Denise Koo, Phyllis A. Wingo, and Charles J. Rothwell
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195149289
- eISBN:
- 9780199865130
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195149289.003.0004
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter describes two types of data collection that are critical for monitoring the population's health and generating health statistics: notifications and registrations. Notifications are ...
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This chapter describes two types of data collection that are critical for monitoring the population's health and generating health statistics: notifications and registrations. Notifications are reports of one or more health-related events that typically require close monitoring by health or other agencies to ensure that they are controlled and do not spread to, or adversely affect, others. Registrations are similar to notifications in that a specific event is the subject of a registration system, but the registration of events is not usually for the immediate control of a specific health problem or hazardous condition. Rather, it is for documenting and tracking events or persons for administrative, legal (e.g., registration of births and marriages), scientific (e.g., to facilitate the identification of a cohort exposed to a hazardous substance for future study), or statistical purposes. The first part of the chapter provides a brief overview of notifications and a detailed description of one notification system—the U.S. National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System—to illustrate the history, practice, and uses of one important example of these systems. The second part of the chapter provides a brief overview of registration systems and then presents detailed descriptions of two registration systems—the U.S. national vital statistics system and the U.S. system of cancer registries—to illustrate the history, practice, and use of registration systems.Less
This chapter describes two types of data collection that are critical for monitoring the population's health and generating health statistics: notifications and registrations. Notifications are reports of one or more health-related events that typically require close monitoring by health or other agencies to ensure that they are controlled and do not spread to, or adversely affect, others. Registrations are similar to notifications in that a specific event is the subject of a registration system, but the registration of events is not usually for the immediate control of a specific health problem or hazardous condition. Rather, it is for documenting and tracking events or persons for administrative, legal (e.g., registration of births and marriages), scientific (e.g., to facilitate the identification of a cohort exposed to a hazardous substance for future study), or statistical purposes. The first part of the chapter provides a brief overview of notifications and a detailed description of one notification system—the U.S. National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System—to illustrate the history, practice, and uses of one important example of these systems. The second part of the chapter provides a brief overview of registration systems and then presents detailed descriptions of two registration systems—the U.S. national vital statistics system and the U.S. system of cancer registries—to illustrate the history, practice, and use of registration systems.
Charles Stiller (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198520702
- eISBN:
- 9780191723711
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198520702.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Cancer is diagnosed in about 140 per million children in Britain each year. There is a 1 in 500 chance that a child will be affected in the first 15 years of life, the most frequently occurring types ...
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Cancer is diagnosed in about 140 per million children in Britain each year. There is a 1 in 500 chance that a child will be affected in the first 15 years of life, the most frequently occurring types of cancer being leukaemia and brain tumours. This book covers the descriptive epidemiology of childhood cancer in Britain through a series of analyses based on data from the National Registry of Childhood Tumours, the largest population-based specialist children's cancer registry in the world. The central four chapters are devoted to detailed analyses of the data. Throughout these chapters, the diagnoses are classified according to the International Classification of Childhood Cancer, Third Edition. First, there is a comprehensive account of national incidence during 1991–2000, with tables of rates and age-incidence graphs for all the major types of childhood cancer. This is followed by an analysis of incidence trends during 1966–2000. The chapter on survival includes a detailed account of survival rates for 1991–2000, analyses of trends during 1966–2000 with a discussion of how they are related to clinical progress, and information on long-term survival. The chapter on mortality gives an account of childhood cancer mortality during 1965–2004. These chapters are preceded by accounts of the history and methodology of the registry, and of the methods used for analyzing the data. The book concludes with a review of past, current and future functions of the registry and uses of its data.Less
Cancer is diagnosed in about 140 per million children in Britain each year. There is a 1 in 500 chance that a child will be affected in the first 15 years of life, the most frequently occurring types of cancer being leukaemia and brain tumours. This book covers the descriptive epidemiology of childhood cancer in Britain through a series of analyses based on data from the National Registry of Childhood Tumours, the largest population-based specialist children's cancer registry in the world. The central four chapters are devoted to detailed analyses of the data. Throughout these chapters, the diagnoses are classified according to the International Classification of Childhood Cancer, Third Edition. First, there is a comprehensive account of national incidence during 1991–2000, with tables of rates and age-incidence graphs for all the major types of childhood cancer. This is followed by an analysis of incidence trends during 1966–2000. The chapter on survival includes a detailed account of survival rates for 1991–2000, analyses of trends during 1966–2000 with a discussion of how they are related to clinical progress, and information on long-term survival. The chapter on mortality gives an account of childhood cancer mortality during 1965–2004. These chapters are preceded by accounts of the history and methodology of the registry, and of the methods used for analyzing the data. The book concludes with a review of past, current and future functions of the registry and uses of its data.
A. J. Swerdlow
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780192622358
- eISBN:
- 9780191723636
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192622358.003.0005
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter describes the sources of cancer incidence data for small-area analyses, the data requirements for such analyses, and the issues that must be considered in interpreting the results. It ...
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This chapter describes the sources of cancer incidence data for small-area analyses, the data requirements for such analyses, and the issues that must be considered in interpreting the results. It discusses the limitations of small-area analyses using cancer registry data and outlines the ways in which investigation can go beyond calculation of geographical rates from the registry data.Less
This chapter describes the sources of cancer incidence data for small-area analyses, the data requirements for such analyses, and the issues that must be considered in interpreting the results. It discusses the limitations of small-area analyses using cancer registry data and outlines the ways in which investigation can go beyond calculation of geographical rates from the registry data.
Pagona Lagiou, Johanna Adami, and Dimitrios Trichopoulos
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195311174
- eISBN:
- 9780199865093
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195311174.003.0002
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Using different and complementary measures, the burden of cancer can be assessed in considerable detail. Efforts to quantify the impact of cancer are limited primarily by the fact that only a small ...
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Using different and complementary measures, the burden of cancer can be assessed in considerable detail. Efforts to quantify the impact of cancer are limited primarily by the fact that only a small proportion of the global population is covered by cancer registries. Notwithstanding these limitations, the occurrence of cancer and its course following diagnosis and treatment show many salient and remarkable features. Foremost, the incidence of many types of cancer varies more than three-fold between different geographic settings. Because migrating populations, sooner or later, adopt the cancer pattern of their adopted country, these geographic differences cannot be explained by variation in genetic susceptibility to cancer. The conclusion is dramatic: cancer is, at least in theory, a highly preventable disease. As developing countries adopt a more western lifestyle, their cancer pattern is expected to approach that of the developed countries. More importantly, the total burden of cancer will increase substantially.Less
Using different and complementary measures, the burden of cancer can be assessed in considerable detail. Efforts to quantify the impact of cancer are limited primarily by the fact that only a small proportion of the global population is covered by cancer registries. Notwithstanding these limitations, the occurrence of cancer and its course following diagnosis and treatment show many salient and remarkable features. Foremost, the incidence of many types of cancer varies more than three-fold between different geographic settings. Because migrating populations, sooner or later, adopt the cancer pattern of their adopted country, these geographic differences cannot be explained by variation in genetic susceptibility to cancer. The conclusion is dramatic: cancer is, at least in theory, a highly preventable disease. As developing countries adopt a more western lifestyle, their cancer pattern is expected to approach that of the developed countries. More importantly, the total burden of cancer will increase substantially.
Ahmedin Jemal, D. Maxwell Parkin, and Freddie Bray
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- December 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780190238667
- eISBN:
- 9780190238698
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0008
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Epidemiology, Public Health
The global burden of cancer is expected to increase from 14.1 million newly diagnosed cases and 8.2 million cancer deaths in 2012 to 22 million cases and 13 million deaths in 2030. This increase, ...
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The global burden of cancer is expected to increase from 14.1 million newly diagnosed cases and 8.2 million cancer deaths in 2012 to 22 million cases and 13 million deaths in 2030. This increase, based on projected population aging and growth, will disproportionately affect low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where large numbers of young adults are now surviving to older ages where cancer becomes common. The incidence of cancers traditionally associated with Western behavioral, environmental, and cultural factors (breast, colorectum, lung, and prostate) are increasing in LMICs, whereas cancers caused at least partly by infectious agents (stomach, liver, uterine cervix) are decreasing. Population-based cancer registries (PBCRs) are central to cancer surveillance and control. These registries now cover over 95% of the population in North America, but less than 10% of the populations of South America and Africa.Less
The global burden of cancer is expected to increase from 14.1 million newly diagnosed cases and 8.2 million cancer deaths in 2012 to 22 million cases and 13 million deaths in 2030. This increase, based on projected population aging and growth, will disproportionately affect low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where large numbers of young adults are now surviving to older ages where cancer becomes common. The incidence of cancers traditionally associated with Western behavioral, environmental, and cultural factors (breast, colorectum, lung, and prostate) are increasing in LMICs, whereas cancers caused at least partly by infectious agents (stomach, liver, uterine cervix) are decreasing. Population-based cancer registries (PBCRs) are central to cancer surveillance and control. These registries now cover over 95% of the population in North America, but less than 10% of the populations of South America and Africa.
Yuri Ito and Bernard Rachet
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- October 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780198848134
- eISBN:
- 9780191882692
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198848134.003.0012
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Epidemiology, Public Health
Cancer death has been Japan’s greatest public health enemy since the 1980s, after controlling infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis. Improvement in cancer survival due to the development of ...
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Cancer death has been Japan’s greatest public health enemy since the 1980s, after controlling infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis. Improvement in cancer survival due to the development of effective cancer treatment and the spread of screening for early detection of cancer has led to declining trends in cancer mortality. However, inequalities in cancer outcome have been observed and trends in inequalities for some cancers have widened in Japan. Socioeconomic inequalities in cancer can be partly explained by differences in the prevalence of cancer risks and screening uptakes. Issues of access to treatment and diagnostic differences still need clarification due to the lack of data in Japan. We need to understand the mechanisms of inequalities in cancer occurrence, detection, and treatment to deal with this barrier to cancer control.Less
Cancer death has been Japan’s greatest public health enemy since the 1980s, after controlling infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis. Improvement in cancer survival due to the development of effective cancer treatment and the spread of screening for early detection of cancer has led to declining trends in cancer mortality. However, inequalities in cancer outcome have been observed and trends in inequalities for some cancers have widened in Japan. Socioeconomic inequalities in cancer can be partly explained by differences in the prevalence of cancer risks and screening uptakes. Issues of access to treatment and diagnostic differences still need clarification due to the lack of data in Japan. We need to understand the mechanisms of inequalities in cancer occurrence, detection, and treatment to deal with this barrier to cancer control.
