723629
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192632890.003.0005
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter shows that the main classical cardiovascular risk factors have the same effects in women as they do in men and preventive treatments that lower risk factors—antihypertensive drugs, ...
More
This chapter shows that the main classical cardiovascular risk factors have the same effects in women as they do in men and preventive treatments that lower risk factors—antihypertensive drugs, aspirin, and cholesterol lowering drugs—work equally well in both sexes. Diabetes and the insulin resistance syndrome may confer greater risk to women than men. Women may be protected from coronary heart disease by a number of interacting factors including a more favourable fat distribution, a less adverse response to dietary saturated fats, and endogenous oestrogens. Low birthweight, poor infant nutrition, and accelerated postnatal growth are all associated with CHD and stroke risk in both women and men.Less
This chapter shows that the main classical cardiovascular risk factors have the same effects in women as they do in men and preventive treatments that lower risk factors—antihypertensive drugs, aspirin, and cholesterol lowering drugs—work equally well in both sexes. Diabetes and the insulin resistance syndrome may confer greater risk to women than men. Women may be protected from coronary heart disease by a number of interacting factors including a more favourable fat distribution, a less adverse response to dietary saturated fats, and endogenous oestrogens. Low birthweight, poor infant nutrition, and accelerated postnatal growth are all associated with CHD and stroke risk in both women and men.
Konrad Jamrozik
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199566655
- eISBN:
- 9780191594410
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199566655.003.0031
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter reviews studies on the link between smoking and cardiovascular disease. The smoking of tobacco is a major independent risk factor for life-threatening diseases in all four principal ...
More
This chapter reviews studies on the link between smoking and cardiovascular disease. The smoking of tobacco is a major independent risk factor for life-threatening diseases in all four principal arterial territories. The totality of the evidence indicates that this relationship goes beyond statistical association to one of cause-and-effect. Most importantly, compared with other factors such as hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, and lack of physical activity, cessation of smoking requires a once-only change on the part of the individual, and a change to non-smoking is followed by a rapid and complete disappearance of the excess risk of ischaemic heart disease and stroke, the two most common fatal manifestations of arterial disease.Less
This chapter reviews studies on the link between smoking and cardiovascular disease. The smoking of tobacco is a major independent risk factor for life-threatening diseases in all four principal arterial territories. The totality of the evidence indicates that this relationship goes beyond statistical association to one of cause-and-effect. Most importantly, compared with other factors such as hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, and lack of physical activity, cessation of smoking requires a once-only change on the part of the individual, and a change to non-smoking is followed by a rapid and complete disappearance of the excess risk of ischaemic heart disease and stroke, the two most common fatal manifestations of arterial disease.
John T. Cacioppo
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195324273
- eISBN:
- 9780199893966
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195324273.003.0003
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter presents an overview of the three chapters (Chapters 2-4) in Part I of the book. The chapters illustrate the important contributions of multilevel integrative analyses to the ...
More
This chapter presents an overview of the three chapters (Chapters 2-4) in Part I of the book. The chapters illustrate the important contributions of multilevel integrative analyses to the understanding of these basic mechanisms and to the delineation of the etiology of cardiovascular disease. Each represents a program of research that exemplifies scientific synergism, extending beyond the technical or scientific capacity of a single investigator. Each also uses new and emerging methods and technologies that require multidisciplinary collaborations (e.g., biomedical engineers, cardiologists, biopsychologists, health psychologists).Less
This chapter presents an overview of the three chapters (Chapters 2-4) in Part I of the book. The chapters illustrate the important contributions of multilevel integrative analyses to the understanding of these basic mechanisms and to the delineation of the etiology of cardiovascular disease. Each represents a program of research that exemplifies scientific synergism, extending beyond the technical or scientific capacity of a single investigator. Each also uses new and emerging methods and technologies that require multidisciplinary collaborations (e.g., biomedical engineers, cardiologists, biopsychologists, health psychologists).
Jay R. Kaplan and Stephen B. Manuck
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195324273
- eISBN:
- 9780199893966
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195324273.003.0006
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter describes the history of the scientific collaboration between the authors, Jay Kaplan and Steve Manuck, which represents the pairing of two disciplines — physical anthropology ...
More
This chapter describes the history of the scientific collaboration between the authors, Jay Kaplan and Steve Manuck, which represents the pairing of two disciplines — physical anthropology (primatology) (Kaplan) and psychology (Manuck). In a series of studies in cynomolgus monkeys, the researchers demonstrate that stressful circumstances and an individual's social position (status) within a group influence coronary artery atherosclerosis, the pathologic process that produces vulnerability to heart disease.Less
This chapter describes the history of the scientific collaboration between the authors, Jay Kaplan and Steve Manuck, which represents the pairing of two disciplines — physical anthropology (primatology) (Kaplan) and psychology (Manuck). In a series of studies in cynomolgus monkeys, the researchers demonstrate that stressful circumstances and an individual's social position (status) within a group influence coronary artery atherosclerosis, the pathologic process that produces vulnerability to heart disease.
Amy L. Ai and Lynn Carrigan
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195173727
- eISBN:
- 9780199893218
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195173727.003.0002
- Subject:
- Social Work, Health and Mental Health
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, 40 million Americans are age 65 or older in 2010. This population-aging trend will considerably increase the incidence of chronic diseases, especially age-related ...
More
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, 40 million Americans are age 65 or older in 2010. This population-aging trend will considerably increase the incidence of chronic diseases, especially age-related cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Social workers must enhance their knowledge of CVD in order to improve their practice with the elderly. This chapter describes the immense impact of age-related CVD on society, older persons, and the disadvantaged; its important mental health comorbidity, particularly depression; and related social work practice.Less
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, 40 million Americans are age 65 or older in 2010. This population-aging trend will considerably increase the incidence of chronic diseases, especially age-related cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Social workers must enhance their knowledge of CVD in order to improve their practice with the elderly. This chapter describes the immense impact of age-related CVD on society, older persons, and the disadvantaged; its important mental health comorbidity, particularly depression; and related social work practice.
Maria I. Medved
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195398090
- eISBN:
- 9780199776900
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195398090.003.0021
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology, Clinical Psychology
This chapter examines how women who are in support groups after myocardial heart infarction are silenced by approaches to treatment that are derived solely from men's experiences with heart disease. ...
More
This chapter examines how women who are in support groups after myocardial heart infarction are silenced by approaches to treatment that are derived solely from men's experiences with heart disease. It presents evidence of how treatment can address self-silencing in order to facilitate women's positive coping to help them return to health. It discusses the relevance of silencing the self theory in conceptualizing women's experience of cardiovascular disease, particularly in light of the lack of attention given to women's—as opposed to men's—experience of heart disease. Using illustrative case examples, the chapter demonstrates the contradictions between women's needs to focus on their own recovery and to simultaneously meet the needs of those around them. The chapter also describes possible psychosocial approaches for recovery and rehabilitation for women with cardiovascular disease.Less
This chapter examines how women who are in support groups after myocardial heart infarction are silenced by approaches to treatment that are derived solely from men's experiences with heart disease. It presents evidence of how treatment can address self-silencing in order to facilitate women's positive coping to help them return to health. It discusses the relevance of silencing the self theory in conceptualizing women's experience of cardiovascular disease, particularly in light of the lack of attention given to women's—as opposed to men's—experience of heart disease. Using illustrative case examples, the chapter demonstrates the contradictions between women's needs to focus on their own recovery and to simultaneously meet the needs of those around them. The chapter also describes possible psychosocial approaches for recovery and rehabilitation for women with cardiovascular disease.
Alain G. Bertoni and David C. Goff
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195317060
- eISBN:
- 9780199871544
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195317060.003.0009
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter discusses the association between diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Most persons with diabetes will suffer from CVD in their lifetimes, and thus the prevention of CVD in this ...
More
This chapter discusses the association between diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Most persons with diabetes will suffer from CVD in their lifetimes, and thus the prevention of CVD in this population is an important public health goal. One immediate challenge is increasing the proportion of adults with diabetes who meet the current standards of diabetes care, which include assessment and control of hyperglycemia, lipids, and blood pressure; smoking cessation; and platelet inhibition.Less
This chapter discusses the association between diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Most persons with diabetes will suffer from CVD in their lifetimes, and thus the prevention of CVD in this population is an important public health goal. One immediate challenge is increasing the proportion of adults with diabetes who meet the current standards of diabetes care, which include assessment and control of hyperglycemia, lipids, and blood pressure; smoking cessation; and platelet inhibition.
Kurt J. Greenlund, Wayne H. Giles, Nora L. Keenan, Ann Marie Malarcher, Zhi Jie Zheng, Michele L. Casper, and Janet B. Croft
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195150698
- eISBN:
- 9780199865185
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195150698.003.18
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Heart disease has been the leading cause of death in the United States since 1921, and stroke has been the third leading cause since 1938. Heart disease and stroke account for most cardiovascular ...
More
Heart disease has been the leading cause of death in the United States since 1921, and stroke has been the third leading cause since 1938. Heart disease and stroke account for most cardiovascular disease (CVD) deaths in the United States. Although heart disease and stroke remain leading causes of death, age-adjusted death rates from all CVD have declined by 55% since 1950. This decline reflects an increased understanding of the causes of CVD, identification of preventable risk factors, improvements in treatment of heart disease and stroke and their antecedents such as hypertension, and implementation of intervention and prevention programs. This chapter summarizes the trends in heart disease and stroke in the 20th century, advances in the understanding of risk factors for these diseases, and development of prevention and intervention programs to reduce the risks of developing and dying from heart disease and stroke.Less
Heart disease has been the leading cause of death in the United States since 1921, and stroke has been the third leading cause since 1938. Heart disease and stroke account for most cardiovascular disease (CVD) deaths in the United States. Although heart disease and stroke remain leading causes of death, age-adjusted death rates from all CVD have declined by 55% since 1950. This decline reflects an increased understanding of the causes of CVD, identification of preventable risk factors, improvements in treatment of heart disease and stroke and their antecedents such as hypertension, and implementation of intervention and prevention programs. This chapter summarizes the trends in heart disease and stroke in the 20th century, advances in the understanding of risk factors for these diseases, and development of prevention and intervention programs to reduce the risks of developing and dying from heart disease and stroke.
J. G. van der Bom and D. E. Grobbee
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198525738
- eISBN:
- 9780191724114
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198525738.003.0036
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter discusses atherosclerosis and other risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in the elderly. It considers findings from studies on serum cholesterol, blood pressure, smoking, and type 2 ...
More
This chapter discusses atherosclerosis and other risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in the elderly. It considers findings from studies on serum cholesterol, blood pressure, smoking, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. It also discusses some of the risk factors that are an expression of damage already present in the heart and arteries: electrocardiogram (ECG) deviations, left ventricular hypertrophy, and changes in the wall of the (carotid) arteries.Less
This chapter discusses atherosclerosis and other risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in the elderly. It considers findings from studies on serum cholesterol, blood pressure, smoking, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. It also discusses some of the risk factors that are an expression of damage already present in the heart and arteries: electrocardiogram (ECG) deviations, left ventricular hypertrophy, and changes in the wall of the (carotid) arteries.
C. M. M. Lawes, S. Vander Hoorn, M. R. Law, P. Elliott, S. MacMahon, and A. Rodgers
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198525738
- eISBN:
- 9780191724114
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198525738.003.0011
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter presents estimates of blood pressure distributions by age, sex, and world region to estimate the burden of coronary heart disease (CHD) attributable to raised blood pressure worldwide in ...
More
This chapter presents estimates of blood pressure distributions by age, sex, and world region to estimate the burden of coronary heart disease (CHD) attributable to raised blood pressure worldwide in the year 2000. It summarizes work produced for the WHO Global Burden of Disease 2000 study and the World Health Report 2002, which included estimates of the burden of disease attributable to a variety of risk factors including blood pressure.Less
This chapter presents estimates of blood pressure distributions by age, sex, and world region to estimate the burden of coronary heart disease (CHD) attributable to raised blood pressure worldwide in the year 2000. It summarizes work produced for the WHO Global Burden of Disease 2000 study and the World Health Report 2002, which included estimates of the burden of disease attributable to a variety of risk factors including blood pressure.
P. S. Sever and N. R. Poulter
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198525738
- eISBN:
- 9780191724114
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198525738.003.0051
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter discusses the treatment of hypertension for preventing cardiovascular disease. Topics covered include early trials, unresolved issues in drug treatment, benefits of more contemporary ...
More
This chapter discusses the treatment of hypertension for preventing cardiovascular disease. Topics covered include early trials, unresolved issues in drug treatment, benefits of more contemporary drugs over standard therapy, overview and meta-analyses to date, optimal combinations of antihypertensive therapies, thresholds and targets for antihypertensive drug therapy, and concomitant therapy.Less
This chapter discusses the treatment of hypertension for preventing cardiovascular disease. Topics covered include early trials, unresolved issues in drug treatment, benefits of more contemporary drugs over standard therapy, overview and meta-analyses to date, optimal combinations of antihypertensive therapies, thresholds and targets for antihypertensive drug therapy, and concomitant therapy.
Hironori Nakagami, Mariana Kiomy Osako, and Ryuichi Morishita
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195326697
- eISBN:
- 9780199864874
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195326697.003.0020
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems
This chapter discusses the results of a study which assessed the potential of hepatocyte growth factor as a powerful angiogenic factor for treating peripheral arterial disease. It describes a novel ...
More
This chapter discusses the results of a study which assessed the potential of hepatocyte growth factor as a powerful angiogenic factor for treating peripheral arterial disease. It describes a novel strategy for combating the disease processes whereby the transcriptional process is targeted by transfection of cis-element double-stranded oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN), which served as a decoy. Transfection of decoy attenuates the authentic cis-trans interaction, leading to removal of trans-factors from the endogenous cis-elements and subsequent modulation of gene expression. A decoy was developed for nuclear factor κ B (NF-κB) that resulted in the inhibition of NF-κB-dependent gene activation including several kind of cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules. In animal experiments, the transfection of NP-κB decoy into coronary artery decreased the infarction size in the ischemic-reperfusion rat myocardial infarction model, and also reduced the neointimal formation after balloon injury of rat carotid artery. Taken together with the results from other animal models, ODN decoy strategy has a great potential in gene therapy for cardiovascular diseases.Less
This chapter discusses the results of a study which assessed the potential of hepatocyte growth factor as a powerful angiogenic factor for treating peripheral arterial disease. It describes a novel strategy for combating the disease processes whereby the transcriptional process is targeted by transfection of cis-element double-stranded oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN), which served as a decoy. Transfection of decoy attenuates the authentic cis-trans interaction, leading to removal of trans-factors from the endogenous cis-elements and subsequent modulation of gene expression. A decoy was developed for nuclear factor κ B (NF-κB) that resulted in the inhibition of NF-κB-dependent gene activation including several kind of cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules. In animal experiments, the transfection of NP-κB decoy into coronary artery decreased the infarction size in the ischemic-reperfusion rat myocardial infarction model, and also reduced the neointimal formation after balloon injury of rat carotid artery. Taken together with the results from other animal models, ODN decoy strategy has a great potential in gene therapy for cardiovascular diseases.
David M. Cutler and Srikanth Kadiyala (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226551784
- eISBN:
- 9780226551791
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226551791.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Econometrics
This chapter investigates the link between medical research and health, focusing on the dual effects of medical research on medical treatments and behavioral change. It discusses the broad factors ...
More
This chapter investigates the link between medical research and health, focusing on the dual effects of medical research on medical treatments and behavioral change. It discusses the broad factors leading to reduced cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality, analyzes the factors leading to changes in medical treatments and behaviors, and considers the implications of these findings for medical research. The findings estimate that about one-third of the decline in CVD mortality is due to invasive treatments, one-third is due to the use of risk-reducing pharmaceuticals, and the remaining third stems from behavioral changes.Less
This chapter investigates the link between medical research and health, focusing on the dual effects of medical research on medical treatments and behavioral change. It discusses the broad factors leading to reduced cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality, analyzes the factors leading to changes in medical treatments and behaviors, and considers the implications of these findings for medical research. The findings estimate that about one-third of the decline in CVD mortality is due to invasive treatments, one-third is due to the use of risk-reducing pharmaceuticals, and the remaining third stems from behavioral changes.
L. H. Kuller
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198525738
- eISBN:
- 9780191724114
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198525738.003.0023
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter assesses the substantially lower incidence and mortality due to coronary heart disease (CHD) for women as compared to men. It considers three major current hypotheses to explain these ...
More
This chapter assesses the substantially lower incidence and mortality due to coronary heart disease (CHD) for women as compared to men. It considers three major current hypotheses to explain these differences: (i) the lower risk among women is due to hormonal differences or tissue-specific hormone receptors; (ii) differences in the distribution of body fat and subsequent metabolic changes, including insulin resistance and distribution of lipoprotein particles, account for the differences in coronary atherosclerosis and clinical CHD among men and women; and (iii) variations in immune response and inflammation are important determinants of differences in CHD between men and women.Less
This chapter assesses the substantially lower incidence and mortality due to coronary heart disease (CHD) for women as compared to men. It considers three major current hypotheses to explain these differences: (i) the lower risk among women is due to hormonal differences or tissue-specific hormone receptors; (ii) differences in the distribution of body fat and subsequent metabolic changes, including insulin resistance and distribution of lipoprotein particles, account for the differences in coronary atherosclerosis and clinical CHD among men and women; and (iii) variations in immune response and inflammation are important determinants of differences in CHD between men and women.
Diana Kuh, Yoav Ben Shlomo, and Susser Ezra (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198578154
- eISBN:
- 9780191724039
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198578154.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
The field of life course epidemiology has expanded rapidly since this book was first published. The purpose of this field is to study how biological and social factors during gestation, childhood, ...
More
The field of life course epidemiology has expanded rapidly since this book was first published. The purpose of this field is to study how biological and social factors during gestation, childhood, adolescence, and earlier adult life independently, cumulatively, and interactively influence later life health and disease. Contributors to this edition capture the excitement of the developing field and assess the latest evidence regarding sources of risk to health across the life course and across generations. The chapters on life course influences on cardiovascular disease, diabetes, blood pressure, respiratory disease, and cancer have been updated and extended. New chapters on life course influences on obesity, biological ageing, and neuropsychiatric disorders have been added. Life course explanations for disease trends and for socioeconomic differentials in disease risk are given more attention in this edition, reflecting recent developments in the field. The section on policy implications has been expanded, assessing the role of interventions to improve childhood social circumstances, as well as interventions to improve early growth. Emerging new research themes and the theoretical and methodological challenges facing life course epidemiology are highlighted.Less
The field of life course epidemiology has expanded rapidly since this book was first published. The purpose of this field is to study how biological and social factors during gestation, childhood, adolescence, and earlier adult life independently, cumulatively, and interactively influence later life health and disease. Contributors to this edition capture the excitement of the developing field and assess the latest evidence regarding sources of risk to health across the life course and across generations. The chapters on life course influences on cardiovascular disease, diabetes, blood pressure, respiratory disease, and cancer have been updated and extended. New chapters on life course influences on obesity, biological ageing, and neuropsychiatric disorders have been added. Life course explanations for disease trends and for socioeconomic differentials in disease risk are given more attention in this edition, reflecting recent developments in the field. The section on policy implications has been expanded, assessing the role of interventions to improve childhood social circumstances, as well as interventions to improve early growth. Emerging new research themes and the theoretical and methodological challenges facing life course epidemiology are highlighted.
Diana Kuh and Yoav Ben-Shlomo
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198578154
- eISBN:
- 9780191724039
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198578154.003.0004
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter considers how influences acting at different stages of life course contribute to the social distribution of risk factors that help determine socioeconomic differences in health. Evidence ...
More
This chapter considers how influences acting at different stages of life course contribute to the social distribution of risk factors that help determine socioeconomic differences in health. Evidence suggests a strong case for the contribution of socioeconomic conditions at different stages of the life course to health differentials in adulthood. However, the specific weights of the contribution of early and later life socioeconomic conditions differ according to the outcome, time period, and population being studied. For cardiovascular diseases, poor socioeconomic conditions in early life appear to make a significant contribution to disease risk in adult life independent of, and through influences on, adult risk factors. There is also growing evidence that the effect of early life socioeconomic conditions may depend on interactions with other risk factors in later life.Less
This chapter considers how influences acting at different stages of life course contribute to the social distribution of risk factors that help determine socioeconomic differences in health. Evidence suggests a strong case for the contribution of socioeconomic conditions at different stages of the life course to health differentials in adulthood. However, the specific weights of the contribution of early and later life socioeconomic conditions differ according to the outcome, time period, and population being studied. For cardiovascular diseases, poor socioeconomic conditions in early life appear to make a significant contribution to disease risk in adult life independent of, and through influences on, adult risk factors. There is also growing evidence that the effect of early life socioeconomic conditions may depend on interactions with other risk factors in later life.
M. B. Toledano, G. Shaddick, and P. Elliott
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198525738
- eISBN:
- 9780191724114
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198525738.003.0031
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter examines the relationship between ambient temperature and mortality or disease occurrence in adults, in particular from cardiovascular diseases. Epidemiological investigation provides ...
More
This chapter examines the relationship between ambient temperature and mortality or disease occurrence in adults, in particular from cardiovascular diseases. Epidemiological investigation provides evidence for a relationship between ambient temperature and mortality, particularly from cardiovascular and respiratory causes. The association is consistent across different study designs and methodologies, countries worldwide, and varying time periods, despite the use of routine data and their inherent inaccuracies. Whilst both hot and cold temperatures are associated with increased deaths, the effects of hot temperatures appear to reflect mainly short-term mortality displacement, whilst cold temperatures appear to have prolonged effects on mortality.Less
This chapter examines the relationship between ambient temperature and mortality or disease occurrence in adults, in particular from cardiovascular diseases. Epidemiological investigation provides evidence for a relationship between ambient temperature and mortality, particularly from cardiovascular and respiratory causes. The association is consistent across different study designs and methodologies, countries worldwide, and varying time periods, despite the use of routine data and their inherent inaccuracies. Whilst both hot and cold temperatures are associated with increased deaths, the effects of hot temperatures appear to reflect mainly short-term mortality displacement, whilst cold temperatures appear to have prolonged effects on mortality.
Eric G. Bing
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- January 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780813179001
- eISBN:
- 9780813179018
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813179001.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter introduces the benefits, especially in medically underserved areas and developing countries, of a pill that combines medications shown to reduce heart attacks and strokes. Because this ...
More
This chapter introduces the benefits, especially in medically underserved areas and developing countries, of a pill that combines medications shown to reduce heart attacks and strokes. Because this polypill is potentially more cost-effective and more likely to be taken regularly than current (insufficient) treatment regimens for treating cardiovascular disease among economically challenged communities, its development and distribution could significantly improve outcomes. The chapter provides examples of similar approaches to global health issues that have been successful. It concludes by encouraging the World Health Organization to approve the polypill, put advocates in place, and establish partnerships so that the pill can start saving lives.Less
This chapter introduces the benefits, especially in medically underserved areas and developing countries, of a pill that combines medications shown to reduce heart attacks and strokes. Because this polypill is potentially more cost-effective and more likely to be taken regularly than current (insufficient) treatment regimens for treating cardiovascular disease among economically challenged communities, its development and distribution could significantly improve outcomes. The chapter provides examples of similar approaches to global health issues that have been successful. It concludes by encouraging the World Health Organization to approve the polypill, put advocates in place, and establish partnerships so that the pill can start saving lives.
