John R. B. Lighton
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195310610
- eISBN:
- 9780199871414
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195310610.003.0006
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology, Biotechnology
This chapter describes calorimetry or the direct measurement of heat production, a technique first used by Lavoisier and Paulze for measuring metabolic rates. Bomb calorimetry — a technique for ...
More
This chapter describes calorimetry or the direct measurement of heat production, a technique first used by Lavoisier and Paulze for measuring metabolic rates. Bomb calorimetry — a technique for measuring the energy content of foods and other materials — is also described. The two most common applications of direct calorimetry — gradient and differential calorimetry — are analyzed. Methods for combining direct calorimetry with indirect calorimetry (or respirometry) and the compensating calculations that are required, are presented, together with a brief description of a basic direct calorimeter for small mammals that can be made from inexpensive and commonly available materials.Less
This chapter describes calorimetry or the direct measurement of heat production, a technique first used by Lavoisier and Paulze for measuring metabolic rates. Bomb calorimetry — a technique for measuring the energy content of foods and other materials — is also described. The two most common applications of direct calorimetry — gradient and differential calorimetry — are analyzed. Methods for combining direct calorimetry with indirect calorimetry (or respirometry) and the compensating calculations that are required, are presented, together with a brief description of a basic direct calorimeter for small mammals that can be made from inexpensive and commonly available materials.
Gian Francesco Giudice
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199581917
- eISBN:
- 9780191723001
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199581917.003.0007
- Subject:
- Physics, Particle Physics / Astrophysics / Cosmology
The detectors are the instruments used to register the particles produced in the proton collisions and to reconstruct their tracks. This chapter describes the two main detectors employed at the LHC: ...
More
The detectors are the instruments used to register the particles produced in the proton collisions and to reconstruct their tracks. This chapter describes the two main detectors employed at the LHC: ATLAS and CMS. The four main components common to both detectors are the trackers, the electromagnetic calorimeters, the hadron calorimeters, and the muon chambers. Both the ATLAS and the CMS detectors are built around powerful magnets that are needed to bend the trajectories of the charged particles produced in the collisions. This chapter also describes the trigger, which is the electronic system for identifying potentially interesting collisions events that are retained for offline analysis. The other experiments at the LHC are shortly presented. The chapter concludes with some observations on the human aspects of scientific international collaborations.Less
The detectors are the instruments used to register the particles produced in the proton collisions and to reconstruct their tracks. This chapter describes the two main detectors employed at the LHC: ATLAS and CMS. The four main components common to both detectors are the trackers, the electromagnetic calorimeters, the hadron calorimeters, and the muon chambers. Both the ATLAS and the CMS detectors are built around powerful magnets that are needed to bend the trajectories of the charged particles produced in the collisions. This chapter also describes the trigger, which is the electronic system for identifying potentially interesting collisions events that are retained for offline analysis. The other experiments at the LHC are shortly presented. The chapter concludes with some observations on the human aspects of scientific international collaborations.
GÜNTHER DISSERTORI, IAN G. KNOWLES, and MICHAEL SCHMELLING
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199566419
- eISBN:
- 9780191708060
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199566419.003.0005
- Subject:
- Physics, Particle Physics / Astrophysics / Cosmology
Particle physics at high energies would be impossible without powerful accelerators and high-resolution detectors. This chapter discusses the basic technological and physical principles used for ...
More
Particle physics at high energies would be impossible without powerful accelerators and high-resolution detectors. This chapter discusses the basic technological and physical principles used for those devices. The LEP electron-positron collider is used to illustrate the issues pertaining to large particle accelerators. After introducing the physics of particle detectors, the specific example of the ALEPH detector is presented.Less
Particle physics at high energies would be impossible without powerful accelerators and high-resolution detectors. This chapter discusses the basic technological and physical principles used for those devices. The LEP electron-positron collider is used to illustrate the issues pertaining to large particle accelerators. After introducing the physics of particle detectors, the specific example of the ALEPH detector is presented.
John R. B. Lighton
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- February 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198830399
- eISBN:
- 9780191868672
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198830399.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Biomathematics / Statistics and Data Analysis / Complexity Studies, Ecology
Measuring Metabolic Rates demystifies the field of metabolic rate measurement, explaining every common variation of the art, from century-old manometric methods through ingenious syringe-based ...
More
Measuring Metabolic Rates demystifies the field of metabolic rate measurement, explaining every common variation of the art, from century-old manometric methods through ingenious syringe-based techniques, direct calorimetry, aquatic respirometry, stable-isotope metabolic measurement, and every type of flow-through respirometry. Each variation is described in enough detail to allow it to be applied in practice. Special chapters are devoted to metabolic phenotyping and human metabolic measurement, including room calorimetry. Background information on different analyzer and equipment types allows users to choose the best instruments for their application. Respirometry equations—normally a topic of terror and confusion to researchers—are derived and described in enough detail to make their selection and use effortless. Tools and skills—many of them open source—that will amplify the innovative researcher’s capabilities are described. Vital topics such as manual and automated baselining, implementing multi-animal systems, common pitfalls, and the correct analysis and presentation of metabolic data are covered in enough detail to turn a respirometry neophyte into a hardened metabolic warrior, ready to take on the task of publication in peer-reviewed journals with confidence.Less
Measuring Metabolic Rates demystifies the field of metabolic rate measurement, explaining every common variation of the art, from century-old manometric methods through ingenious syringe-based techniques, direct calorimetry, aquatic respirometry, stable-isotope metabolic measurement, and every type of flow-through respirometry. Each variation is described in enough detail to allow it to be applied in practice. Special chapters are devoted to metabolic phenotyping and human metabolic measurement, including room calorimetry. Background information on different analyzer and equipment types allows users to choose the best instruments for their application. Respirometry equations—normally a topic of terror and confusion to researchers—are derived and described in enough detail to make their selection and use effortless. Tools and skills—many of them open source—that will amplify the innovative researcher’s capabilities are described. Vital topics such as manual and automated baselining, implementing multi-animal systems, common pitfalls, and the correct analysis and presentation of metabolic data are covered in enough detail to turn a respirometry neophyte into a hardened metabolic warrior, ready to take on the task of publication in peer-reviewed journals with confidence.
John R. B. Lighton
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- February 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198830399
- eISBN:
- 9780191868672
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198830399.003.0006
- Subject:
- Biology, Biomathematics / Statistics and Data Analysis / Complexity Studies, Ecology
This chapter describes calorimetry or the direct measurement of heat production, a technique first used by Lavoisier and Paulze for measuring metabolic rates. Bomb calorimetry—a technique for ...
More
This chapter describes calorimetry or the direct measurement of heat production, a technique first used by Lavoisier and Paulze for measuring metabolic rates. Bomb calorimetry—a technique for measuring the energy content of foods and other materials—is also described. The three most common applications of direct calorimetry—gradient, differential, and fluid transfer calorimetry—are described. Methods for combining direct calorimetry with indirect calorimetry (or respirometry) and the compensating calculations that are required are presented, together with a brief description of a basic direct calorimeter for small mammals that can be made from inexpensive and commonly available materials.Less
This chapter describes calorimetry or the direct measurement of heat production, a technique first used by Lavoisier and Paulze for measuring metabolic rates. Bomb calorimetry—a technique for measuring the energy content of foods and other materials—is also described. The three most common applications of direct calorimetry—gradient, differential, and fluid transfer calorimetry—are described. Methods for combining direct calorimetry with indirect calorimetry (or respirometry) and the compensating calculations that are required are presented, together with a brief description of a basic direct calorimeter for small mammals that can be made from inexpensive and commonly available materials.
Richard Wigmans
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198786351
- eISBN:
- 9780191828652
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198786351.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Particle Physics / Astrophysics / Cosmology, Nuclear and Plasma Physics
Particle physics is the science that pursues the age-old quest for the innermost structure of matter and the fundamental interactions between its constituents. Modern experiments in this field rely ...
More
Particle physics is the science that pursues the age-old quest for the innermost structure of matter and the fundamental interactions between its constituents. Modern experiments in this field rely increasingly on calorimetry, a detection technique in which the particles of interest are absorbed in the detector. Calorimeters are very intricate instruments, their performance characteristics depend in subtle, sometimes counter-intuitive ways on design details. This book, written by one of the world's foremost experts, is the only comprehensive text on this topic. It provides a fundamental and systematic introduction, in which many intriguing calorimeter features are explained. It also describes the state-of-the-art, both for what concerns the fundamental understanding of calorimetric particle detection and the actual detectors that have been or are being built and operated in experiments. In the last chapter, some landmark scientific discoveries in which calorimetry has played an important role are discussed. This book summarizes and puts in perspective work described in some 900 scientific papers, listed in the bibliography. This second edition emphasizes new developments that have taken place since the the first edition appeared (2000).Less
Particle physics is the science that pursues the age-old quest for the innermost structure of matter and the fundamental interactions between its constituents. Modern experiments in this field rely increasingly on calorimetry, a detection technique in which the particles of interest are absorbed in the detector. Calorimeters are very intricate instruments, their performance characteristics depend in subtle, sometimes counter-intuitive ways on design details. This book, written by one of the world's foremost experts, is the only comprehensive text on this topic. It provides a fundamental and systematic introduction, in which many intriguing calorimeter features are explained. It also describes the state-of-the-art, both for what concerns the fundamental understanding of calorimetric particle detection and the actual detectors that have been or are being built and operated in experiments. In the last chapter, some landmark scientific discoveries in which calorimetry has played an important role are discussed. This book summarizes and puts in perspective work described in some 900 scientific papers, listed in the bibliography. This second edition emphasizes new developments that have taken place since the the first edition appeared (2000).
Richard Wigmans
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198786351
- eISBN:
- 9780191828652
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198786351.003.0003
- Subject:
- Physics, Particle Physics / Astrophysics / Cosmology, Nuclear and Plasma Physics
This chapter deals with the signals produced by particles that are being absorbed in a calorimeter. The calorimeter response is defined as the average signal produced per unit energy deposited in ...
More
This chapter deals with the signals produced by particles that are being absorbed in a calorimeter. The calorimeter response is defined as the average signal produced per unit energy deposited in this absorption process, for example in terms of picoCoulombs per GeV. Defined in this way, a linear calorimeter has a constant response. Typically, the response of the calorimeter depends on the type of particle absorbed in it. Also, most calorimeters are non-linear for hadronic shower detection. This is the essence of the so-called non-compensation problem, which has in practice major consequences for the performance of calorimeters. The origins of this problem, and its possible solutions are described. The roles of the sampling fraction, the sampling frequency, the signal integration time and the choice of the absorber and active materials are examined in detail. Important parameters, such as the e/mip and e/h values, are defined and methods to determine their value are described.Less
This chapter deals with the signals produced by particles that are being absorbed in a calorimeter. The calorimeter response is defined as the average signal produced per unit energy deposited in this absorption process, for example in terms of picoCoulombs per GeV. Defined in this way, a linear calorimeter has a constant response. Typically, the response of the calorimeter depends on the type of particle absorbed in it. Also, most calorimeters are non-linear for hadronic shower detection. This is the essence of the so-called non-compensation problem, which has in practice major consequences for the performance of calorimeters. The origins of this problem, and its possible solutions are described. The roles of the sampling fraction, the sampling frequency, the signal integration time and the choice of the absorber and active materials are examined in detail. Important parameters, such as the e/mip and e/h values, are defined and methods to determine their value are described.
Richard Wigmans
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198786351
- eISBN:
- 9780191828652
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198786351.003.0002
- Subject:
- Physics, Particle Physics / Astrophysics / Cosmology, Nuclear and Plasma Physics
The processes that play a role in the absorption of different types of particles in dense matter are described, with emphasis on the aspects that are important for calorimetry. A distinction is made ...
More
The processes that play a role in the absorption of different types of particles in dense matter are described, with emphasis on the aspects that are important for calorimetry. A distinction is made between particles that develop electromagnetic showers (electrons, photons) and particles that are subject to the strong nuclear interaction, such as pions and protons. A separate section is dedicated to muons, which are typically not fully absorbed in practical calorimeters. The energy dependence of the various processes, and the consequences for the size requirements of detectors, are discussed in detail. The practical importance and limitations of Monte Carlo simulations of the shower development process are reviewed. The chapter ends with a summary of facts deriving from the physics of shower development that are important for calorimetry.Less
The processes that play a role in the absorption of different types of particles in dense matter are described, with emphasis on the aspects that are important for calorimetry. A distinction is made between particles that develop electromagnetic showers (electrons, photons) and particles that are subject to the strong nuclear interaction, such as pions and protons. A separate section is dedicated to muons, which are typically not fully absorbed in practical calorimeters. The energy dependence of the various processes, and the consequences for the size requirements of detectors, are discussed in detail. The practical importance and limitations of Monte Carlo simulations of the shower development process are reviewed. The chapter ends with a summary of facts deriving from the physics of shower development that are important for calorimetry.
Richard Wigmans
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198786351
- eISBN:
- 9780191828652
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198786351.003.0005
- Subject:
- Physics, Particle Physics / Astrophysics / Cosmology, Nuclear and Plasma Physics
This chapter deals with the practical aspects of designing, building and operating calorimeters. These aspects concern the structure of the detector (longitudinal and lateral segmentation, projective ...
More
This chapter deals with the practical aspects of designing, building and operating calorimeters. These aspects concern the structure of the detector (longitudinal and lateral segmentation, projective towers, hermeticity of 4π devices), the readout of calorimeters based on detection of either light or charge signals, the operation in a magnetic field or at high luminosity, and the effects of radiation damage and how to deal with these. Also discussed are procedures for handling the signals, and using these to create triggers that may be used to select events of interest. Auxiliary equipment that may make such triggers more selective (preshower detectors, shower max detectors, etc.) is described as well.Less
This chapter deals with the practical aspects of designing, building and operating calorimeters. These aspects concern the structure of the detector (longitudinal and lateral segmentation, projective towers, hermeticity of 4π devices), the readout of calorimeters based on detection of either light or charge signals, the operation in a magnetic field or at high luminosity, and the effects of radiation damage and how to deal with these. Also discussed are procedures for handling the signals, and using these to create triggers that may be used to select events of interest. Auxiliary equipment that may make such triggers more selective (preshower detectors, shower max detectors, etc.) is described as well.
Richard Wigmans
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198786351
- eISBN:
- 9780191828652
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198786351.003.0008
- Subject:
- Physics, Particle Physics / Astrophysics / Cosmology, Nuclear and Plasma Physics
This chapter is dedicated to calorimeter techniques that have been developed since the first edition of this monograph was published (2000). The Dual Readout Method (DREAM) aims to combine the ...
More
This chapter is dedicated to calorimeter techniques that have been developed since the first edition of this monograph was published (2000). The Dual Readout Method (DREAM) aims to combine the advantages of compensation (linearity, excellent hadron resolution, Gaussian line shape) with a certain amount of design flexibility. This method, based on simultaneous detection of scintillation and Cherenkov light produyced in the shower development, eliminates some of the disadvantages of compensating devices, and in particular the dependence on efficient neutron detection of the latter. The Particle Flow Analysis method aims to combine the information provided by a good tracking system with that provided by a fine-grained calorimeter system to obtain excellent performance for the detection of jets. The results achieved with both methods, and the challenges faced in practice, are described in detail.Less
This chapter is dedicated to calorimeter techniques that have been developed since the first edition of this monograph was published (2000). The Dual Readout Method (DREAM) aims to combine the advantages of compensation (linearity, excellent hadron resolution, Gaussian line shape) with a certain amount of design flexibility. This method, based on simultaneous detection of scintillation and Cherenkov light produyced in the shower development, eliminates some of the disadvantages of compensating devices, and in particular the dependence on efficient neutron detection of the latter. The Particle Flow Analysis method aims to combine the information provided by a good tracking system with that provided by a fine-grained calorimeter system to obtain excellent performance for the detection of jets. The results achieved with both methods, and the challenges faced in practice, are described in detail.
Michael E. Peskin
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- November 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198812180
- eISBN:
- 9780191850301
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198812180.003.0006
- Subject:
- Physics, Particle Physics / Astrophysics / Cosmology, Theoretical, Computational, and Statistical Physics
This chapter discusses the detection and measurement of elementary particles. It describes mechanisms of the energy loss of relativistic particles in matter and the use of those mechanisms to create ...
More
This chapter discusses the detection and measurement of elementary particles. It describes mechanisms of the energy loss of relativistic particles in matter and the use of those mechanisms to create tracking and calorimetric detectors. It then describes detector systems for high-energy particle colliders.Less
This chapter discusses the detection and measurement of elementary particles. It describes mechanisms of the energy loss of relativistic particles in matter and the use of those mechanisms to create tracking and calorimetric detectors. It then describes detector systems for high-energy particle colliders.
Richard Wigmans
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198786351
- eISBN:
- 9780191828652
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198786351.003.0010
- Subject:
- Physics, Particle Physics / Astrophysics / Cosmology, Nuclear and Plasma Physics
Since the first edition of this book appeared (2000), there has been a spectacular development in the use of calorimeters for measuring natural phenomena, such as the detection of ultra-high-energy ...
More
Since the first edition of this book appeared (2000), there has been a spectacular development in the use of calorimeters for measuring natural phenomena, such as the detection of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays, or neutrinos from sources such as the Sun, the Earth’s atmosphere, or the Universe at large. This development is documentsed in this chapter. It starts with a section on SuperKamiokande, which has already collected two Nobel prizes, and its envisaged successor HyperKamiokande, which is designed to be sensitive to neutrinos from supernova explosions in the Andromeda galaxy. On an even larger scale, several sections of the Mediterranean sea as well a cubic kilometre of ice under the South Pole are looking for neutrinos from outer space, and are detecting other interesting phenomena as well. The Earth’s atmosphere is used as a huge calorimeter by experiments such as Auger and KASKADE-Grande. Combined with dedicated Cherenkov telescopes, such as HESS, these experiments have provided important new insights in mysterious aspects of the high-energy component of the cosmic rays that bombard our planet, such as the knees in the PeV-EeV region and the GZK cutoff.Less
Since the first edition of this book appeared (2000), there has been a spectacular development in the use of calorimeters for measuring natural phenomena, such as the detection of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays, or neutrinos from sources such as the Sun, the Earth’s atmosphere, or the Universe at large. This development is documentsed in this chapter. It starts with a section on SuperKamiokande, which has already collected two Nobel prizes, and its envisaged successor HyperKamiokande, which is designed to be sensitive to neutrinos from supernova explosions in the Andromeda galaxy. On an even larger scale, several sections of the Mediterranean sea as well a cubic kilometre of ice under the South Pole are looking for neutrinos from outer space, and are detecting other interesting phenomena as well. The Earth’s atmosphere is used as a huge calorimeter by experiments such as Auger and KASKADE-Grande. Combined with dedicated Cherenkov telescopes, such as HESS, these experiments have provided important new insights in mysterious aspects of the high-energy component of the cosmic rays that bombard our planet, such as the knees in the PeV-EeV region and the GZK cutoff.
Richard Wigmans
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198786351
- eISBN:
- 9780191828652
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198786351.003.0011
- Subject:
- Physics, Particle Physics / Astrophysics / Cosmology, Nuclear and Plasma Physics
In this last chapter, some scientific discoveries are described in which calorimeters have played a crucial role. The chosen examples were all awarded a Nobel prize in physics. The first example ...
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In this last chapter, some scientific discoveries are described in which calorimeters have played a crucial role. The chosen examples were all awarded a Nobel prize in physics. The first example concerns the discovery of the intermediate vector bosons (W and Z) by the experiments UA1 and UA2 at CERN (1982). More than anything else, this discovery has been crucial for the dominant role that calorimeters have played in the design of experiments at the subsequent generation(s) of particle accelerators. The second example concerns the discovery of the fact that neutrinos have a non-zero rest mass, by the SuperKamiokande collaboration (1998). This discovery inspired the development of the even larger water Cerenkov calorimeters discussed in Chapter 10. The third example concerns the discovery of the Higgs boson, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider (2012). In all three cases, the role of the calorimeters, and their importance for the discoveries, is described in some detail.Less
In this last chapter, some scientific discoveries are described in which calorimeters have played a crucial role. The chosen examples were all awarded a Nobel prize in physics. The first example concerns the discovery of the intermediate vector bosons (W and Z) by the experiments UA1 and UA2 at CERN (1982). More than anything else, this discovery has been crucial for the dominant role that calorimeters have played in the design of experiments at the subsequent generation(s) of particle accelerators. The second example concerns the discovery of the fact that neutrinos have a non-zero rest mass, by the SuperKamiokande collaboration (1998). This discovery inspired the development of the even larger water Cerenkov calorimeters discussed in Chapter 10. The third example concerns the discovery of the Higgs boson, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider (2012). In all three cases, the role of the calorimeters, and their importance for the discoveries, is described in some detail.
G. Barr, R. Devenish, R. Walczak, and T. Weidberg
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780198748557
- eISBN:
- 9780191811203
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198748557.003.0004
- Subject:
- Physics, Particle Physics / Astrophysics / Cosmology
This chapter starts with an overview of collider detectors before describing interactions of particles with matter, which provides a physics foundation for the design of particle detectors. ...
More
This chapter starts with an overview of collider detectors before describing interactions of particles with matter, which provides a physics foundation for the design of particle detectors. Ionization, multiple scattering, transition and Čerenkov radiation by charged particles, as well as bremsstrahlung and nuclear interactions of high-energy hadrons, are described. This is followed by an explanation of how energy loss in matter leads to signal generation, such as by moving charges in electric fields and light emission in scintillators. Detectors for photons, detectors for reconstruction of tracks of charged particles (with the use of magnets), such as wire chambers and silicon detectors, and electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters to measure energies of particles and jets of particles are described and their use for particle identification explained. The chapter concludes with an explanation of the role of triggers and two examples of detector systems: the ATLAS and CMS detectors at the LHC.Less
This chapter starts with an overview of collider detectors before describing interactions of particles with matter, which provides a physics foundation for the design of particle detectors. Ionization, multiple scattering, transition and Čerenkov radiation by charged particles, as well as bremsstrahlung and nuclear interactions of high-energy hadrons, are described. This is followed by an explanation of how energy loss in matter leads to signal generation, such as by moving charges in electric fields and light emission in scintillators. Detectors for photons, detectors for reconstruction of tracks of charged particles (with the use of magnets), such as wire chambers and silicon detectors, and electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters to measure energies of particles and jets of particles are described and their use for particle identification explained. The chapter concludes with an explanation of the role of triggers and two examples of detector systems: the ATLAS and CMS detectors at the LHC.
