Alok Kumar and Sushanta K. Chatterjee
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198082279
- eISBN:
- 9780199082063
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198082279.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter provides a historical perspective and treatment to captive power generation in the law and policies. It then goes on to describe the vision behind the provisions on captive power ...
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This chapter provides a historical perspective and treatment to captive power generation in the law and policies. It then goes on to describe the vision behind the provisions on captive power generation under the Electricity Act, 2003. Significant flexibility brought in by the rules notified on captive generation and group captives has been presented. The chapter presents the current status of captive power generation in India. Major issues in the context of key provisions of the Act and the policy of encouragement of captive power plants (CPPs) have been examined. The chapter also presents illustrative cases of captive power generation by national-level organizations like National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC), Indian Railways, and Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL). These illustrative cases highlight how captive power plants have been utilized for cost efficiency and increased availability in grid power.Less
This chapter provides a historical perspective and treatment to captive power generation in the law and policies. It then goes on to describe the vision behind the provisions on captive power generation under the Electricity Act, 2003. Significant flexibility brought in by the rules notified on captive generation and group captives has been presented. The chapter presents the current status of captive power generation in India. Major issues in the context of key provisions of the Act and the policy of encouragement of captive power plants (CPPs) have been examined. The chapter also presents illustrative cases of captive power generation by national-level organizations like National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC), Indian Railways, and Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL). These illustrative cases highlight how captive power plants have been utilized for cost efficiency and increased availability in grid power.
Ted R. Anderson
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195304114
- eISBN:
- 9780199790012
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195304114.003.0004
- Subject:
- Biology, Ornithology
This chapter summarizes the reproductive strategy of the House Sparrow. Although monogamy is the primary mating system of the species, significant rates of extra-pair fertilizations have been ...
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This chapter summarizes the reproductive strategy of the House Sparrow. Although monogamy is the primary mating system of the species, significant rates of extra-pair fertilizations have been identified by DNA-fingerprinting. Both the adaptive and proximate causes of clutch size variation in the species are discussed. Other topics include age at first reproduction, timing of breeding, nest sites, incubation, nesting success, reproductive lifespan, and captive breeding.Less
This chapter summarizes the reproductive strategy of the House Sparrow. Although monogamy is the primary mating system of the species, significant rates of extra-pair fertilizations have been identified by DNA-fingerprinting. Both the adaptive and proximate causes of clutch size variation in the species are discussed. Other topics include age at first reproduction, timing of breeding, nest sites, incubation, nesting success, reproductive lifespan, and captive breeding.
J. Samaine Lockwood
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781469625362
- eISBN:
- 9781469625386
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469625362.003.0002
- Subject:
- Literature, American Colonial Literature
This chapter examines the regionalist recollections of C. Alice Baker and the members of her queer triadic family: Susan Minot Lane and Emma Lewis Coleman. This family of New England regionalists ...
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This chapter examines the regionalist recollections of C. Alice Baker and the members of her queer triadic family: Susan Minot Lane and Emma Lewis Coleman. This family of New England regionalists rethought colonial New England history, especially the history of Deerfield, Massachusetts, through architectural restoration, antique collecting, heritage-tourism development, photography, archival research and history writing, and painting. Baker's historical works in particular demonstrate New England women regionalists' alternative approach to history writing, one that emphasized intimate engagement with historical matter, the embodied performance of history, and the reconfiguring of domestic spaces and family formations in relation to women's sensual and intellectual lives.Less
This chapter examines the regionalist recollections of C. Alice Baker and the members of her queer triadic family: Susan Minot Lane and Emma Lewis Coleman. This family of New England regionalists rethought colonial New England history, especially the history of Deerfield, Massachusetts, through architectural restoration, antique collecting, heritage-tourism development, photography, archival research and history writing, and painting. Baker's historical works in particular demonstrate New England women regionalists' alternative approach to history writing, one that emphasized intimate engagement with historical matter, the embodied performance of history, and the reconfiguring of domestic spaces and family formations in relation to women's sensual and intellectual lives.
Ida Ostenberg
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199215973
- eISBN:
- 9780191706851
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199215973.001.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
This book is about the Roman triumphal procession in its capacity as spectacle and performance. It analyses the triumphs as visually emphatic events that both conveyed and constructed Roman views of ...
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This book is about the Roman triumphal procession in its capacity as spectacle and performance. It analyses the triumphs as visually emphatic events that both conveyed and constructed Roman views of the world. Aiming at approaching issues of identity, the book analyses how Rome presented and perceived the defeated on triumphal display. Spoils, captives, and representations are the objects, and the basic questions strive to establish both contents and context: What was displayed? How was it paraded? What was the response? Arms, ships and rams, coins and bullion, sculptures and paintings, art and valuables, golden crowns, prisoners, hostages, animals, and trees are all examined in separate chapters, as are the representations that were made specifically for the occasion: models and personifications of cities, peoples, rivers, and vivid tableaux staging scenes from the war. To be able to engage in issues of processional contents and sequence, acted roles, visual interplay, spectator participation, and emotional effect, the study embraces the complete corpus of ancient sources of the historical triumph, literary and pictorial. The approach includes discussions of the triumph as a religious rite and as a political act. But performance is the key word, and attention is in the first place paid to the visual expressions and schemes of the parade, and the interplay between these and the spectators.Less
This book is about the Roman triumphal procession in its capacity as spectacle and performance. It analyses the triumphs as visually emphatic events that both conveyed and constructed Roman views of the world. Aiming at approaching issues of identity, the book analyses how Rome presented and perceived the defeated on triumphal display. Spoils, captives, and representations are the objects, and the basic questions strive to establish both contents and context: What was displayed? How was it paraded? What was the response? Arms, ships and rams, coins and bullion, sculptures and paintings, art and valuables, golden crowns, prisoners, hostages, animals, and trees are all examined in separate chapters, as are the representations that were made specifically for the occasion: models and personifications of cities, peoples, rivers, and vivid tableaux staging scenes from the war. To be able to engage in issues of processional contents and sequence, acted roles, visual interplay, spectator participation, and emotional effect, the study embraces the complete corpus of ancient sources of the historical triumph, literary and pictorial. The approach includes discussions of the triumph as a religious rite and as a political act. But performance is the key word, and attention is in the first place paid to the visual expressions and schemes of the parade, and the interplay between these and the spectators.
Anne E. Russon
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199213276
- eISBN:
- 9780191707568
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213276.003.0023
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
Projects for rehabilitating then releasing ex-captive orangutans to free forest life have operated continuously, throughout the orangutan’s modern range, on both Borneo and Sumatra, since the 1960s. ...
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Projects for rehabilitating then releasing ex-captive orangutans to free forest life have operated continuously, throughout the orangutan’s modern range, on both Borneo and Sumatra, since the 1960s. This chapter assesses the role of rehabilitation in the conservation of orangutan populations in their natural habitat in light of over 40 years of operation. The chapter reviews the history of orangutan rehabilitation efforts, including its priorities, politics, and practicalities relative to conservation. The chapter also reviews available empirical data on survival rates, activity budgets, diet, and reproduction in an effort to assess the success of orangutan rehabilitation empirically, as a basis for responding to persistent criticisms that orangutan rehabilitation is not successful and does not contribute to conservation. Finally, the chapter discusses how orangutan rehabilitation operates today, as a basis for understanding the complexities involved, modern approaches to programming, remaining limitations, and continuing challenges.Less
Projects for rehabilitating then releasing ex-captive orangutans to free forest life have operated continuously, throughout the orangutan’s modern range, on both Borneo and Sumatra, since the 1960s. This chapter assesses the role of rehabilitation in the conservation of orangutan populations in their natural habitat in light of over 40 years of operation. The chapter reviews the history of orangutan rehabilitation efforts, including its priorities, politics, and practicalities relative to conservation. The chapter also reviews available empirical data on survival rates, activity budgets, diet, and reproduction in an effort to assess the success of orangutan rehabilitation empirically, as a basis for responding to persistent criticisms that orangutan rehabilitation is not successful and does not contribute to conservation. Finally, the chapter discusses how orangutan rehabilitation operates today, as a basis for understanding the complexities involved, modern approaches to programming, remaining limitations, and continuing challenges.
Khalid Bekkaoui
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199554157
- eISBN:
- 9780191720437
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199554157.003.0007
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature, 18th-century Literature
This chapter draws parallels between the English nation's fascination with The Arabian Nights and the rise of particular generic paradigms. Taking examples from Penelope Aubin and other 18th-century ...
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This chapter draws parallels between the English nation's fascination with The Arabian Nights and the rise of particular generic paradigms. Taking examples from Penelope Aubin and other 18th-century writers, it analyzes stories about captive English heroines and travelers who, intensely attracted to Moorish heroes, chose to remain with their Muslim lovers rather then returning to their conventional life at home. The sensual and luxurious appeal of the Orient is displaced onto European women whose intense attraction to Moorish heroes becomes a familiar trope. The East paradoxically offers greater social class mobility for European women in their ascent from slave girl to favored queen. Female renegades, the chapter argues, serve as vulnerable receptors of Eastern eschatologies and as signs of the West's failure to persuade itself of European sexual, religious, and cultural superiority. Situated in a textual battling ground for Western ideology, these captives and defectors reveal how troubled Europe becomes as it imagines sacrificing its profligate women to an imagined alterity.Less
This chapter draws parallels between the English nation's fascination with The Arabian Nights and the rise of particular generic paradigms. Taking examples from Penelope Aubin and other 18th-century writers, it analyzes stories about captive English heroines and travelers who, intensely attracted to Moorish heroes, chose to remain with their Muslim lovers rather then returning to their conventional life at home. The sensual and luxurious appeal of the Orient is displaced onto European women whose intense attraction to Moorish heroes becomes a familiar trope. The East paradoxically offers greater social class mobility for European women in their ascent from slave girl to favored queen. Female renegades, the chapter argues, serve as vulnerable receptors of Eastern eschatologies and as signs of the West's failure to persuade itself of European sexual, religious, and cultural superiority. Situated in a textual battling ground for Western ideology, these captives and defectors reveal how troubled Europe becomes as it imagines sacrificing its profligate women to an imagined alterity.
Geoffrey P. R. Wallace
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801453434
- eISBN:
- 9780801455742
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801453434.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Security Studies
Why are prisoners horribly abused in some wars but humanely cared for in others? This book explores the profound differences in the ways that captives are treated during armed conflict. It focuses on ...
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Why are prisoners horribly abused in some wars but humanely cared for in others? This book explores the profound differences in the ways that captives are treated during armed conflict. It focuses on the dual role played by regime type and the nature of the conflict in determining whether captor states opt for brutality or mercy. Integrating original data on prisoner treatment during the last century of interstate warfare with in-depth historical cases, the book demonstrates how domestic constraints and external incentives shape the fate of captured enemy combatants. Both Russia and Japan, for example, treated prisoners very differently in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–5 and in World War II. The behavior of any given country is liable to vary from conflict to conflict and even within the same war. Democracies may be more likely to treat their captives humanely, yet this benevolence is rooted less in liberal norms of nonviolence than in concerns over public accountability. When such concerns are weak or absent, democracies are equally capable of brutal conduct toward captives. In conflicts that devolve into protracted fighting, belligerents may inflict violence against captives as part of a strategy of exploitation and to coerce the adversary into submission. When territory is at stake, prisoners are further at risk of cruel treatment as their captors seek to permanently remove the most threatening sources of opposition within newly conquered lands.Less
Why are prisoners horribly abused in some wars but humanely cared for in others? This book explores the profound differences in the ways that captives are treated during armed conflict. It focuses on the dual role played by regime type and the nature of the conflict in determining whether captor states opt for brutality or mercy. Integrating original data on prisoner treatment during the last century of interstate warfare with in-depth historical cases, the book demonstrates how domestic constraints and external incentives shape the fate of captured enemy combatants. Both Russia and Japan, for example, treated prisoners very differently in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–5 and in World War II. The behavior of any given country is liable to vary from conflict to conflict and even within the same war. Democracies may be more likely to treat their captives humanely, yet this benevolence is rooted less in liberal norms of nonviolence than in concerns over public accountability. When such concerns are weak or absent, democracies are equally capable of brutal conduct toward captives. In conflicts that devolve into protracted fighting, belligerents may inflict violence against captives as part of a strategy of exploitation and to coerce the adversary into submission. When territory is at stake, prisoners are further at risk of cruel treatment as their captors seek to permanently remove the most threatening sources of opposition within newly conquered lands.
Alan Kramer
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199693627
- eISBN:
- 9780191741258
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199693627.003.0018
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter discusses the surrender of ordinary soldiers in the British, German, and Italian armies. Distinguishing between desertion, forced surrender, and unforced surrender, it questions also ...
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This chapter discusses the surrender of ordinary soldiers in the British, German, and Italian armies. Distinguishing between desertion, forced surrender, and unforced surrender, it questions also whether the killing of captives was routine. Mass unforced surrenders indicated a breakdown of cohesion, and could be turning points in the war. Although the Italian supreme command was obsessed with allegedly high rates of desertion and surrender, an analysis of Caporetto from both sides warns against glib assumptions about Italian surrender. A spike in unforced surrenders of German men in autumn 1917, and rising numbers in 1918, indicated declining morale and cohesion. The Allied and German commanders drew different conclusions from the mass surrenders, with fateful results. Mass surrender could, but did not necessarily, indicate the irreversible disintegration of the cohesion of an army.Less
This chapter discusses the surrender of ordinary soldiers in the British, German, and Italian armies. Distinguishing between desertion, forced surrender, and unforced surrender, it questions also whether the killing of captives was routine. Mass unforced surrenders indicated a breakdown of cohesion, and could be turning points in the war. Although the Italian supreme command was obsessed with allegedly high rates of desertion and surrender, an analysis of Caporetto from both sides warns against glib assumptions about Italian surrender. A spike in unforced surrenders of German men in autumn 1917, and rising numbers in 1918, indicated declining morale and cohesion. The Allied and German commanders drew different conclusions from the mass surrenders, with fateful results. Mass surrender could, but did not necessarily, indicate the irreversible disintegration of the cohesion of an army.
Ross Hassig
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199693627
- eISBN:
- 9780191741258
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199693627.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
The Aztec empire never surrendered. In early flower wars fought to demonstrate military prowess, surrenders were feasible among nobles but not in normal imperial wars. Individually, surrender is ...
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The Aztec empire never surrendered. In early flower wars fought to demonstrate military prowess, surrenders were feasible among nobles but not in normal imperial wars. Individually, surrender is difficult to distinguish from capture, as captors had little incentive to accept surrender rather than take captives. Polities, however, did surrender, and could do so at any point, the extent of their resistance affecting their subsequent tribute obligations. But surrender was always a political decision. Yet if the leadership did not surrender after their army's defeat, their city would be sacked and the populace taken captives. Famously, however, Cortes claimed that the Aztecs surrendered to him on 13 August 1521, yet the subsequent sacking of Tenochtitlan strongly contradicts his self-serving assertion.Less
The Aztec empire never surrendered. In early flower wars fought to demonstrate military prowess, surrenders were feasible among nobles but not in normal imperial wars. Individually, surrender is difficult to distinguish from capture, as captors had little incentive to accept surrender rather than take captives. Polities, however, did surrender, and could do so at any point, the extent of their resistance affecting their subsequent tribute obligations. But surrender was always a political decision. Yet if the leadership did not surrender after their army's defeat, their city would be sacked and the populace taken captives. Famously, however, Cortes claimed that the Aztecs surrendered to him on 13 August 1521, yet the subsequent sacking of Tenochtitlan strongly contradicts his self-serving assertion.
Adam Teller
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780691161747
- eISBN:
- 9780691199863
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691161747.003.0016
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism
This chapter discusses what happened to the Polish Jewish captives once they had been ransomed and released. Most sought to return home at the first opportunity. Without a patron, however, this was ...
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This chapter discusses what happened to the Polish Jewish captives once they had been ransomed and released. Most sought to return home at the first opportunity. Without a patron, however, this was not easy. The captives had been brutally snatched from their previous lives and so, once freed, had little or no resources on which to rely. The religious obligation of the local Jewish society toward them ended with their ransom; once they had been freed, they were largely on their own and had to make their own way home—an extremely difficult, often impossible, proposition. There is no way to tell just what proportion of the ransomed captives managed to return home, though the desire to do so seems to have been fairly widespread. Still, there were those who simply could not manage it. The financial difficulties, the physical danger of long-distance travel, and the continuing threat of pirates in the Mediterranean must have deterred many, especially women, who often opted to stay and start new lives. The chapter then considers the refugee information network, the problems of identification, and the cultural contacts between Ashkenazi refugees and the Sephardi society.Less
This chapter discusses what happened to the Polish Jewish captives once they had been ransomed and released. Most sought to return home at the first opportunity. Without a patron, however, this was not easy. The captives had been brutally snatched from their previous lives and so, once freed, had little or no resources on which to rely. The religious obligation of the local Jewish society toward them ended with their ransom; once they had been freed, they were largely on their own and had to make their own way home—an extremely difficult, often impossible, proposition. There is no way to tell just what proportion of the ransomed captives managed to return home, though the desire to do so seems to have been fairly widespread. Still, there were those who simply could not manage it. The financial difficulties, the physical danger of long-distance travel, and the continuing threat of pirates in the Mediterranean must have deterred many, especially women, who often opted to stay and start new lives. The chapter then considers the refugee information network, the problems of identification, and the cultural contacts between Ashkenazi refugees and the Sephardi society.
Adam Teller
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780691161747
- eISBN:
- 9780691199863
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691161747.003.0017
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism
This chapter examines how the transregional aspects of the captive crisis gave it great significance for the Jewish world. The appearance on the slave markets of Istanbul of thousands of Jews, ...
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This chapter examines how the transregional aspects of the captive crisis gave it great significance for the Jewish world. The appearance on the slave markets of Istanbul of thousands of Jews, destitute and desperate, as well as the news coming in of the enormous destruction in Poland–Lithuania and the stream of emissaries and refugees traveling from town to town in search of help, forced Jewish communities across Europe to make a concerted effort to step up their charitable activity on their behalf. At the heart of all the activity was a transregional fundraising network run by the Jewish communities of Venice, the major Jewish center in the eastern Mediterranean. The Polish crisis put this system under great pressure. The calls on it multiplied and came from a number of different directions. Averse to turning away these needy Jews empty-handed, it adopted the policy it used for supporting the Jewish communities in the Land of Israel. The needs of the Polish Jewish captives challenged the fundraising network in other ways. For example, the fundraising crossed the cultural border within Jewish society, since Sephardi Jews were being called on to support Ashkenazim. Even more striking, however, was the way the network positioned itself vis-à-vis the political borders of Europe and the Mediterranean world. These were, perhaps, the first steps toward the development of an institutional Jewish world.Less
This chapter examines how the transregional aspects of the captive crisis gave it great significance for the Jewish world. The appearance on the slave markets of Istanbul of thousands of Jews, destitute and desperate, as well as the news coming in of the enormous destruction in Poland–Lithuania and the stream of emissaries and refugees traveling from town to town in search of help, forced Jewish communities across Europe to make a concerted effort to step up their charitable activity on their behalf. At the heart of all the activity was a transregional fundraising network run by the Jewish communities of Venice, the major Jewish center in the eastern Mediterranean. The Polish crisis put this system under great pressure. The calls on it multiplied and came from a number of different directions. Averse to turning away these needy Jews empty-handed, it adopted the policy it used for supporting the Jewish communities in the Land of Israel. The needs of the Polish Jewish captives challenged the fundraising network in other ways. For example, the fundraising crossed the cultural border within Jewish society, since Sephardi Jews were being called on to support Ashkenazim. Even more striking, however, was the way the network positioned itself vis-à-vis the political borders of Europe and the Mediterranean world. These were, perhaps, the first steps toward the development of an institutional Jewish world.
S. P. MacKenzie
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199656028
- eISBN:
- 9780191744624
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199656028.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Military History
This chapter examines the repatriation of British captives, the effect of captivity on their political views, debates about whether to hold collaborators to account, and government efforts to ...
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This chapter examines the repatriation of British captives, the effect of captivity on their political views, debates about whether to hold collaborators to account, and government efforts to influence public opinion and future captives regarding what had happened along the Yalu and what ought to be expected of captured British servicemen in future. A summary exploration of the varying British reactions to communist efforts at subversion and coercion is undertaken, underlining how the situation was far more variable over time and space in North Korea with respect to collaboration and resistance than the flattering popular view of a united anti-communist front supposes, and providing explanations for why groups and individuals behaved as they did.Less
This chapter examines the repatriation of British captives, the effect of captivity on their political views, debates about whether to hold collaborators to account, and government efforts to influence public opinion and future captives regarding what had happened along the Yalu and what ought to be expected of captured British servicemen in future. A summary exploration of the varying British reactions to communist efforts at subversion and coercion is undertaken, underlining how the situation was far more variable over time and space in North Korea with respect to collaboration and resistance than the flattering popular view of a united anti-communist front supposes, and providing explanations for why groups and individuals behaved as they did.
F. M. Kamm
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199608782
- eISBN:
- 9780191729577
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199608782.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy, Political Philosophy
Chapter 1 considers whether, from a nonconsequentialist perspective, those who are responsible for creating lethal threats are liable to be tortured during and after their threatening acts in order ...
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Chapter 1 considers whether, from a nonconsequentialist perspective, those who are responsible for creating lethal threats are liable to be tortured during and after their threatening acts in order to stop those acts or harm from them. Different conceptions of torture and different occasions when torture might occur, in self and other defense, are considered. The aim is to isolate factors bearing on whether torturing a wrongdoer held captive violates human rights and the inviolability persons.Less
Chapter 1 considers whether, from a nonconsequentialist perspective, those who are responsible for creating lethal threats are liable to be tortured during and after their threatening acts in order to stop those acts or harm from them. Different conceptions of torture and different occasions when torture might occur, in self and other defense, are considered. The aim is to isolate factors bearing on whether torturing a wrongdoer held captive violates human rights and the inviolability persons.
Ken Miller
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801450556
- eISBN:
- 9780801454943
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801450556.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
This chapter examines U.S. prisoner policy in relation to issues of national identity and patriotism during the Revolutionary War's concluding years to the peace of 1783. It considers how Lancaster ...
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This chapter examines U.S. prisoner policy in relation to issues of national identity and patriotism during the Revolutionary War's concluding years to the peace of 1783. It considers how Lancaster became the proving ground for early Continental policy, establishing enduring patterns in Americans' wartime relations with their British and German prisoners. It discusses the local Whigs' dilemma of how best to manage their more than 10,000 remaining prisoners of war, and how the captives in turn had to decide between returning to their ranks and their Old World communities or starting life anew among their wartime adversaries. It also explores how hiring out provided a convenient means of escape for many British captives and a gradual means of assimilation for hundreds of German captives. Finally, it assesses the degree to which wartime expediency and the Revolution's universalistic ideals facilitated the incorporation of particular prisoners into the new United States.Less
This chapter examines U.S. prisoner policy in relation to issues of national identity and patriotism during the Revolutionary War's concluding years to the peace of 1783. It considers how Lancaster became the proving ground for early Continental policy, establishing enduring patterns in Americans' wartime relations with their British and German prisoners. It discusses the local Whigs' dilemma of how best to manage their more than 10,000 remaining prisoners of war, and how the captives in turn had to decide between returning to their ranks and their Old World communities or starting life anew among their wartime adversaries. It also explores how hiring out provided a convenient means of escape for many British captives and a gradual means of assimilation for hundreds of German captives. Finally, it assesses the degree to which wartime expediency and the Revolution's universalistic ideals facilitated the incorporation of particular prisoners into the new United States.
Kyle Smith
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780520289604
- eISBN:
- 9780520964204
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520289604.003.0006
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
This chapter examines the History of Blessed Simeon bar Sabba'e and two other texts from among the Syriac Acts of the Persian Martyrs: the Martyrdom of the Captives of Beth Zabdai and the Martyrdom ...
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This chapter examines the History of Blessed Simeon bar Sabba'e and two other texts from among the Syriac Acts of the Persian Martyrs: the Martyrdom of the Captives of Beth Zabdai and the Martyrdom of Pusai-Qarugbed. All three sources demonstrate a pronounced trend in the discourse of late fifth-and early sixth-century Syriac martyrdom narratives: the conceptualization of Persian Christians during Shapur II's reign as Roman captives. This chapter considers how and why these Syriac martyrdom narratives speak about Christians as Roman captives. It argues that these Syriac martyrdom narratives discuss “Roman captives” not only because of the Sasanian practice of taking hundreds if not thousands of prisoners of war, but also because of the history of the spread of Christianity in Persia; the two founding synods of the Church of the East, in 410 and 420; and the brief war between Rome and Persia that followed the Sasanian king Yazdgard I's death in 420.Less
This chapter examines the History of Blessed Simeon bar Sabba'e and two other texts from among the Syriac Acts of the Persian Martyrs: the Martyrdom of the Captives of Beth Zabdai and the Martyrdom of Pusai-Qarugbed. All three sources demonstrate a pronounced trend in the discourse of late fifth-and early sixth-century Syriac martyrdom narratives: the conceptualization of Persian Christians during Shapur II's reign as Roman captives. This chapter considers how and why these Syriac martyrdom narratives speak about Christians as Roman captives. It argues that these Syriac martyrdom narratives discuss “Roman captives” not only because of the Sasanian practice of taking hundreds if not thousands of prisoners of war, but also because of the history of the spread of Christianity in Persia; the two founding synods of the Church of the East, in 410 and 420; and the brief war between Rome and Persia that followed the Sasanian king Yazdgard I's death in 420.
Mary Wills
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781789620788
- eISBN:
- 9781789629668
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3828/liverpool/9781789620788.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, African-American History
To witness the human trauma of the transatlantic slave trade was extraordinary employment for British naval officers, and this chapter examines rare surviving accounts of life on prize voyages, ...
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To witness the human trauma of the transatlantic slave trade was extraordinary employment for British naval officers, and this chapter examines rare surviving accounts of life on prize voyages, whereby naval officers were tasked with transporting captured slave ships to Admiralty courts for adjudication. It explores the extent to which officers engaged with the individuals they were ‘liberating’ – on captured slavers, on HM ships, or while stationed at the British territories of Sierra Leone or St Helena. Officers’ ideas about freedom, its limits, and its applicability to African people were concepts bound to racial attitudes. A prize voyage could constitute an alternative ‘Middle Passage’ for captive Africans, a state of affairs naval officers could contribute to. This chapter looks at the experiences of captive Africans, and at cases where individual Africans were taken into British guardianship by naval officers.Less
To witness the human trauma of the transatlantic slave trade was extraordinary employment for British naval officers, and this chapter examines rare surviving accounts of life on prize voyages, whereby naval officers were tasked with transporting captured slave ships to Admiralty courts for adjudication. It explores the extent to which officers engaged with the individuals they were ‘liberating’ – on captured slavers, on HM ships, or while stationed at the British territories of Sierra Leone or St Helena. Officers’ ideas about freedom, its limits, and its applicability to African people were concepts bound to racial attitudes. A prize voyage could constitute an alternative ‘Middle Passage’ for captive Africans, a state of affairs naval officers could contribute to. This chapter looks at the experiences of captive Africans, and at cases where individual Africans were taken into British guardianship by naval officers.
Adam Teller
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780691161747
- eISBN:
- 9780691199863
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691161747.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism
This chapter provides an overview of the Polish–Lithuanian Jews who were taken captive to be ransomed or sold into slavery. Once captured, these Jewish women and men found themselves trapped in two ...
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This chapter provides an overview of the Polish–Lithuanian Jews who were taken captive to be ransomed or sold into slavery. Once captured, these Jewish women and men found themselves trapped in two major international economic systems of the period. The first was the international trade in Ukrainian, Polish, Russian, and Circassian captives carried out by the Crimean Tatars with the support of the Ottoman Empire. The second economic system was piracy in the Mediterranean. Two major issues are at the heart of the discussion on the fates of these Jewish captives. The first concerns the slave trade itself and how its market conditions shaped the fate of the captured Jews. The second deals with the effort to ransom the Jewish captives from eastern Europe and is focused on the transregional Jewish philanthropic networks that raised huge sums and transported them the long distances to the slave market, examining them in terms of both their form and their function.Less
This chapter provides an overview of the Polish–Lithuanian Jews who were taken captive to be ransomed or sold into slavery. Once captured, these Jewish women and men found themselves trapped in two major international economic systems of the period. The first was the international trade in Ukrainian, Polish, Russian, and Circassian captives carried out by the Crimean Tatars with the support of the Ottoman Empire. The second economic system was piracy in the Mediterranean. Two major issues are at the heart of the discussion on the fates of these Jewish captives. The first concerns the slave trade itself and how its market conditions shaped the fate of the captured Jews. The second deals with the effort to ransom the Jewish captives from eastern Europe and is focused on the transregional Jewish philanthropic networks that raised huge sums and transported them the long distances to the slave market, examining them in terms of both their form and their function.
Susan L. Carruthers
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520257306
- eISBN:
- 9780520944794
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520257306.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter focuses on the story of Oksana Kasenkina, a schoolteacher who had fled Manhattan some days earlier in a bid to avoid repatriation to the USSR by the diplomats whose children she had ...
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This chapter focuses on the story of Oksana Kasenkina, a schoolteacher who had fled Manhattan some days earlier in a bid to avoid repatriation to the USSR by the diplomats whose children she had spent two years tutoring. Although this schoolteacher drew Americans' attention to communist “captive taking,” she was scarcely the first Soviet citizen to balk at the prospect of returning home. Viewed from a wider angle, Kasenkina was one among thousands of nyevozvrashchentzi (nonreturners). For some, the Kasenkina affair underscored the need for a more generous attitude toward the thousands of refugees in Europe who had escaped Soviet control and continued to risk death in order to flee west. Others extracted a quite different lesson, however, focusing not on what the schoolteacher represented but on what the presence of the Soviet consulate on East Sixty-first Street meant for U.S. security.Less
This chapter focuses on the story of Oksana Kasenkina, a schoolteacher who had fled Manhattan some days earlier in a bid to avoid repatriation to the USSR by the diplomats whose children she had spent two years tutoring. Although this schoolteacher drew Americans' attention to communist “captive taking,” she was scarcely the first Soviet citizen to balk at the prospect of returning home. Viewed from a wider angle, Kasenkina was one among thousands of nyevozvrashchentzi (nonreturners). For some, the Kasenkina affair underscored the need for a more generous attitude toward the thousands of refugees in Europe who had escaped Soviet control and continued to risk death in order to flee west. Others extracted a quite different lesson, however, focusing not on what the schoolteacher represented but on what the presence of the Soviet consulate on East Sixty-first Street meant for U.S. security.
Susan L. Carruthers
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520257306
- eISBN:
- 9780520944794
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520257306.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
The disappointments and frustrations experienced by once-celebrated captives, defectors, and escapees attracted little public comment. Nothing merited such attention as the moment of decision when ...
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The disappointments and frustrations experienced by once-celebrated captives, defectors, and escapees attracted little public comment. Nothing merited such attention as the moment of decision when individuals chose—or rejected—“freedom.” For these fleetingly lionized individuals, both the brevity and the selectivity of public attention were themselves sources of embitterment. Numerous individuals and organizations pounced with alacrity on stories of communist captivity and escape, stamping them with ideologically congenial meanings. But few tried to help their human subjects wrestle with difficult life adjustments or narrate their experiences in ways that might complicate the crude anticommunism that passed as the moral of these stories. While these Cold War captivities diffused into America's cultural bloodstream, the individuals themselves sank into what was often a troubled obscurity.Less
The disappointments and frustrations experienced by once-celebrated captives, defectors, and escapees attracted little public comment. Nothing merited such attention as the moment of decision when individuals chose—or rejected—“freedom.” For these fleetingly lionized individuals, both the brevity and the selectivity of public attention were themselves sources of embitterment. Numerous individuals and organizations pounced with alacrity on stories of communist captivity and escape, stamping them with ideologically congenial meanings. But few tried to help their human subjects wrestle with difficult life adjustments or narrate their experiences in ways that might complicate the crude anticommunism that passed as the moral of these stories. While these Cold War captivities diffused into America's cultural bloodstream, the individuals themselves sank into what was often a troubled obscurity.
Leland Donald
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520206168
- eISBN:
- 9780520918115
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520206168.003.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, American and Canadian Cultural Anthropology
The purpose of this book is to describe and analyze the practice and institution of slavery among the aboriginal inhabitants of the Northwest Coast of North America. The book describes Northwest ...
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The purpose of this book is to describe and analyze the practice and institution of slavery among the aboriginal inhabitants of the Northwest Coast of North America. The book describes Northwest Coast societies and culture, and investigates how those who controlled access to resources utilized the labor of slaves in the process of food production. It provides the cultural and social background to the practice of slavery and reviews the evidence for the antiquity of slavery in the culture area, also discussing the distinction between the status of slaves on the Northwest Coast and the status of captives in most of the rest of aboriginal North America.Less
The purpose of this book is to describe and analyze the practice and institution of slavery among the aboriginal inhabitants of the Northwest Coast of North America. The book describes Northwest Coast societies and culture, and investigates how those who controlled access to resources utilized the labor of slaves in the process of food production. It provides the cultural and social background to the practice of slavery and reviews the evidence for the antiquity of slavery in the culture area, also discussing the distinction between the status of slaves on the Northwest Coast and the status of captives in most of the rest of aboriginal North America.
