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This chapter focuses on the emergence of a mass market for inexpensive sweets during the 1920s that catered mostly to working-and middle-class consumers. It examines the role played by government agencies, candy producers' trade organizations, and urban and rural workers in shaping candy sales. It considers how the confectionery industry, in creating and differentiating markets for various grades of candy, relied on older racial stereotypes about working-class consumers' preferences for less-refined sweets. It also looks at the rise of new forms of labor and consumer culture that contributed to the remarkable increase in sugar production and consumption during the period. The chapter argues that southern candy makers tailored their final products according to the race of the target consumers, and that work in southern candy factories was segregated to reflect what it calls the Jim Crow candy hierarchy.

This chapter examines how people in the United States learned to eat so much sugar, including piloncillo, the unrefined cane sugar common in rural Mexico. To this end, the chapter traces the consumer cultures of working-class people in different parts of the country, with particular emphasis on the consumption habits of workers who actually produced sugar and candy. It first discusses the association between refined sugar and modernity in Mexico before considering the importation of low-grade handmade sugars from Mexico to the United States between the 1910s and the 1930s. It then shows how merchants expanded their cross-border trade in piloncillo and suggests that the story of piloncillo is a reflection of the ways elite and working-class Mexicans negotiated their racial and national identities in the United States.

While PIFF sought to serve as a showcase for Asian cinema by strongly evoking transregional Asian identities, the festival also strove to promote the national film industry as a gateway to the global market for Korean films. This chapter reveals many of the tensions between national and local aspirations that helped shape PIFF's regional profile.

Tom has the best filming experience, Delirious, and some of the worst, Taking the Heat and a film with Burt Reynolds which never gets off the ground. Mankiewicz is getting tired of dealing with agents and producers - the suits. He'd rather be on a film set with gafers, makeup artists, actors, script supervisors. His father, Joe, passes away in 1993. Mankiewicz reflects on what he learned from papa Joe.

This chapter examines three films from Asian Pacific Rim countries: Too Many Ways to be Number One (Hong Kong, 1997), Chaos (Japan, 1999) and Peppermint Candy (South Korea, 2000), which are singled out because they have, by turns, a multiple, a jumbled and a reversed narrative structure. They are examined chronologically, each time with reference to a number of other films from their respective national cinemas. Although there are numerous difficulties attached to labelling South Korea and Hong Kong ‘nations’, the unusual narratives of these three films are, nevertheless, again viewed as attempts to negotiate ‘national’ identity in the face of changing historical circumstances. The extent to which each film de- or reterritorialises the movement-image is to a large degree a product of the national context in which it was produced.

This chapter examines The Laws of Candy, composed either partially or principally by playwright John Ford, who resided for a long time in the Middle Temple, one of the Inns of Court that formed England’s early law schools. While on first blush The Laws of Candy seems merely to displace sovereignty from a King onto a legislative body, this chapter argues that it rejects sovereignty and a vision of pardoning attached to sovereignty in its entirety. Instead, the play presents the possibility of reconstructing a state faced with potential dissolution through a series of non-sovereign offers of forgiveness. The priority here is placed on law over sovereignty. The chapter also examines how this emphasis relates back to a possible intertext for the play, Plato’s Laws, which was widely read and cited by lawyers, including in Henry Finch’s Nomotexnia, and in compilations of ancient materials, such as Polyanthea and Polyanthea Nova.

Chapter 8 recounts the varied stories of more than a hundred Greek immigrants who opened candy and soda fountain stores in over forty small towns in central Illinois. These Greeks’ lives most closely resembled that of Gus Flesor in Tuscola, but each also represented a unique story. Networking and chain migration are important themes in this chapter, as is the mutual support immigrants offered each other. The place of the Orthodox Church, to which they traveled each Sunday, is also emphasized. This chapter underscores the Greek American success story of immigrants arriving with few resources but evolving into notable entrepreneurs.

This chapter discusses the chemistry and physics of sugar. Sugar exhibits properties that go much beyond sweetness. For example, sugar molecules bind water molecules in a “hydrate shell”; in so doing, they increase the viscosity, especially at high concentrations, of the liquids that contain them. Sugar depresses the freezing point of water, a property that is exploited in the making of ice cream. Sugar can exist as a solid in both the crystalline and amorphous states. Granulated sugar has a crystalline structure. The sugar molecules are very much ordered with respect to one another, not unlike bricks in a wall. At the opposite end is the amorphous state, in which the molecules, randomly packed together, have no organization whatsoever. Scientists refer to solid, amorphous sugar as a glass, because its behavior is analogous to that of regular window glass—hard, brittle, and fragile. The remainder of the chapter discusses glass transition temperature and why it should be a culinary parameter.

This chapter offers an overview of gamification as a historical paradigm that brings games to the forefront of social, political, economic, and aesthetic thought. Though the term gamification, and the design practice to which it refers, can be located within the 2010s, this paradigm has its roots in an earlier moment in the second half of the twentieth century. This chapter extends the history of contemporary gamification back to three US contexts from the mid-twentieth through the early twenty-first centuries: the economic method of game theory, the world-building program of neoliberalism, and the theories of behavioral economics. This historical and conceptual argument is followed by two video game cases—King Digital Entertainment’s mainstream mobile game Candy Crush Saga (2012) and Eric Barone’s independently designed simulator Stardew Valley (2016)—that demonstrate how these contexts yield gamification.

This chapter explores the great expansion in sugar consumption in post-1750 Britain. Like the previous two chapters, it outlines the formation of a vast transcontinental system designed to supply Britain with a key nutritional commodity. This system was initially built around cane sugar and slave labour. The chapter also discusses the rise of a rival nineteenth-century system, built around sugar beet supplied from central Europe. It also outlines how such sugar systems became inseparable from economic debates, particularly those surrounding protectionism in the late nineteenth century. The chapter also details the explosive growth of industries producing candy, chocolate and jam, before concluding by exploring the critical role sugar played in a society obsessed with energetics and haunted by fears of collapse.

In “Participatory Documentary: Recording the Sound of Equality in the Southern Civil Rights Movement,” Grace Hale examines the work of noted New Left documentary makers Guy and Candie Carawan, who recorded documentary albums of mass meetings and protest actions during the southern civil rights movement. The production of these albums, Hale argues, which render the voices of African Americans denied official political representation in a segregated society, enacted a mode of participatory documentary, prefiguring the world to which its participants aspired.

Thomas M. Scott's Brigade of Loring's Division attacked John W. Geary's division, the only Twentieth Corps unit in place on good ground south of Peach Tree Creek. While Scott's right wing was stopped in bloody fighting, the left wing took advantage of a wooded ravine that lay to Geary's right (and should have been occupied by other Twentieth Corps troops if Hooker had placed his corps properly before the battle). Scott's left wing used this cover to flank Geary's line and throw his division into confusion. The right wing of Charles Candy's brigade fell back in and a bloody fight developed around the 13^th New York Battery, in which the Federals held their ground and repulsed the Confederates. Meanwhile, Patrick H. Jones's brigade, to Candy's rear, adjusted its position to help Candy and oppose the enemy. David Ireland's brigade, to Jones' rear, broke up its column formation to go into action with some regiments moving forward to help the rest of the division and other regiments being forced back by the Confederates, who surged to the rear of Geary's position. In the end, after a confused, swirling battle in the woods, Geary's men repulsed Scott's attack.

This chapter discusses how Lee Chang-Dong’s Bakha satang (Peppermint Candy, 2000) used atemporality in presenting the relevance of an individual’s development to the evolution of the nation’s identity. Bakha satang retells the story of South Korea’s recent development from a military dictatorship to a modern capitalist democracy, through the life of Yong-Ho. In application of atemporality, Bakha Satang projects a nation that wants to evolve in order to escape from the trauma brought by sexual antagonism or gender conflict. However, the trauma is repetitive that it makes the escape illusory.

This chapter begins with a very successful demonstration that illustrates many of the general principles of statistical inference, including estimation, bias, and the concept of the sampling distribution. Students each take a “random” sample of different size candies, weigh them, and estimate the total weight of all candies. Then various demonstrations and examples are presented that take the students on the transition from probability to hypothesis testing, confidence intervals, and more advanced concepts such as statistical power and multiple comparisons. These activities include use an inflatable globe, short-term memory test, first digits of street addresses, and simulated student IQs.

Chapter 2 describes conversion of cellulose to useful products in the 19th century (rayon, celluloid, guncotton) and the role of glucose in its chemical structure. The preparation of candy floss (cotton candy) is described and how the method is relevant to spinning synthetic fibres. The composition of sugar and the composition of foods is explained. In particular, the distinction among starch, sugar, carbohydrates, monosaccharides, and polysaccharides is made. Conversion of crops to bioethanol is described.