Brandon C. Welsh and David P. Farrington
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195326215
- eISBN:
- 9780199943999
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195326215.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
The United Kingdom has more than 4.2 million public closed-circuit television (CCTV) cameras—one for every fourteen citizens. Across the United States, hundreds of video-surveillance systems are ...
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The United Kingdom has more than 4.2 million public closed-circuit television (CCTV) cameras—one for every fourteen citizens. Across the United States, hundreds of video-surveillance systems are being installed in town centers, public transportation facilities, and schools at a cost exceeding $100 million annually, and now other Western countries have begun to experiment with CCTV to prevent crime in public places. In light of this expansion and the associated public expenditure, as well as pressing concerns about privacy rights, there is an acute need for an evidence-based approach to inform policy and practice. This book assesses the effectiveness and social costs of not only CCTV, but also other surveillance methods to prevent crime in public space, such as improved street lighting, security guards, place managers, and defensible space. It goes beyond the question of “Does it work?” and examines the specific conditions and contexts under which these methods may have an effect on crime as well as the mechanisms that bring about a reduction in crime. At a time when cities need cost-effective methods to fight crime and the public gradually awakens to the burdens of sacrificing their privacy and civil rights for security, the authors provide this guide to the most effective and non-invasive uses of surveillance to make public places safer from crime.Less
The United Kingdom has more than 4.2 million public closed-circuit television (CCTV) cameras—one for every fourteen citizens. Across the United States, hundreds of video-surveillance systems are being installed in town centers, public transportation facilities, and schools at a cost exceeding $100 million annually, and now other Western countries have begun to experiment with CCTV to prevent crime in public places. In light of this expansion and the associated public expenditure, as well as pressing concerns about privacy rights, there is an acute need for an evidence-based approach to inform policy and practice. This book assesses the effectiveness and social costs of not only CCTV, but also other surveillance methods to prevent crime in public space, such as improved street lighting, security guards, place managers, and defensible space. It goes beyond the question of “Does it work?” and examines the specific conditions and contexts under which these methods may have an effect on crime as well as the mechanisms that bring about a reduction in crime. At a time when cities need cost-effective methods to fight crime and the public gradually awakens to the burdens of sacrificing their privacy and civil rights for security, the authors provide this guide to the most effective and non-invasive uses of surveillance to make public places safer from crime.
Michael North
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195173567
- eISBN:
- 9780199787906
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195173567.003.0006
- Subject:
- Literature, Film, Media, and Cultural Studies
This chapter explores the Camera Eye sections of Dos Passos's trilogy — which turn out to be a great deal less visual than is commonly supposed — as a key to the trilogy as a whole. What Dos Passos ...
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This chapter explores the Camera Eye sections of Dos Passos's trilogy — which turn out to be a great deal less visual than is commonly supposed — as a key to the trilogy as a whole. What Dos Passos seems to find interesting in the camera is not some kind of visuality, but rather a certain sort of experience — brief and atomized. Oddly, he disapproves of the political effects of this kind of experience while using cinematic techniques in his fiction. The chapter suggests that Dos Passos finds a way for his scattered literary episodes to touch and mutually inform one another, up to a limit determined by racial and sexual indeterminacy.Less
This chapter explores the Camera Eye sections of Dos Passos's trilogy — which turn out to be a great deal less visual than is commonly supposed — as a key to the trilogy as a whole. What Dos Passos seems to find interesting in the camera is not some kind of visuality, but rather a certain sort of experience — brief and atomized. Oddly, he disapproves of the political effects of this kind of experience while using cinematic techniques in his fiction. The chapter suggests that Dos Passos finds a way for his scattered literary episodes to touch and mutually inform one another, up to a limit determined by racial and sexual indeterminacy.
Wahl Jan
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780813136189
- eISBN:
- 9780813141176
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813136189.003.0008
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
Wahl describes the movement of the camera and its magical ability to alter what it sees. At one point, Dreyer steps away from the camera to survey the landscape. While he is away, one of the actors, ...
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Wahl describes the movement of the camera and its magical ability to alter what it sees. At one point, Dreyer steps away from the camera to survey the landscape. While he is away, one of the actors, Cay Kristiansen, crouches behind the camera and looks through the forbidden lens. The crew stands frozen; Bendsten, who should have been guarding the camera, is gone. Dreyer stands immobile, in shock that someone peered through his camera. When Kristiansen is finally stopped, he is dumbfounded and in awe of what he has seen through the lens.Less
Wahl describes the movement of the camera and its magical ability to alter what it sees. At one point, Dreyer steps away from the camera to survey the landscape. While he is away, one of the actors, Cay Kristiansen, crouches behind the camera and looks through the forbidden lens. The crew stands frozen; Bendsten, who should have been guarding the camera, is gone. Dreyer stands immobile, in shock that someone peered through his camera. When Kristiansen is finally stopped, he is dumbfounded and in awe of what he has seen through the lens.
Andrew W. Fitzgibbon, Geoff Cross, and Andrew Zisserman
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197262962
- eISBN:
- 9780191734533
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197262962.003.0007
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Archaeological Methodology and Techniques
Digital representation of an artefact is necessary in order to measure, admire and analyse such ancient pieces. For the purpose of storing, recoding and transmitting information, digital photographs ...
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Digital representation of an artefact is necessary in order to measure, admire and analyse such ancient pieces. For the purpose of storing, recoding and transmitting information, digital photographs may be enough. However, in the examination purposes of an artefact, a 3D presentation is invaluable as it allows the object viewpoint to be modified freely and 3D measurements to be taken on object features. This chapter describes the system by which 3D models from photographs can be acquired, without the need for the calibration of system geometry such as the camera focal length, relative motion of the camera and object, and the relative positions of the camera and object. This system instead computes the representation of all possible objects and camera configurations which are consistent with the given image. The first section discusses how tracking points observed in 2D images allows for the computation of the relative camera and object geometry. The second section discusses the construction of a triangulated 3D model from the object projections. The third section discusses the refinement of the model based on surface texture.Less
Digital representation of an artefact is necessary in order to measure, admire and analyse such ancient pieces. For the purpose of storing, recoding and transmitting information, digital photographs may be enough. However, in the examination purposes of an artefact, a 3D presentation is invaluable as it allows the object viewpoint to be modified freely and 3D measurements to be taken on object features. This chapter describes the system by which 3D models from photographs can be acquired, without the need for the calibration of system geometry such as the camera focal length, relative motion of the camera and object, and the relative positions of the camera and object. This system instead computes the representation of all possible objects and camera configurations which are consistent with the given image. The first section discusses how tracking points observed in 2D images allows for the computation of the relative camera and object geometry. The second section discusses the construction of a triangulated 3D model from the object projections. The third section discusses the refinement of the model based on surface texture.
Rhys E. Green
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198520863
- eISBN:
- 9780191706189
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198520863.003.0003
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
This chapter considers all aspects of the study of the breeding biology of wild birds, and how to gain representative measures of nest success and other aspects. It discusses the selection of study ...
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This chapter considers all aspects of the study of the breeding biology of wild birds, and how to gain representative measures of nest success and other aspects. It discusses the selection of study areas, measuring the success of individual breeding attempts, and determining the proximate causes of breeding failure from signs left at the nest, using wax or plasticine eggs, cameras, and temperature loggers. It also discusses the use of artificial nests to measure nest success and causes of failure, and methods of measuring overall annual productivity from detailed field studies, or from counts or captures after the breeding season, or from the use of simulation models. Final sections deal with assessments of the timing of breeding, measurements of eggs and chicks, and the use of experiments to disentangle the ultimate and proximate causes of breeding failure.Less
This chapter considers all aspects of the study of the breeding biology of wild birds, and how to gain representative measures of nest success and other aspects. It discusses the selection of study areas, measuring the success of individual breeding attempts, and determining the proximate causes of breeding failure from signs left at the nest, using wax or plasticine eggs, cameras, and temperature loggers. It also discusses the use of artificial nests to measure nest success and causes of failure, and methods of measuring overall annual productivity from detailed field studies, or from counts or captures after the breeding season, or from the use of simulation models. Final sections deal with assessments of the timing of breeding, measurements of eggs and chicks, and the use of experiments to disentangle the ultimate and proximate causes of breeding failure.
Richard Hewett
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781784992989
- eISBN:
- 9781526128362
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781784992989.001.0001
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Television
Why study television acting? While works focusing on cinema performance have increased in recent years, small screen drama has been largely neglected – despite the fact that developments in acting ...
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Why study television acting? While works focusing on cinema performance have increased in recent years, small screen drama has been largely neglected – despite the fact that developments in acting style provide as valuable an index of the times and places in which they were created as any other aspect of production. The Changing Spaces of Television Acting addresses this lack by providing an overview of historical changes in performance style from the live era to the present day. Utilised as case studies are programmes from three diverse eras of television production: The Quatermass Experiment (BBC, 1953), which was transmitted live; Doctor Who (BBC, 1963-89), pre-recorded ‘as live’ on videotape; and Survivors (BBC, 1975-77), which swiftly adopted an Outside Broadcast ‘rehearse/record’ model. Each was also re-made in the 2000s, allowing for both a chronological study and a ‘then-and-now’ comparison of television acting. Archive research into production and reception is combined with textual analysis and interviews with actors and production personnel to examine the effects of the shift from multi-camera studio production to single camera film location work. The result is the first book to investigate not only changes in acting style for television drama, but also the underlying factors which influenced them, from production process and technology to direction, actor training and experience. Only by fully comprehending the conditions under which performances are produced can we understand and appreciate the resulting acting style; The Changing Spaces of Television Acting is the first book to comprehensively address this neglected area of research.Less
Why study television acting? While works focusing on cinema performance have increased in recent years, small screen drama has been largely neglected – despite the fact that developments in acting style provide as valuable an index of the times and places in which they were created as any other aspect of production. The Changing Spaces of Television Acting addresses this lack by providing an overview of historical changes in performance style from the live era to the present day. Utilised as case studies are programmes from three diverse eras of television production: The Quatermass Experiment (BBC, 1953), which was transmitted live; Doctor Who (BBC, 1963-89), pre-recorded ‘as live’ on videotape; and Survivors (BBC, 1975-77), which swiftly adopted an Outside Broadcast ‘rehearse/record’ model. Each was also re-made in the 2000s, allowing for both a chronological study and a ‘then-and-now’ comparison of television acting. Archive research into production and reception is combined with textual analysis and interviews with actors and production personnel to examine the effects of the shift from multi-camera studio production to single camera film location work. The result is the first book to investigate not only changes in acting style for television drama, but also the underlying factors which influenced them, from production process and technology to direction, actor training and experience. Only by fully comprehending the conditions under which performances are produced can we understand and appreciate the resulting acting style; The Changing Spaces of Television Acting is the first book to comprehensively address this neglected area of research.
Brandon C. Welsh and David P. Farrington
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195326215
- eISBN:
- 9780199943999
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195326215.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
This introductory chapter explains the theme of this book, which is about surveillance systems and crime prevention. It evaluates the effectiveness of closed-circuit television (CCTV) cameras and ...
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This introductory chapter explains the theme of this book, which is about surveillance systems and crime prevention. It evaluates the effectiveness of closed-circuit television (CCTV) cameras and improved street lighting in reducing crime in public spaces, and discusses the politics, theory, and methodology that are central to the study of public-area surveillance and crime prevention. The chapter explores policy choices, challenges, and future directions in the use of these public-area-surveillance methods and evaluates the scientific evidence on the effectiveness of the major forms of surveillance that are designed to prevent crime in public places.Less
This introductory chapter explains the theme of this book, which is about surveillance systems and crime prevention. It evaluates the effectiveness of closed-circuit television (CCTV) cameras and improved street lighting in reducing crime in public spaces, and discusses the politics, theory, and methodology that are central to the study of public-area surveillance and crime prevention. The chapter explores policy choices, challenges, and future directions in the use of these public-area-surveillance methods and evaluates the scientific evidence on the effectiveness of the major forms of surveillance that are designed to prevent crime in public places.
Brandon C. Welsh and David P. Farrington
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195326215
- eISBN:
- 9780199943999
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195326215.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
This chapter examines the political aspect of surveillance for crime prevention. It provides the background on the different forms of surveillance that are designed to prevent crime in public places, ...
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This chapter examines the political aspect of surveillance for crime prevention. It provides the background on the different forms of surveillance that are designed to prevent crime in public places, and charts key historic and recent developments which have shaped the use of the major forms of surveillance to prevent crime in public places. The chapter describes some of the most widely used crime-prevention systems, including street lighting and closed-circuit television (CCTV) cameras, and evaluates their social costs.Less
This chapter examines the political aspect of surveillance for crime prevention. It provides the background on the different forms of surveillance that are designed to prevent crime in public places, and charts key historic and recent developments which have shaped the use of the major forms of surveillance to prevent crime in public places. The chapter describes some of the most widely used crime-prevention systems, including street lighting and closed-circuit television (CCTV) cameras, and evaluates their social costs.
Brandon C. Welsh and David P. Farrington
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195326215
- eISBN:
- 9780199943999
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195326215.003.0003
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
This chapter investigates how surveillance measures can reduce crime. It explains that public-area surveillance falls under the category of situational-crime prevention, which stands apart from these ...
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This chapter investigates how surveillance measures can reduce crime. It explains that public-area surveillance falls under the category of situational-crime prevention, which stands apart from these other strategies by its singular focus on the setting or place in which criminal acts take place, as well as its crime-specific focus. The chapter discusses the core assumption of both opportunity and informal social-control models of prevention that criminal opportunities and risks are influenced by environmental conditions in interaction with resident and offender characteristics. Thus, though street lighting, closed-circuit television (CCTV) cameras, and some physical design changes to buildings and parks do not constitute a physical barrier to crime, they can act as a catalyst to stimulate crime reduction through a change in the perceptions, attitudes, and behavior of residents and potential offenders.Less
This chapter investigates how surveillance measures can reduce crime. It explains that public-area surveillance falls under the category of situational-crime prevention, which stands apart from these other strategies by its singular focus on the setting or place in which criminal acts take place, as well as its crime-specific focus. The chapter discusses the core assumption of both opportunity and informal social-control models of prevention that criminal opportunities and risks are influenced by environmental conditions in interaction with resident and offender characteristics. Thus, though street lighting, closed-circuit television (CCTV) cameras, and some physical design changes to buildings and parks do not constitute a physical barrier to crime, they can act as a catalyst to stimulate crime reduction through a change in the perceptions, attitudes, and behavior of residents and potential offenders.
Brandon C. Welsh and David P. Farrington
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195326215
- eISBN:
- 9780199943999
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195326215.003.0005
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
This chapter reviews the scientific evidence on the effectiveness of closed-circuit television (CCTV) surveillance cameras to prevent crime in public places. CCTV evaluations were carried out in four ...
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This chapter reviews the scientific evidence on the effectiveness of closed-circuit television (CCTV) surveillance cameras to prevent crime in public places. CCTV evaluations were carried out in four main settings: city and town centers, public housing, public transport, and car parks. The overall findings indicate that CCTV reduces crime in some circumstances. In light of these mixed results, the chapter suggests that future CCTV programs should be carefully implemented in different settings and should employ high-quality evaluation designs with long follow-up periods.Less
This chapter reviews the scientific evidence on the effectiveness of closed-circuit television (CCTV) surveillance cameras to prevent crime in public places. CCTV evaluations were carried out in four main settings: city and town centers, public housing, public transport, and car parks. The overall findings indicate that CCTV reduces crime in some circumstances. In light of these mixed results, the chapter suggests that future CCTV programs should be carefully implemented in different settings and should employ high-quality evaluation designs with long follow-up periods.
Brandon C. Welsh and David P. Farrington
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195326215
- eISBN:
- 9780199943999
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195326215.003.0008
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
This chapter explores key policy choices and challenges that U.S. cities face in the use of major forms of public-surveillance approaches such as closed-circuit television (CCTV) surveillance cameras ...
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This chapter explores key policy choices and challenges that U.S. cities face in the use of major forms of public-surveillance approaches such as closed-circuit television (CCTV) surveillance cameras and improved street lighting to prevent crime in public places. It suggests that not all forms of surveillance are as potentially intrusive, and raises questions about the infringement of civil liberties and other social costs. However, these social costs need to be weighed against any crime-prevention benefits that accrue from the different forms of surveillance.Less
This chapter explores key policy choices and challenges that U.S. cities face in the use of major forms of public-surveillance approaches such as closed-circuit television (CCTV) surveillance cameras and improved street lighting to prevent crime in public places. It suggests that not all forms of surveillance are as potentially intrusive, and raises questions about the infringement of civil liberties and other social costs. However, these social costs need to be weighed against any crime-prevention benefits that accrue from the different forms of surveillance.
Caroline Jenkins
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199231577
- eISBN:
- 9780191716102
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199231577.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Logic/Philosophy of Mathematics
This chapter explains how the examination of arithmetical concepts can lead to knowledge. It argues that in order for an examination of our concepts to supply us with knowledge of an independent ...
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This chapter explains how the examination of arithmetical concepts can lead to knowledge. It argues that in order for an examination of our concepts to supply us with knowledge of an independent reality, it must be that those concepts are appropriately sensitive to the nature of that reality, or what is called here grounded. The core idea here — and indeed the core idea of this book — is that grounded concepts are like trustworthy on-board maps of the independent world. The chapter suggests that it is through the normal functioning of our senses that our arithmetical concepts come to be grounded, and argues that if this is so, then the ultimate source of our arithmetical knowledge is empirical, though that knowledge is still a priori by many standard definitions.Less
This chapter explains how the examination of arithmetical concepts can lead to knowledge. It argues that in order for an examination of our concepts to supply us with knowledge of an independent reality, it must be that those concepts are appropriately sensitive to the nature of that reality, or what is called here grounded. The core idea here — and indeed the core idea of this book — is that grounded concepts are like trustworthy on-board maps of the independent world. The chapter suggests that it is through the normal functioning of our senses that our arithmetical concepts come to be grounded, and argues that if this is so, then the ultimate source of our arithmetical knowledge is empirical, though that knowledge is still a priori by many standard definitions.
Jeffrey Spivak
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813126432
- eISBN:
- 9780813135663
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813126432.003.0020
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
Buzz was interred at Wiefels and Son Funeral Directors in Palm Springs. Etta Dunn Berkeley was named as executor and sole beneficiary of her husband's estate, which was valued at $100,000 even. Eight ...
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Buzz was interred at Wiefels and Son Funeral Directors in Palm Springs. Etta Dunn Berkeley was named as executor and sole beneficiary of her husband's estate, which was valued at $100,000 even. Eight years after Buzz's death, he was paid tribute to during the opening ceremonies of the 1984 Olympic Games at the Coliseum in Los Angeles. Etta lived on for more than two decades after Buzz's passing, well into her nineties. Sadly, financial hardship may have been the instigating factor in her decision to auction off most of Buzz's personal property. Years after his passing, Hollywood and cable channels such as Turner Classic Movies remembered Buzz whenever a tribute to the heyday of 1930s musicals was held. In Hollywood, nothing could be more appropriate than the inclusion of “Busby Berkeley” to the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce's Walk of Fame.Less
Buzz was interred at Wiefels and Son Funeral Directors in Palm Springs. Etta Dunn Berkeley was named as executor and sole beneficiary of her husband's estate, which was valued at $100,000 even. Eight years after Buzz's death, he was paid tribute to during the opening ceremonies of the 1984 Olympic Games at the Coliseum in Los Angeles. Etta lived on for more than two decades after Buzz's passing, well into her nineties. Sadly, financial hardship may have been the instigating factor in her decision to auction off most of Buzz's personal property. Years after his passing, Hollywood and cable channels such as Turner Classic Movies remembered Buzz whenever a tribute to the heyday of 1930s musicals was held. In Hollywood, nothing could be more appropriate than the inclusion of “Busby Berkeley” to the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce's Walk of Fame.
Leslie Berlin
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195163438
- eISBN:
- 9780199788569
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195163438.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This chapter recounts the group of eight scientists' move from Shockley Semiconductor Labs to Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation, which was established under an agreement with Fairchild Camera and ...
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This chapter recounts the group of eight scientists' move from Shockley Semiconductor Labs to Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation, which was established under an agreement with Fairchild Camera and Instrument. A deal with IBM was key to the success of Fairchild Semiconductor. IBM wanted a transistor that could withstand high temperatures and that could switch quickly. By May 1958, the NPN transistor Moore's team had built for IBM was ready to move into production. By early summer, Fairchild Semiconductor had delivered its promised 100 devices to IBM.Less
This chapter recounts the group of eight scientists' move from Shockley Semiconductor Labs to Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation, which was established under an agreement with Fairchild Camera and Instrument. A deal with IBM was key to the success of Fairchild Semiconductor. IBM wanted a transistor that could withstand high temperatures and that could switch quickly. By May 1958, the NPN transistor Moore's team had built for IBM was ready to move into production. By early summer, Fairchild Semiconductor had delivered its promised 100 devices to IBM.
Vaclav Smil
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195168747
- eISBN:
- 9780199835522
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195168747.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
A rapid succession of technical advances laid the foundations for massive dissemination of information and created new forms of communication. The former innovations included automated typesetting ...
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A rapid succession of technical advances laid the foundations for massive dissemination of information and created new forms of communication. The former innovations included automated typesetting (linotypes) and typewriting, chemical processes for papermaking based on wood pulp, affordable photographic cameras, convenient films, movies, and sound recordings. New means of communication included telephones and the epochal discovery of Hertzian waves that were soon used for the first wireless broadcasts and later developed into the still expanding universe of electronic devices.Less
A rapid succession of technical advances laid the foundations for massive dissemination of information and created new forms of communication. The former innovations included automated typesetting (linotypes) and typewriting, chemical processes for papermaking based on wood pulp, affordable photographic cameras, convenient films, movies, and sound recordings. New means of communication included telephones and the epochal discovery of Hertzian waves that were soon used for the first wireless broadcasts and later developed into the still expanding universe of electronic devices.
Ronald L. Grimes
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195301441
- eISBN:
- 9780199850952
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195301441.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
The chapter contemplates the shooting of rites with still and video cameras, a strange but widespread cultural activity that can either disrupt, extend, or validate these rites. It identifies the ...
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The chapter contemplates the shooting of rites with still and video cameras, a strange but widespread cultural activity that can either disrupt, extend, or validate these rites. It identifies the emerging issues concerning the visual documentation of ritual for purposes of conducting field research, making classroom and conference presentations, supplementing written texts, and consulting with non-academic organizations.Less
The chapter contemplates the shooting of rites with still and video cameras, a strange but widespread cultural activity that can either disrupt, extend, or validate these rites. It identifies the emerging issues concerning the visual documentation of ritual for purposes of conducting field research, making classroom and conference presentations, supplementing written texts, and consulting with non-academic organizations.
Diana C. Mutz
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691165110
- eISBN:
- 9781400865871
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691165110.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter looks at the characteristics of the experimental treatments that are used to manipulate incivility, as well as the kinds of people used in the experiments. Because of the high degree of ...
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This chapter looks at the characteristics of the experimental treatments that are used to manipulate incivility, as well as the kinds of people used in the experiments. Because of the high degree of control over the political content of the broadcasts, the participants involved in the conflicts, and the way in which the cameras covered the dispute, it is possible to draw strong causal inferences about the impact that incivility and camera perspective have on viewers' experiences of political conflict. Although the professional production quality meant that none of the subjects voiced suspicions about the programs themselves, it is still plausible that other, unidentified differences between the real world and this exchange may have altered the outcomes.Less
This chapter looks at the characteristics of the experimental treatments that are used to manipulate incivility, as well as the kinds of people used in the experiments. Because of the high degree of control over the political content of the broadcasts, the participants involved in the conflicts, and the way in which the cameras covered the dispute, it is possible to draw strong causal inferences about the impact that incivility and camera perspective have on viewers' experiences of political conflict. Although the professional production quality meant that none of the subjects voiced suspicions about the programs themselves, it is still plausible that other, unidentified differences between the real world and this exchange may have altered the outcomes.
Michael North
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195173567
- eISBN:
- 9780199787906
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195173567.003.0002
- Subject:
- Literature, Film, Media, and Cultural Studies
This chapter is concerned with the role of Alfred Stieglitz and his magazine Camera Work in forging a connection between modern art, modern literature, and photography. It argues that Camera Work ...
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This chapter is concerned with the role of Alfred Stieglitz and his magazine Camera Work in forging a connection between modern art, modern literature, and photography. It argues that Camera Work incorporated influences from snapshots, film, and advertising photography that were unknown to and antipathetic to Stieglitz himself, insofar as these influences informed the modern painting featured in the magazine.Less
This chapter is concerned with the role of Alfred Stieglitz and his magazine Camera Work in forging a connection between modern art, modern literature, and photography. It argues that Camera Work incorporated influences from snapshots, film, and advertising photography that were unknown to and antipathetic to Stieglitz himself, insofar as these influences informed the modern painting featured in the magazine.
O.P. Mishra
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198075950
- eISBN:
- 9780199080892
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198075950.003.0008
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
This chapter studies the impact of technology on policing in Delhi. It shows that technology has affected both the methodology of crime and the law enforcing agencies. The chapter first looks at ...
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This chapter studies the impact of technology on policing in Delhi. It shows that technology has affected both the methodology of crime and the law enforcing agencies. The chapter first looks at technology as a facilitator for criminals; cell phones are used as a means for communication among criminals, and the Internet provides ways for criminals to commit sophisticated crimes. It then views technology as a facilitator for better policing, which allow the police to counter criminal activities. Close circuit television cameras (CCTVs) are used as agents of silent policing, the Zonal Integrated Police Net allows police to access and exchange information among police forces, and the Crime and Criminal Tracking Network and System (CCTNS) helps provide an integrated and comprehensive system that enhances the effectiveness of policing.Less
This chapter studies the impact of technology on policing in Delhi. It shows that technology has affected both the methodology of crime and the law enforcing agencies. The chapter first looks at technology as a facilitator for criminals; cell phones are used as a means for communication among criminals, and the Internet provides ways for criminals to commit sophisticated crimes. It then views technology as a facilitator for better policing, which allow the police to counter criminal activities. Close circuit television cameras (CCTVs) are used as agents of silent policing, the Zonal Integrated Police Net allows police to access and exchange information among police forces, and the Crime and Criminal Tracking Network and System (CCTNS) helps provide an integrated and comprehensive system that enhances the effectiveness of policing.
James K. Bowmaker
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195334654
- eISBN:
- 9780199933167
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195334654.003.0024
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter describes the evolution of vertebrate “camera” eyes and concentrates on color vision and visual pigments. The vertebrate camera eye with a lens, a variable pupil aperture, and a ...
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This chapter describes the evolution of vertebrate “camera” eyes and concentrates on color vision and visual pigments. The vertebrate camera eye with a lens, a variable pupil aperture, and a photosensitive receptor layer in the retina, evolved in primitive jawless fish under relatively bright light in shallow seas. With the broad spectral range of daylight, four spectral classes of cone photoreceptor rapidly evolved, offering the benefit of tetrachromatic color vision in order to take full advantage of the visual information available in the environment. This highly successful design has been greatly modified as vertebrates evolved into all the major classes, extending their environmental range into the oceans, the deep sea, freshwater, terrestrial habitats, and the air.Less
This chapter describes the evolution of vertebrate “camera” eyes and concentrates on color vision and visual pigments. The vertebrate camera eye with a lens, a variable pupil aperture, and a photosensitive receptor layer in the retina, evolved in primitive jawless fish under relatively bright light in shallow seas. With the broad spectral range of daylight, four spectral classes of cone photoreceptor rapidly evolved, offering the benefit of tetrachromatic color vision in order to take full advantage of the visual information available in the environment. This highly successful design has been greatly modified as vertebrates evolved into all the major classes, extending their environmental range into the oceans, the deep sea, freshwater, terrestrial habitats, and the air.
