Ute Frevert
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780197266663
- eISBN:
- 9780191905384
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197266663.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
In private and public affairs the concepts of honour and shame were crucial from the outbreak and throughout the entire duration of the First World War. The roots of these concepts can be traced back ...
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In private and public affairs the concepts of honour and shame were crucial from the outbreak and throughout the entire duration of the First World War. The roots of these concepts can be traced back to a highly gendered 19th-century aristocratic-bourgeois code of honour and duty, which in 1914 was translated into the willingness to sacrifice one’s own life and the life of beloved ones. While in the early days of the war propaganda focused on female (sexual) honour and the role of protective chivalrous males, humiliation and public shaming—of enemies, ‘cowards’, and POWs, for example—eventually became common practice in warfare and on the Home Front. Yet as the war and its hardships raged on, more and more people became sceptical of these attitudes. Finally, when the war ended, ‘honour’ maintained its importance, especially in negotiating and bearing the terms of armistice and peace.Less
In private and public affairs the concepts of honour and shame were crucial from the outbreak and throughout the entire duration of the First World War. The roots of these concepts can be traced back to a highly gendered 19th-century aristocratic-bourgeois code of honour and duty, which in 1914 was translated into the willingness to sacrifice one’s own life and the life of beloved ones. While in the early days of the war propaganda focused on female (sexual) honour and the role of protective chivalrous males, humiliation and public shaming—of enemies, ‘cowards’, and POWs, for example—eventually became common practice in warfare and on the Home Front. Yet as the war and its hardships raged on, more and more people became sceptical of these attitudes. Finally, when the war ended, ‘honour’ maintained its importance, especially in negotiating and bearing the terms of armistice and peace.
Cressida J. Heyes
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195310535
- eISBN:
- 9780199871445
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195310535.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Feminist Philosophy
This chapter argues that weight-loss dieting is not only a quest for the ideal body, but also a process of working on the self, marketed and sold to women with particular resonance, that cleverly ...
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This chapter argues that weight-loss dieting is not only a quest for the ideal body, but also a process of working on the self, marketed and sold to women with particular resonance, that cleverly deploys the discourse self-care feminists have long encouraged. The Use of Pleasure, volume 2 of History of Sexuality, is remarkable for its section on dietetics, in which Michel Foucault details certain practices of the ancient Greeks and Romans with regard to regimen as “an art of living”. Contemporary weight-loss dieting both appropriates and debases the forms of rapport a soi Foucault identifies. This chapter supplements existing critical accounts of dieting, which typically rely on the central explanatory concepts either of “false consciousness” or of “docile bodies” to understand better its enabling moments. Such moments exemplify Foucault's thesis that the growth of capabilities occurs in tandem with the intensification of power relations. The author recounts her ten-month experience in participating in Weight Watchers — the largest and best known commercial weight-loss program in the world.Less
This chapter argues that weight-loss dieting is not only a quest for the ideal body, but also a process of working on the self, marketed and sold to women with particular resonance, that cleverly deploys the discourse self-care feminists have long encouraged. The Use of Pleasure, volume 2 of History of Sexuality, is remarkable for its section on dietetics, in which Michel Foucault details certain practices of the ancient Greeks and Romans with regard to regimen as “an art of living”. Contemporary weight-loss dieting both appropriates and debases the forms of rapport a soi Foucault identifies. This chapter supplements existing critical accounts of dieting, which typically rely on the central explanatory concepts either of “false consciousness” or of “docile bodies” to understand better its enabling moments. Such moments exemplify Foucault's thesis that the growth of capabilities occurs in tandem with the intensification of power relations. The author recounts her ten-month experience in participating in Weight Watchers — the largest and best known commercial weight-loss program in the world.
Rivkah Zim
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691161808
- eISBN:
- 9781400852093
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691161808.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
Boethius wrote Of the Consolation of Philosophy as a prisoner condemned to death for treason, circumstances that are reflected in the themes and concerns of its evocative poetry and dialogue between ...
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Boethius wrote Of the Consolation of Philosophy as a prisoner condemned to death for treason, circumstances that are reflected in the themes and concerns of its evocative poetry and dialogue between the prisoner and his mentor, Lady Philosophy. This classic philosophical statement of late antiquity has had an enduring influence on Western thought. It is also the earliest example of what this book identifies as a distinctive and vitally important medium of literary resistance: writing in captivity by prisoners of conscience and persecuted minorities. This book reveals why the great contributors to this tradition of prison writing are among the most crucial figures in Western literature. The book pairs writers from different periods and cultural settings, carefully examining the rhetorical strategies they used in captivity, often under the threat of death. It looks at Boethius and Dietrich Bonhoeffer as philosophers and theologians writing in defense of their ideas, and Thomas More and Antonio Gramsci as politicians in dialogue with established concepts of church and state. Different ideas of grace and disgrace occupied John Bunyan and Oscar Wilde in prison; Madame Roland and Anne Frank wrote themselves into history in various forms of memoir; and Jean Cassou and Irina Ratushinskaya voiced their resistance to totalitarianism through lyric poetry that saved their lives and inspired others. Finally, Primo Levi's writing after his release from Auschwitz recalls and decodes the obscenity of systematic genocide and its aftermath. This book speaks to some of the most profound questions about life, enriching our understanding of what it is to be human.Less
Boethius wrote Of the Consolation of Philosophy as a prisoner condemned to death for treason, circumstances that are reflected in the themes and concerns of its evocative poetry and dialogue between the prisoner and his mentor, Lady Philosophy. This classic philosophical statement of late antiquity has had an enduring influence on Western thought. It is also the earliest example of what this book identifies as a distinctive and vitally important medium of literary resistance: writing in captivity by prisoners of conscience and persecuted minorities. This book reveals why the great contributors to this tradition of prison writing are among the most crucial figures in Western literature. The book pairs writers from different periods and cultural settings, carefully examining the rhetorical strategies they used in captivity, often under the threat of death. It looks at Boethius and Dietrich Bonhoeffer as philosophers and theologians writing in defense of their ideas, and Thomas More and Antonio Gramsci as politicians in dialogue with established concepts of church and state. Different ideas of grace and disgrace occupied John Bunyan and Oscar Wilde in prison; Madame Roland and Anne Frank wrote themselves into history in various forms of memoir; and Jean Cassou and Irina Ratushinskaya voiced their resistance to totalitarianism through lyric poetry that saved their lives and inspired others. Finally, Primo Levi's writing after his release from Auschwitz recalls and decodes the obscenity of systematic genocide and its aftermath. This book speaks to some of the most profound questions about life, enriching our understanding of what it is to be human.
Neville Wylie
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199547593
- eISBN:
- 9780191720581
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199547593.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter charts the evolution of the western European prisoner of war ‘regime’. It shows how Britain's experience of captivity during the Great War contributed to the development of a ...
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This chapter charts the evolution of the western European prisoner of war ‘regime’. It shows how Britain's experience of captivity during the Great War contributed to the development of a distinctively benign view on the issue of captivity, both within military and government circles and within society at large. It examines the part played by the United Kingdom government in drafting the 1929 Geneva Convention for POWs, and shows how closely the resultant POW regime reflected British interests and experience.Less
This chapter charts the evolution of the western European prisoner of war ‘regime’. It shows how Britain's experience of captivity during the Great War contributed to the development of a distinctively benign view on the issue of captivity, both within military and government circles and within society at large. It examines the part played by the United Kingdom government in drafting the 1929 Geneva Convention for POWs, and shows how closely the resultant POW regime reflected British interests and experience.
Neville Wylie
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199547593
- eISBN:
- 9780191720581
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199547593.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter traces Anglo‐German POW relations over 1943. It examines how the shackling crisis affected the two governments' attitudes towards the functioning of the POW regime, and emphasizes the ...
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This chapter traces Anglo‐German POW relations over 1943. It examines how the shackling crisis affected the two governments' attitudes towards the functioning of the POW regime, and emphasizes the sense of realism that entered German thinking in the light of the loss of Tunisia in early 1943 and the Allied landings in Italy later that summer. This led to a softening in German attitudes towards the repatriation of sick and wounded POWs and gave rise, in October, to the first of five Anglo‐German POW exchanges of the war. Britain's protecting power also began to occupy a more prominent place in British calculations: having proved its worth during the shackling crisis the previous winter, the Swiss government was called upon to help stem the gradual decline in camp conditions over the course of the year and hold Berlin to its responsibilities under the POW convention. By the end of the year, however, a noticeable brittleness had entered Anglo‐German POW relations, as the German authorities became increasingly security‐conscious and saw British POWs, especially escapers, as a threat to the Reich's internal security.Less
This chapter traces Anglo‐German POW relations over 1943. It examines how the shackling crisis affected the two governments' attitudes towards the functioning of the POW regime, and emphasizes the sense of realism that entered German thinking in the light of the loss of Tunisia in early 1943 and the Allied landings in Italy later that summer. This led to a softening in German attitudes towards the repatriation of sick and wounded POWs and gave rise, in October, to the first of five Anglo‐German POW exchanges of the war. Britain's protecting power also began to occupy a more prominent place in British calculations: having proved its worth during the shackling crisis the previous winter, the Swiss government was called upon to help stem the gradual decline in camp conditions over the course of the year and hold Berlin to its responsibilities under the POW convention. By the end of the year, however, a noticeable brittleness had entered Anglo‐German POW relations, as the German authorities became increasingly security‐conscious and saw British POWs, especially escapers, as a threat to the Reich's internal security.
Lewis V. Baldwin
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195380316
- eISBN:
- 9780199869299
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195380316.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter treats images of the white church in the thinking of Martin Luther King, Jr. King’s early attempts to reconcile the Christian love ethic with the segregated practices he witnessed as a ...
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This chapter treats images of the white church in the thinking of Martin Luther King, Jr. King’s early attempts to reconcile the Christian love ethic with the segregated practices he witnessed as a boy in white churches in the South is covered. Also, attention is devoted to King’s prophetic critique of the biblicism, theology, and ethics of the white church, and to his effort to move that institution toward renewal, revitalization, and cooperative relationships and ventures with black churches. King’s conflicts with white fundamentalists like Bob Jones, Jr., and evangelicals like Billy Graham are highlighted, and the chapter ends with some discussion of King’s work with liberal white churchpersons in the civil rights and human rights fields.Less
This chapter treats images of the white church in the thinking of Martin Luther King, Jr. King’s early attempts to reconcile the Christian love ethic with the segregated practices he witnessed as a boy in white churches in the South is covered. Also, attention is devoted to King’s prophetic critique of the biblicism, theology, and ethics of the white church, and to his effort to move that institution toward renewal, revitalization, and cooperative relationships and ventures with black churches. King’s conflicts with white fundamentalists like Bob Jones, Jr., and evangelicals like Billy Graham are highlighted, and the chapter ends with some discussion of King’s work with liberal white churchpersons in the civil rights and human rights fields.
Adam J. Kosto
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199651702
- eISBN:
- 9780191741999
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199651702.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
In medieval Europe, hostages were given, not taken. They were a means of guarantee used to secure transactions ranging from treaties to wartime commitments to financial transactions. In principle, ...
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In medieval Europe, hostages were given, not taken. They were a means of guarantee used to secure transactions ranging from treaties to wartime commitments to financial transactions. In principle, the force of the guarantee lay in the threat to the life of the hostage if the agreement were broken; but while violation of agreements was common, execution of hostages was a rarity. Medieval hostages are thus best understood not as simple pledges, but as a political institution characteristic of the medieval millennium, embedded in its changing historical contexts. In the early Middle Ages, hostageship is principally seen in warfare and diplomacy, operating within structures of kinship and practices of alliance characteristic of elite political society. From the eleventh century, hostageship diversifies, despite the spread of a legal and financial culture that would seem to have made it superfluous. Hostages in the Middle Ages traces the development of this institution from Late Antiquity through the period of the Hundred Years War, across Europe and the Mediterranean world. It explores the logic of agreements, the identity of hostages, and the conditions of their confinement, while shedding light on a wide range of subjects, from sieges and treaties, to captivity and ransom, to the Peace of God and the Crusades, to the rise of towns and representation, to political communication and shifting gender dynamics. The book closes by examining the reasons for the decline of hostageship in the early modern era, and the rise of the modern variety of hostageship that was addressed by the Nuremberg tribunals and the United Nations in the twentieth century.Less
In medieval Europe, hostages were given, not taken. They were a means of guarantee used to secure transactions ranging from treaties to wartime commitments to financial transactions. In principle, the force of the guarantee lay in the threat to the life of the hostage if the agreement were broken; but while violation of agreements was common, execution of hostages was a rarity. Medieval hostages are thus best understood not as simple pledges, but as a political institution characteristic of the medieval millennium, embedded in its changing historical contexts. In the early Middle Ages, hostageship is principally seen in warfare and diplomacy, operating within structures of kinship and practices of alliance characteristic of elite political society. From the eleventh century, hostageship diversifies, despite the spread of a legal and financial culture that would seem to have made it superfluous. Hostages in the Middle Ages traces the development of this institution from Late Antiquity through the period of the Hundred Years War, across Europe and the Mediterranean world. It explores the logic of agreements, the identity of hostages, and the conditions of their confinement, while shedding light on a wide range of subjects, from sieges and treaties, to captivity and ransom, to the Peace of God and the Crusades, to the rise of towns and representation, to political communication and shifting gender dynamics. The book closes by examining the reasons for the decline of hostageship in the early modern era, and the rise of the modern variety of hostageship that was addressed by the Nuremberg tribunals and the United Nations in the twentieth century.
Nabil Matar
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199554157
- eISBN:
- 9780191720437
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199554157.003.0006
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature, 18th-century Literature
The authors of the Arabian Nights did not view the Christians as monolithic, undifferentiated, and adversarial villains, as some critics have argued. The single story about the Coptic Egyptian in ...
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The authors of the Arabian Nights did not view the Christians as monolithic, undifferentiated, and adversarial villains, as some critics have argued. The single story about the Coptic Egyptian in China in the 14th-century Syrian manuscript reflected an idyllic and invented past, invoked through the figure of a caliph who ruled an empire never perturbed by external or internal upheavals, diseases, or invading armies. That positive depiction of the Christian changed in the last recension of the Nights (the Bulaq edition). As the stories moved westward from Baghdad to the Byzantine world and to the Franks, the Christians who in the Baghdad or the China of the Syrian manuscript had been as native to the world of Islam as the "nasara" of the Quran became adversarial and alien living in the piratical port of Genoa. Focusing on the stories in the Nights that include Christian figures, this chapter shows the difference in representing Christians of the Arabic East as against Christians of the Byzantine world and the Frankish Mediterranean. In the last case, parallels are drawn with medieval and early modern European captivity narratives.Less
The authors of the Arabian Nights did not view the Christians as monolithic, undifferentiated, and adversarial villains, as some critics have argued. The single story about the Coptic Egyptian in China in the 14th-century Syrian manuscript reflected an idyllic and invented past, invoked through the figure of a caliph who ruled an empire never perturbed by external or internal upheavals, diseases, or invading armies. That positive depiction of the Christian changed in the last recension of the Nights (the Bulaq edition). As the stories moved westward from Baghdad to the Byzantine world and to the Franks, the Christians who in the Baghdad or the China of the Syrian manuscript had been as native to the world of Islam as the "nasara" of the Quran became adversarial and alien living in the piratical port of Genoa. Focusing on the stories in the Nights that include Christian figures, this chapter shows the difference in representing Christians of the Arabic East as against Christians of the Byzantine world and the Frankish Mediterranean. In the last case, parallels are drawn with medieval and early modern European captivity narratives.
Serge A. Wich, Han de Vries, Marc Ancrenaz, Lori Perkins, Robert W. Shumaker, Akira Suzuki, and Carel P. van Schaik
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199213276
- eISBN:
- 9780191707568
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213276.003.0005
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
Great ape life-history data are especially relevant for tests of the predictions of life-history theory and to establish firmly the derived features of human life history and therefore the changes ...
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Great ape life-history data are especially relevant for tests of the predictions of life-history theory and to establish firmly the derived features of human life history and therefore the changes that took place during hominin evolution. This chapter compares what is known about life history data on Sumatran and Bornean orangutans. The results indicate that interbirth intervals are longer for Sumatran than Bornean orangutans. In addition, interbirth intervals on Borneo appear to decrease with a west–east gradient. The chapter proposes that these differences might be related to fruit availability differences between and within the islands of Sumatra and Borneo. As mortality data are at present not available from Borneo we compared mortality rates of captive Sumatran and Bornean orangutans. No differences for captive Sumatran and Bornean orangutans were found, however. Interbirth intervals between Sumatran and Bornean orangutans were also not found, but overall interbirth intervals were significantly shorter in captivity. We discuss these results in comparison with other hominoids.Less
Great ape life-history data are especially relevant for tests of the predictions of life-history theory and to establish firmly the derived features of human life history and therefore the changes that took place during hominin evolution. This chapter compares what is known about life history data on Sumatran and Bornean orangutans. The results indicate that interbirth intervals are longer for Sumatran than Bornean orangutans. In addition, interbirth intervals on Borneo appear to decrease with a west–east gradient. The chapter proposes that these differences might be related to fruit availability differences between and within the islands of Sumatra and Borneo. As mortality data are at present not available from Borneo we compared mortality rates of captive Sumatran and Bornean orangutans. No differences for captive Sumatran and Bornean orangutans were found, however. Interbirth intervals between Sumatran and Bornean orangutans were also not found, but overall interbirth intervals were significantly shorter in captivity. We discuss these results in comparison with other hominoids.
John Saillant
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195157178
- eISBN:
- 9780199834617
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195157176.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
A new racism arose in the early American republic that set aside the antislavery arguments of men and women who were, like Lemuel Haynes, rooted in eighteenth‐century modes of thought like Edwardsean ...
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A new racism arose in the early American republic that set aside the antislavery arguments of men and women who were, like Lemuel Haynes, rooted in eighteenth‐century modes of thought like Edwardsean theology and republican ideology. Haynes had always argued that blacks and whites must live harmoniously in an integrated society if Americans wished to be true to Calvinism and republicanism. In the early nineteenth century, many Americans became convinced that blacks and whites were so separate cognitively and physically that they could never coexist as equals. Haynes set himself against what he saw as divisive forces, including Universalism, a new Christian denomination led by Hosea Ballou. Haynes invoked as a standard for race relations the godly unity idealized in American Puritanism and expressed in early American texts such as the captivity narrative of Mary Rowlandson. In his last years, Haynes worked as an itinerant preacher but never held a reliable pulpit between his dismissal in 1818 from his Rutland, Vermont, church and his death in 1833 in Granville, Massachusetts.Less
A new racism arose in the early American republic that set aside the antislavery arguments of men and women who were, like Lemuel Haynes, rooted in eighteenth‐century modes of thought like Edwardsean theology and republican ideology. Haynes had always argued that blacks and whites must live harmoniously in an integrated society if Americans wished to be true to Calvinism and republicanism. In the early nineteenth century, many Americans became convinced that blacks and whites were so separate cognitively and physically that they could never coexist as equals. Haynes set himself against what he saw as divisive forces, including Universalism, a new Christian denomination led by Hosea Ballou. Haynes invoked as a standard for race relations the godly unity idealized in American Puritanism and expressed in early American texts such as the captivity narrative of Mary Rowlandson. In his last years, Haynes worked as an itinerant preacher but never held a reliable pulpit between his dismissal in 1818 from his Rutland, Vermont, church and his death in 1833 in Granville, Massachusetts.
Jerome Murphy-O'Connor
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- November 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199266531
- eISBN:
- 9780191601583
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199266530.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies
Imprisoned in the praetorium of Ephesus for interrogation, Paul exhibited the worst side of his character in dealing with the Philippians, and the best side in dealing with the Colossians.
Imprisoned in the praetorium of Ephesus for interrogation, Paul exhibited the worst side of his character in dealing with the Philippians, and the best side in dealing with the Colossians.
Adam J. Kosto
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199651702
- eISBN:
- 9780191741999
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199651702.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
This chapter begins with a brief history of hostageship, from biblical times to the present day. It then discusses the ways in which hostageship has been treated by earlier historiography: as a form ...
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This chapter begins with a brief history of hostageship, from biblical times to the present day. It then discusses the ways in which hostageship has been treated by earlier historiography: as a form of surety or an aspect of international law by legal historians, and as a variety of captivity or imprisonment by social historians. It defines the medieval hostage as a third-party guarantor of an agreement, notionally given rather than taken, and actually or potentially subject to loss of liberty, distinguishing it from captives and other forms of non-custodial guarantors. It then addresses the challenges of locating hostages in the sources, outlining a conservative approach, but maintaining that the hostage was for the authors of medieval texts a distinct category. The chapter closes with an outline of the rest of the book.Less
This chapter begins with a brief history of hostageship, from biblical times to the present day. It then discusses the ways in which hostageship has been treated by earlier historiography: as a form of surety or an aspect of international law by legal historians, and as a variety of captivity or imprisonment by social historians. It defines the medieval hostage as a third-party guarantor of an agreement, notionally given rather than taken, and actually or potentially subject to loss of liberty, distinguishing it from captives and other forms of non-custodial guarantors. It then addresses the challenges of locating hostages in the sources, outlining a conservative approach, but maintaining that the hostage was for the authors of medieval texts a distinct category. The chapter closes with an outline of the rest of the book.
Adam J. Kosto
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199651702
- eISBN:
- 9780191741999
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199651702.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
This chapter presents the variety of forms of medieval hostageship from across the whole period: unilateral and bilateral (exchange); open-ended and finite; true, where the hostage was turned over at ...
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This chapter presents the variety of forms of medieval hostageship from across the whole period: unilateral and bilateral (exchange); open-ended and finite; true, where the hostage was turned over at the formation of the agreement, and conditional, where the hostage was turned over upon violation. It shows that with respect to the subject of the agreements for which hostages were granted and their structure, as well as the identity and treatment of the hostages themselves, there was no ‘typical’ medieval hostage. Execution of hostages is shown to be quite rare, and the fate of the hostage does not always seem to correspond to the status of the agreement. This prompts an analysis of the logics of hostageship with reference to modern literature on contract theory and credible commitments.Less
This chapter presents the variety of forms of medieval hostageship from across the whole period: unilateral and bilateral (exchange); open-ended and finite; true, where the hostage was turned over at the formation of the agreement, and conditional, where the hostage was turned over upon violation. It shows that with respect to the subject of the agreements for which hostages were granted and their structure, as well as the identity and treatment of the hostages themselves, there was no ‘typical’ medieval hostage. Execution of hostages is shown to be quite rare, and the fate of the hostage does not always seem to correspond to the status of the agreement. This prompts an analysis of the logics of hostageship with reference to modern literature on contract theory and credible commitments.
Adam J. Kosto
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199651702
- eISBN:
- 9780191741999
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199651702.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
This chapter builds on the superb documentation for some of the most well-known cases of hostageship in the Middle Ages, namely hostages granted for the ransom and release of captive kings: Baldwin ...
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This chapter builds on the superb documentation for some of the most well-known cases of hostageship in the Middle Ages, namely hostages granted for the ransom and release of captive kings: Baldwin II of Jerusalem and Richard I of England in the twelfth century, Louis IX of France and Charles II of Naples in the thirteenth, David II of Scotland in the fourteenth, and James I of Scotland in the fifteenth. These case studies offer a density of detail that is often missing in other contexts. Draft treaties, lists of hostages, and safe conducts allow for a careful reconstruction of the social, political, and financial networks that underlay royal authority, and on which opponents knew how to draw in shaping guarantees.Less
This chapter builds on the superb documentation for some of the most well-known cases of hostageship in the Middle Ages, namely hostages granted for the ransom and release of captive kings: Baldwin II of Jerusalem and Richard I of England in the twelfth century, Louis IX of France and Charles II of Naples in the thirteenth, David II of Scotland in the fourteenth, and James I of Scotland in the fifteenth. These case studies offer a density of detail that is often missing in other contexts. Draft treaties, lists of hostages, and safe conducts allow for a careful reconstruction of the social, political, and financial networks that underlay royal authority, and on which opponents knew how to draw in shaping guarantees.
Neil Rennie
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198186274
- eISBN:
- 9780191674471
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198186274.003.0008
- Subject:
- Literature, American, 18th Century and Early American Literature
The Lucy Ann sailed from Sydney on February 1842 for whales in the Pacific Ocean, and lost eight of its crew and its second mate on the island of Tahuata in the Marquesas, where they deserted in ...
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The Lucy Ann sailed from Sydney on February 1842 for whales in the Pacific Ocean, and lost eight of its crew and its second mate on the island of Tahuata in the Marquesas, where they deserted in June. The Lucy Ann signed on two new sailors at Nukuhiva on August 8th and, on the following day, another, Herman Melville, escaping from the Taipi. The pattern more obviously present in Typee, of escape and captivity, can also be discerned beneath the surface of its sequel, Omoo: A Narrative of Adventures in the South Seas (1847), an apparently unpatterned, wandering narrative with a title Melville glossed in his Preface. Omoo begins where Typee ends, with ‘Melville's’ escape from Nukuhiva in the Julia (in reality the Lucy Ann), and deviates into fiction by describing the Julia's return to the Marquesan island of Tahuata ‘for the purpose of obtaining eight seamen, who, some weeks before, had stepped ashore there from the Julia’, as indeed they had in reality from the Lucy Ann.Less
The Lucy Ann sailed from Sydney on February 1842 for whales in the Pacific Ocean, and lost eight of its crew and its second mate on the island of Tahuata in the Marquesas, where they deserted in June. The Lucy Ann signed on two new sailors at Nukuhiva on August 8th and, on the following day, another, Herman Melville, escaping from the Taipi. The pattern more obviously present in Typee, of escape and captivity, can also be discerned beneath the surface of its sequel, Omoo: A Narrative of Adventures in the South Seas (1847), an apparently unpatterned, wandering narrative with a title Melville glossed in his Preface. Omoo begins where Typee ends, with ‘Melville's’ escape from Nukuhiva in the Julia (in reality the Lucy Ann), and deviates into fiction by describing the Julia's return to the Marquesan island of Tahuata ‘for the purpose of obtaining eight seamen, who, some weeks before, had stepped ashore there from the Julia’, as indeed they had in reality from the Lucy Ann.
Tim Fulford
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199273379
- eISBN:
- 9780191706332
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199273379.003.0003
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century Literature and Romanticism
This chapter describes in detail captivity narratives and soldiers' memoirs from the Seven Years' War and the War of Independence of their encounters with Indians.
This chapter describes in detail captivity narratives and soldiers' memoirs from the Seven Years' War and the War of Independence of their encounters with Indians.
Tim Fulford
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199273379
- eISBN:
- 9780191706332
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199273379.003.0017
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century Literature and Romanticism
This chapter examines the career and writing of ‘white indian’, John Tanner. It includes discussions on captivity narrative, culture crossing, hybridity, the way Indians portrayed whites, colonial ...
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This chapter examines the career and writing of ‘white indian’, John Tanner. It includes discussions on captivity narrative, culture crossing, hybridity, the way Indians portrayed whites, colonial politics, tribal politics, and identity.Less
This chapter examines the career and writing of ‘white indian’, John Tanner. It includes discussions on captivity narrative, culture crossing, hybridity, the way Indians portrayed whites, colonial politics, tribal politics, and identity.
Lisa Brooks
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780300196733
- eISBN:
- 9780300231113
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300196733.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Native American Studies
With rigorous original scholarship and creative narration, Our Beloved Kin recovers a complex picture of war, captivity, and resistance during the “First Indian War” (later named “King Philip’s War”) ...
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With rigorous original scholarship and creative narration, Our Beloved Kin recovers a complex picture of war, captivity, and resistance during the “First Indian War” (later named “King Philip’s War”) by relaying the stories of Weetamoo, a female Wampanoag leader, and James Printer, a Nipmuc scholar, whose stories converge in the captivity of Mary Rowlandson. King Philip’s War (1675-1678) is often viewed as the quintessential moment of colonial conquest and Native resistance, but these stories reveal a historical landscape much more complex than its original Puritan narrators conveyed. Our Beloved Kin also draws readers beyond the locus of most narratives of the war, southern New England, into the northern front, the vast interior of Wabanaki, where the war continued long beyond the death of “King Philip.” Beginning and ending at Caskoak, a place of diplomacy, the book explores the movement of survivors seeking refuge, captives taken in war, and Indigenous leaders pursuing diplomacy in vast Indigenous networks across the northeast. Supplemented by thirteen maps and an interactive website, Our Beloved Kin takes readers into Indigenous geographies, braiding together research in historical archives, including little-known revelatory documents, interpretive frameworks drawn from Indigenous languages, and place-based history which arises from reading “the archive of the land” to offer a compelling new interpretation of “King Philip’s War.”Less
With rigorous original scholarship and creative narration, Our Beloved Kin recovers a complex picture of war, captivity, and resistance during the “First Indian War” (later named “King Philip’s War”) by relaying the stories of Weetamoo, a female Wampanoag leader, and James Printer, a Nipmuc scholar, whose stories converge in the captivity of Mary Rowlandson. King Philip’s War (1675-1678) is often viewed as the quintessential moment of colonial conquest and Native resistance, but these stories reveal a historical landscape much more complex than its original Puritan narrators conveyed. Our Beloved Kin also draws readers beyond the locus of most narratives of the war, southern New England, into the northern front, the vast interior of Wabanaki, where the war continued long beyond the death of “King Philip.” Beginning and ending at Caskoak, a place of diplomacy, the book explores the movement of survivors seeking refuge, captives taken in war, and Indigenous leaders pursuing diplomacy in vast Indigenous networks across the northeast. Supplemented by thirteen maps and an interactive website, Our Beloved Kin takes readers into Indigenous geographies, braiding together research in historical archives, including little-known revelatory documents, interpretive frameworks drawn from Indigenous languages, and place-based history which arises from reading “the archive of the land” to offer a compelling new interpretation of “King Philip’s War.”
Robert Lawrence Gunn
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781479842582
- eISBN:
- 9781479812516
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479842582.003.0004
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Cultural Studies
Chapters 3 and 4 revisit the famous case of John Dunn Hunter as a means of reading comparatively the Shawnee leader Tecumseh’s Pan-Indian movement in the Old Northwest and the ill-fated Red and White ...
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Chapters 3 and 4 revisit the famous case of John Dunn Hunter as a means of reading comparatively the Shawnee leader Tecumseh’s Pan-Indian movement in the Old Northwest and the ill-fated Red and White Republic of Fredonia spearheaded by Hunter near Nacogdoches, Texas, in the 1820s. Author of a popular captivity narrative and ethnographic treatise on Plains Peoples, Hunter championed Tecumseh’s Pan-Indian politics and published the only record of the latter’s speech before the Osage—only to be denounced by Cass and Clark as an imposter, his writings fabrications. Revisiting his case here, and the vehemence with which he was attacked in the 1820s, reveals the degree to which the ideological struggle to shape an emergent national narrative concerning Indian Removal in the 1820s was impacted by 19th-Century Indian linguistics, while underscoring the challenges of working with sources of oral and manual evidence on the margins of historical verifiability.Less
Chapters 3 and 4 revisit the famous case of John Dunn Hunter as a means of reading comparatively the Shawnee leader Tecumseh’s Pan-Indian movement in the Old Northwest and the ill-fated Red and White Republic of Fredonia spearheaded by Hunter near Nacogdoches, Texas, in the 1820s. Author of a popular captivity narrative and ethnographic treatise on Plains Peoples, Hunter championed Tecumseh’s Pan-Indian politics and published the only record of the latter’s speech before the Osage—only to be denounced by Cass and Clark as an imposter, his writings fabrications. Revisiting his case here, and the vehemence with which he was attacked in the 1820s, reveals the degree to which the ideological struggle to shape an emergent national narrative concerning Indian Removal in the 1820s was impacted by 19th-Century Indian linguistics, while underscoring the challenges of working with sources of oral and manual evidence on the margins of historical verifiability.
Alf Hiltebeitel
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195394238
- eISBN:
- 9780199897452
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195394238.003.0010
- Subject:
- Religion, Hinduism
This chapter comes back to women's dharma: now depicted not so much through maternal generations as in its enactment by each epic's chief heroine. Rather than being portrayed biographically, the ...
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This chapter comes back to women's dharma: now depicted not so much through maternal generations as in its enactment by each epic's chief heroine. Rather than being portrayed biographically, the heroine appears episodically. She is introduced through brief and indirect glimpses of her scenes of birth, youth, and marriage, and emerges centrally only in her handling of each epic's decisive crisis, which involves specifically her violation: Draupadī's hairpulling and disrobing at the Mahābhārata dice match and Sītā's abduction. Focusing on Draupadī and Sītā as dharmapatnīs or “legal wives” brings into relief what each makes of her svadharma, and of a woman's dharma in crisis, exile, and especially in Sītā's case, captivity. In both cases, the heroine intimates a perception of being the pawn and victim of a divine plan beyond her own devising.Less
This chapter comes back to women's dharma: now depicted not so much through maternal generations as in its enactment by each epic's chief heroine. Rather than being portrayed biographically, the heroine appears episodically. She is introduced through brief and indirect glimpses of her scenes of birth, youth, and marriage, and emerges centrally only in her handling of each epic's decisive crisis, which involves specifically her violation: Draupadī's hairpulling and disrobing at the Mahābhārata dice match and Sītā's abduction. Focusing on Draupadī and Sītā as dharmapatnīs or “legal wives” brings into relief what each makes of her svadharma, and of a woman's dharma in crisis, exile, and especially in Sītā's case, captivity. In both cases, the heroine intimates a perception of being the pawn and victim of a divine plan beyond her own devising.
