Tomas Björk
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- October 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199271269
- eISBN:
- 9780191602849
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199271267.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This introductory chapter starts off the discussion on financial derivatives by explaining the European call option. It formulates the two main problems that will be the focus of the entire volume: ...
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This introductory chapter starts off the discussion on financial derivatives by explaining the European call option. It formulates the two main problems that will be the focus of the entire volume: What is a “fair” price for the contract? How does one protect (hedge) against the financial risks resulting from the sale of a derivative? The definition of financial derivative is then presented.Less
This introductory chapter starts off the discussion on financial derivatives by explaining the European call option. It formulates the two main problems that will be the focus of the entire volume: What is a “fair” price for the contract? How does one protect (hedge) against the financial risks resulting from the sale of a derivative? The definition of financial derivative is then presented.
Shaun Bowler
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199253098
- eISBN:
- 9780191599026
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199253099.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Assesses the degree to which parties still structure the legislative process. Party cohesion and party dominance within legislatures has usually been grounded in one of two explanations. One ...
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Assesses the degree to which parties still structure the legislative process. Party cohesion and party dominance within legislatures has usually been grounded in one of two explanations. One explanation sees legislative party discipline as a feature of the importance of party organization in fighting elections, which carries through to the legislative chamber itself, while a second explanation sees party discipline as a product of incentives facing individual legislators inside the legislative arena. The first argument would predict that party discipline inside the legislature should begin to falter because of the changes described in the previous chapters of this book. The second argument would predict that very little change should be seen and, further, that formal rules inside legislatures should underpin the importance of parties. In examining a range of behavioural data, such as roll‐call voting and internal Rules of Procedure, there is little evidence to support the view that party discipline has weakened or that parties are less important today in determining legislative outcomes. Changes in electoral behaviour, then, are not reflected in changes in the importance of parties inside legislatures where parties remain dominant actors.Less
Assesses the degree to which parties still structure the legislative process. Party cohesion and party dominance within legislatures has usually been grounded in one of two explanations. One explanation sees legislative party discipline as a feature of the importance of party organization in fighting elections, which carries through to the legislative chamber itself, while a second explanation sees party discipline as a product of incentives facing individual legislators inside the legislative arena. The first argument would predict that party discipline inside the legislature should begin to falter because of the changes described in the previous chapters of this book. The second argument would predict that very little change should be seen and, further, that formal rules inside legislatures should underpin the importance of parties. In examining a range of behavioural data, such as roll‐call voting and internal Rules of Procedure, there is little evidence to support the view that party discipline has weakened or that parties are less important today in determining legislative outcomes. Changes in electoral behaviour, then, are not reflected in changes in the importance of parties inside legislatures where parties remain dominant actors.
Christopher B. Sturdy, Laurie L. Bloomfield, Isabelle Charrier, and Tiffany T.-Y. Lee
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198569992
- eISBN:
- 9780191717802
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198569992.003.0012
- Subject:
- Biology, Ornithology
The three key elements in the scientific study of animal communication are the sender, the receiver, and the interaction between the two. Senders produce a signal that is perceived by the receiver ...
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The three key elements in the scientific study of animal communication are the sender, the receiver, and the interaction between the two. Senders produce a signal that is perceived by the receiver and, operationally, communication occurs when the signal leads to an observable change in the behaviour of the receiver. Production and perception are integral to communication in general and both sides of the equation must be considered when studying acoustic communication in any particular species or in any animal group. This chapter takes this integrative approach and considers equally both production and perception, in an attempt to understand acoustic communication in the chickadees. The discussion begins with a look at the production and perception of fee-bees and chick-a-dees in both field and laboratory studies of chickadees. Studies that use operant techniques to tease apart the mechanisms by which note structure and sequence are classified are reviewed.Less
The three key elements in the scientific study of animal communication are the sender, the receiver, and the interaction between the two. Senders produce a signal that is perceived by the receiver and, operationally, communication occurs when the signal leads to an observable change in the behaviour of the receiver. Production and perception are integral to communication in general and both sides of the equation must be considered when studying acoustic communication in any particular species or in any animal group. This chapter takes this integrative approach and considers equally both production and perception, in an attempt to understand acoustic communication in the chickadees. The discussion begins with a look at the production and perception of fee-bees and chick-a-dees in both field and laboratory studies of chickadees. Studies that use operant techniques to tease apart the mechanisms by which note structure and sequence are classified are reviewed.
Anna Kristina Hultgren and Deborah Cameron
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195306897
- eISBN:
- 9780199867943
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195306897.003.0015
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
This chapter, written by Ann Kristina Hultgren and Deborah Cameron, is concerned with questions in telephone interactions between customers and service personnel (“agents”) in a Scottish call center ...
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This chapter, written by Ann Kristina Hultgren and Deborah Cameron, is concerned with questions in telephone interactions between customers and service personnel (“agents”) in a Scottish call center that is part of a large insurance company; the data involve inbound calls initiated by the customers. The company imposes standards on the agents relating to both efficiency and customer care, applying the same closely controlled strategies to both. The inherent tension between the two sets of objectives puts agents in the position of constantly trying to determine what balance will be acceptable to their superiors. The chapter considers how these conditions affect the use of questions between agents and customers. The authors conclude that power in this interaction belongs to neither of the participants but is located rather in the call center system. [129 words]Less
This chapter, written by Ann Kristina Hultgren and Deborah Cameron, is concerned with questions in telephone interactions between customers and service personnel (“agents”) in a Scottish call center that is part of a large insurance company; the data involve inbound calls initiated by the customers. The company imposes standards on the agents relating to both efficiency and customer care, applying the same closely controlled strategies to both. The inherent tension between the two sets of objectives puts agents in the position of constantly trying to determine what balance will be acceptable to their superiors. The chapter considers how these conditions affect the use of questions between agents and customers. The authors conclude that power in this interaction belongs to neither of the participants but is located rather in the call center system. [129 words]
George Cheney, Daniel J. Lair, Dean Ritz, and Brenden E. Kendall
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195182774
- eISBN:
- 9780199871001
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195182774.003.0005
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Corporate Governance and Accountability
This chapter addresses the domain of the professional, taking seriously the notion that the professional is personal, in addition to being social, political, and ethical. The chapter traces the ...
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This chapter addresses the domain of the professional, taking seriously the notion that the professional is personal, in addition to being social, political, and ethical. The chapter traces the development of modern professional classes, particularly as they implicate individual and collective moral practice. In certain ways, formal professions have the capacity to elevate moral practice and create barriers to ethical visions. This chapter considers the various sides of professional life, takes a second look at its ethical claims, and exposes some of the problems with what we usually think of as an unmitigated positive force in society; that is, professionalism. As part of this evaluation, the chapter probes issues of professional style and examines the categories into which individuals and whole segments of society are divided. The chapter concludes with a call to reconsider the meaning of “career.”Less
This chapter addresses the domain of the professional, taking seriously the notion that the professional is personal, in addition to being social, political, and ethical. The chapter traces the development of modern professional classes, particularly as they implicate individual and collective moral practice. In certain ways, formal professions have the capacity to elevate moral practice and create barriers to ethical visions. This chapter considers the various sides of professional life, takes a second look at its ethical claims, and exposes some of the problems with what we usually think of as an unmitigated positive force in society; that is, professionalism. As part of this evaluation, the chapter probes issues of professional style and examines the categories into which individuals and whole segments of society are divided. The chapter concludes with a call to reconsider the meaning of “career.”
Julian Johnson
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195372397
- eISBN:
- 9780199870844
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195372397.003.0002
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western, Opera
Many of Mahler's works begin with a process by which a musical voice is summoned out of an essentially distant and mysterious nature. The openings of the First and Third symphonies provide examples. ...
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Many of Mahler's works begin with a process by which a musical voice is summoned out of an essentially distant and mysterious nature. The openings of the First and Third symphonies provide examples. The idea of calling forth a voice is signaled by a recurrent set of musical devices—horn calls, fanfares, the calls of birds and animals, the summoning of bells. Such musical symbols often mark structural thresholds through which a work finds a new direction. Just as many movements begin with calling a voice out of silence, so do many end with the voice dissolving in slow processes of abatement and gestures of farewell. But Mahler's music also demonstrates a third strategy—that of calling back a lost voice, of revoking its apparent loss. This is exemplified in the Rückert Lieder, in Das Lied von der Erde, and in the Ninth and Tenth symphonies.Less
Many of Mahler's works begin with a process by which a musical voice is summoned out of an essentially distant and mysterious nature. The openings of the First and Third symphonies provide examples. The idea of calling forth a voice is signaled by a recurrent set of musical devices—horn calls, fanfares, the calls of birds and animals, the summoning of bells. Such musical symbols often mark structural thresholds through which a work finds a new direction. Just as many movements begin with calling a voice out of silence, so do many end with the voice dissolving in slow processes of abatement and gestures of farewell. But Mahler's music also demonstrates a third strategy—that of calling back a lost voice, of revoking its apparent loss. This is exemplified in the Rückert Lieder, in Das Lied von der Erde, and in the Ninth and Tenth symphonies.
Douglas V. Porpora
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195134919
- eISBN:
- 9780199834563
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195134915.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Investigates how frequently people apply to their lives the traditional metaphors of calling or vocation, journey, and quest. To what do people feel called? Where are they going on life's journey? ...
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Investigates how frequently people apply to their lives the traditional metaphors of calling or vocation, journey, and quest. To what do people feel called? Where are they going on life's journey? For what are they questing? The conclusion of this chapter is that in the fading use of these metaphors, what is fading as well is moral idealism and the sense that our undertakings have any larger significance.Less
Investigates how frequently people apply to their lives the traditional metaphors of calling or vocation, journey, and quest. To what do people feel called? Where are they going on life's journey? For what are they questing? The conclusion of this chapter is that in the fading use of these metaphors, what is fading as well is moral idealism and the sense that our undertakings have any larger significance.
William V. Spanos
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780823268153
- eISBN:
- 9780823272464
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823268153.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
Redeemer Nation in the Interregnum interrogates the polyvalent role that American exceptionalism continues to play after 9/11. Whereas American exceptionalism is often construed as a discredited Cold ...
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Redeemer Nation in the Interregnum interrogates the polyvalent role that American exceptionalism continues to play after 9/11. Whereas American exceptionalism is often construed as a discredited Cold War–era belief structure, Spanos persuasively demonstrates how it operationalizes an apparatus of biopolitical capture that saturates the American body politic down to its capillaries. The exceptionalism that Redeemer Nation in the Interregnum renders starkly visible is not a corrigible ideological screen. It is a deeply structured ethos that functions simultaneously on ontological, moral, economic, racial, gendered, and political registers as the American Calling. Precisely by refusing to answer the American Calling, by rendering inoperative (in Agamben’s sense) its covenantal summons, Spanos enables us to imagine an alternative America. At once timely and personal, Spanos’s meditation acknowledges the priority of being. He emphasizes the dignity not simply of humanity but of all phenomena on the continuum of being, “the groundless ground of any political formation that would claim the name of democracy.”Less
Redeemer Nation in the Interregnum interrogates the polyvalent role that American exceptionalism continues to play after 9/11. Whereas American exceptionalism is often construed as a discredited Cold War–era belief structure, Spanos persuasively demonstrates how it operationalizes an apparatus of biopolitical capture that saturates the American body politic down to its capillaries. The exceptionalism that Redeemer Nation in the Interregnum renders starkly visible is not a corrigible ideological screen. It is a deeply structured ethos that functions simultaneously on ontological, moral, economic, racial, gendered, and political registers as the American Calling. Precisely by refusing to answer the American Calling, by rendering inoperative (in Agamben’s sense) its covenantal summons, Spanos enables us to imagine an alternative America. At once timely and personal, Spanos’s meditation acknowledges the priority of being. He emphasizes the dignity not simply of humanity but of all phenomena on the continuum of being, “the groundless ground of any political formation that would claim the name of democracy.”
James Davison Hunter
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199730803
- eISBN:
- 9780199777082
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199730803.003.0018
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
The incarnation is the only adequate reply to the challenges of dissolution, the erosion of trust between word and world and the problems that attend it. It is the way the Word became incarnate in ...
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The incarnation is the only adequate reply to the challenges of dissolution, the erosion of trust between word and world and the problems that attend it. It is the way the Word became incarnate in Jesus Christ and the purposes to which the incarnation was directed that are the only adequate reply to the challenge of difference. Pursuit, identification, the offer of life through sacrificial love—this is what God’s faithful presence means. At root, a theology of faithful presence begins with an acknowledgement of God’s faithful presence to us, manifested through religion, vocation, and other spheres of influence, and that his call upon Christians is that they be faithfully present to him in return. This model stands in opposition to the “defensive against,” “relevance to,” and “purity from” paradigms, Hunter suggests a model of engagement called “faithful presence within.”Less
The incarnation is the only adequate reply to the challenges of dissolution, the erosion of trust between word and world and the problems that attend it. It is the way the Word became incarnate in Jesus Christ and the purposes to which the incarnation was directed that are the only adequate reply to the challenge of difference. Pursuit, identification, the offer of life through sacrificial love—this is what God’s faithful presence means. At root, a theology of faithful presence begins with an acknowledgement of God’s faithful presence to us, manifested through religion, vocation, and other spheres of influence, and that his call upon Christians is that they be faithfully present to him in return. This model stands in opposition to the “defensive against,” “relevance to,” and “purity from” paradigms, Hunter suggests a model of engagement called “faithful presence within.”
Phillip Cary
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195336481
- eISBN:
- 9780199868438
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195336481.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
Augustine's doctrine of grace is modified by his reading of the apostle Paul in the 390s, when he realizes it can be difficult to will the good we want to will. The psychological order of salvation ...
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Augustine's doctrine of grace is modified by his reading of the apostle Paul in the 390s, when he realizes it can be difficult to will the good we want to will. The psychological order of salvation fits a four‐stage schema, in which we cannot wholeheartedly will or love the good until we reach the stage under grace. Where faith and merit fit in this schema is unclear until the treatise To Simplicianus, when Augustine concludes that the difference between the saved and the damned is ultimately due to divine election. For it is God who chooses to give unmerited grace to some sinners rather than others by means of a “suitable call,” an external word or admonition that God knows will unfailingly elicit the will's delight and free assent to believe. This attempt to reconcile grace and free will, illustrated by Augustine's own conversion narrative, will prove insufficient.Less
Augustine's doctrine of grace is modified by his reading of the apostle Paul in the 390s, when he realizes it can be difficult to will the good we want to will. The psychological order of salvation fits a four‐stage schema, in which we cannot wholeheartedly will or love the good until we reach the stage under grace. Where faith and merit fit in this schema is unclear until the treatise To Simplicianus, when Augustine concludes that the difference between the saved and the damned is ultimately due to divine election. For it is God who chooses to give unmerited grace to some sinners rather than others by means of a “suitable call,” an external word or admonition that God knows will unfailingly elicit the will's delight and free assent to believe. This attempt to reconcile grace and free will, illustrated by Augustine's own conversion narrative, will prove insufficient.
Myron C. Baker and David E. Gammon
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198569992
- eISBN:
- 9780191717802
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198569992.003.0013
- Subject:
- Biology, Ornithology
This chapter summarizes investigations of a common vocalization in the repertoire of the black-capped chickadee. This vocalization, known as the gargle call, has an ontogeny that is dependent upon ...
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This chapter summarizes investigations of a common vocalization in the repertoire of the black-capped chickadee. This vocalization, known as the gargle call, has an ontogeny that is dependent upon learning occurring from early life through adulthood. As is the case for the territorial songs of a great many species of songbirds, social interactions most likely play a significant role in gargle call ontogeny. Thus, these calls evidently result from ‘socially biased individual learning,’ simply termed ‘social learning’ in this chapter. In examining the gargle call, this chapter gives a brief description of the call, provides information on the ontogeny of the call as it occurs in natural populations, and describes the fundamental features of the call, the nature and extent of sharing of calls by birds in a local area, and the similarities and changes in calls across time. Furthermore, observational and experimental evidence on the roles of the calls in the social lives of the birds is reported, and inferences are drawn about the ways social behaviour selects based on vocal convergence among birds in a local area, and the possible functional significance of convergence.Less
This chapter summarizes investigations of a common vocalization in the repertoire of the black-capped chickadee. This vocalization, known as the gargle call, has an ontogeny that is dependent upon learning occurring from early life through adulthood. As is the case for the territorial songs of a great many species of songbirds, social interactions most likely play a significant role in gargle call ontogeny. Thus, these calls evidently result from ‘socially biased individual learning,’ simply termed ‘social learning’ in this chapter. In examining the gargle call, this chapter gives a brief description of the call, provides information on the ontogeny of the call as it occurs in natural populations, and describes the fundamental features of the call, the nature and extent of sharing of calls by birds in a local area, and the similarities and changes in calls across time. Furthermore, observational and experimental evidence on the roles of the calls in the social lives of the birds is reported, and inferences are drawn about the ways social behaviour selects based on vocal convergence among birds in a local area, and the possible functional significance of convergence.
Jeffrey R. Lucas and Todd M. Freeberg
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198569992
- eISBN:
- 9780191717802
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198569992.003.0015
- Subject:
- Biology, Ornithology
This chapter addresses the potential for information encoding in the chick-a-dee complex in Carolina and other species, and the potential of this call to convey complex and multifaceted information ...
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This chapter addresses the potential for information encoding in the chick-a-dee complex in Carolina and other species, and the potential of this call to convey complex and multifaceted information transfer. The emphasis is on the use of field experimentation to determine the context and content of calls. The review covers some general characteristics of chickadee vocal behaviour and some of the major arguments regarding definitions of ‘communication’ and ‘information,’ as these ideas are important for interpreting the notions of complexity in the chick-a-dee call. The work of Hailmans and Fickens on the structural complexity of chick-a-dee calls in black-capped and Mexican chickadees is also discussed, along with some studies on the chick-a-dee call of Carolina chickadees and studies from others on various chickadee species, all of which address exactly what chickadees might be communicating when the birds vary the structure of their calls.Less
This chapter addresses the potential for information encoding in the chick-a-dee complex in Carolina and other species, and the potential of this call to convey complex and multifaceted information transfer. The emphasis is on the use of field experimentation to determine the context and content of calls. The review covers some general characteristics of chickadee vocal behaviour and some of the major arguments regarding definitions of ‘communication’ and ‘information,’ as these ideas are important for interpreting the notions of complexity in the chick-a-dee call. The work of Hailmans and Fickens on the structural complexity of chick-a-dee calls in black-capped and Mexican chickadees is also discussed, along with some studies on the chick-a-dee call of Carolina chickadees and studies from others on various chickadee species, all of which address exactly what chickadees might be communicating when the birds vary the structure of their calls.
Kiran Mirchandani
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801450648
- eISBN:
- 9780801464140
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801450648.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Occupations, Professions, and Work
Transnational customer service workers are an emerging touchstone of globalization given their location at the intersecting borders of identity, class, nation, and production. Unlike outsourced ...
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Transnational customer service workers are an emerging touchstone of globalization given their location at the intersecting borders of identity, class, nation, and production. Unlike outsourced manufacturing jobs, call center work requires voice-to-voice conversation with distant customers; part of the product being exchanged in these interactions is a responsive, caring, connected self. This book explores the experiences of the men and women who work in Indian call centers through one hundred interviews with workers in Bangalore, Delhi, and Pune. As capital crosses national borders, colonial histories and racial hierarchies become inextricably intertwined. As a result, call center workers in India need to imagine themselves in the eyes of their Western clients—to represent themselves both as foreign workers who do not threaten Western jobs and as being “just like” their customers in the West. In order to become these imagined ideal workers, they must be believable and authentic in their emulation of this ideal. In conversation with Western clients, Indian customer service agents proclaim their legitimacy, an effort the book calls “authenticity work,” which involves establishing familiarity in light of expectations of difference. In their daily interactions with customers, managers and trainers, Indian call center workers reflect and reenact a complex interplay of colonial histories, gender practices, class relations, and national interests.Less
Transnational customer service workers are an emerging touchstone of globalization given their location at the intersecting borders of identity, class, nation, and production. Unlike outsourced manufacturing jobs, call center work requires voice-to-voice conversation with distant customers; part of the product being exchanged in these interactions is a responsive, caring, connected self. This book explores the experiences of the men and women who work in Indian call centers through one hundred interviews with workers in Bangalore, Delhi, and Pune. As capital crosses national borders, colonial histories and racial hierarchies become inextricably intertwined. As a result, call center workers in India need to imagine themselves in the eyes of their Western clients—to represent themselves both as foreign workers who do not threaten Western jobs and as being “just like” their customers in the West. In order to become these imagined ideal workers, they must be believable and authentic in their emulation of this ideal. In conversation with Western clients, Indian customer service agents proclaim their legitimacy, an effort the book calls “authenticity work,” which involves establishing familiarity in light of expectations of difference. In their daily interactions with customers, managers and trainers, Indian call center workers reflect and reenact a complex interplay of colonial histories, gender practices, class relations, and national interests.
F. E. Peters
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199747467
- eISBN:
- 9780199894796
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199747467.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, World Religions
The chapter explores Muhammad’s message as it unfolds in the Quran. It had come to him directly from God, he said, through the agency of an angel. It too has an eschatological focus and is familiarly ...
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The chapter explores Muhammad’s message as it unfolds in the Quran. It had come to him directly from God, he said, through the agency of an angel. It too has an eschatological focus and is familiarly Biblical: Muhammad presents himself as a prophet — the last, in fact — in the Biblical tradition. The heart of the message is an appeal to embrace a pristine monotheism, the “religion of Abraham,” and a call to ethical reform. Muhammad’s message, like Jesus’ “Good News,” provoked opposition, a hometown hostility that plotted, and nearly achieved, his death.Less
The chapter explores Muhammad’s message as it unfolds in the Quran. It had come to him directly from God, he said, through the agency of an angel. It too has an eschatological focus and is familiarly Biblical: Muhammad presents himself as a prophet — the last, in fact — in the Biblical tradition. The heart of the message is an appeal to embrace a pristine monotheism, the “religion of Abraham,” and a call to ethical reform. Muhammad’s message, like Jesus’ “Good News,” provoked opposition, a hometown hostility that plotted, and nearly achieved, his death.
Thomas T. Struhsaker
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198529583
- eISBN:
- 9780191712746
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198529583.003.0002
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
This chapter summarizes the major features of previously unpublished recordings of red colobus vocalizations and speculates on their phylogenetic implications. It compares loud calls between taxa in ...
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This chapter summarizes the major features of previously unpublished recordings of red colobus vocalizations and speculates on their phylogenetic implications. It compares loud calls between taxa in terms of their function, stimulus situations, and sex of the vocalizer. Finally, it considers the possible semantic content of some of these vocalizations.Less
This chapter summarizes the major features of previously unpublished recordings of red colobus vocalizations and speculates on their phylogenetic implications. It compares loud calls between taxa in terms of their function, stimulus situations, and sex of the vocalizer. Finally, it considers the possible semantic content of some of these vocalizations.
Geraldine Cousin
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719061974
- eISBN:
- 9781781700976
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719061974.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Drama
This book explores connections between theatre time, the historical moment, and fictional time. It argues that a crucial characteristic of contemporary British theatre is its preoccupation with ...
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This book explores connections between theatre time, the historical moment, and fictional time. It argues that a crucial characteristic of contemporary British theatre is its preoccupation with instability and danger, and traces images of catastrophe and loss in a wide range of recent plays and productions. The diversity of the texts that are examined is a major strength of the book. In addition to plays by contemporary dramatists, the book analyses staged adaptations of novels, and productions of plays by Euripides, Strindberg and Priestley. A key focus is Stephen Daldry's award-winning revival of Priestley's An Inspector Calls, which is discussed in relation both to other Priestley ‘time’ plays and to Caryl Churchill's apocalyptic Far Away. Lost children are a recurring motif. Bryony Lavery's Frozen, for example, is explored in the context of the Soham murders, which took place while the play was in production at the National Theatre, whilst three virtually simultaneous productions of Euripides' Hecuba are interpreted with regard to the Beslan massacre of schoolchildren.Less
This book explores connections between theatre time, the historical moment, and fictional time. It argues that a crucial characteristic of contemporary British theatre is its preoccupation with instability and danger, and traces images of catastrophe and loss in a wide range of recent plays and productions. The diversity of the texts that are examined is a major strength of the book. In addition to plays by contemporary dramatists, the book analyses staged adaptations of novels, and productions of plays by Euripides, Strindberg and Priestley. A key focus is Stephen Daldry's award-winning revival of Priestley's An Inspector Calls, which is discussed in relation both to other Priestley ‘time’ plays and to Caryl Churchill's apocalyptic Far Away. Lost children are a recurring motif. Bryony Lavery's Frozen, for example, is explored in the context of the Soham murders, which took place while the play was in production at the National Theatre, whilst three virtually simultaneous productions of Euripides' Hecuba are interpreted with regard to the Beslan massacre of schoolchildren.
Paul Woodruff
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195332001
- eISBN:
- 9780199868186
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195332001.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Aesthetics
Theater is the heir of a tradition that makes spaces sacred for religious ritual; only people who have been consecrated may enter such a space without transgression, that is, without a violation of ...
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Theater is the heir of a tradition that makes spaces sacred for religious ritual; only people who have been consecrated may enter such a space without transgression, that is, without a violation of reverence. The art of theater divides the watchers from the watched by placing the watched in a measured or defined space, such as a stage, a sanctuary, or a playing field. Space is usually defined externally in theater, but it may be defined more fluidly by actors as they move, especially if they are seen as consecrated in such a way that they change the meaning of the space they enter. Transgression of performers into watching space, or of audience into performing space, can be electrifying, but only if it is seen as transgressive, and occurs only if the space has been fairly well defined at the outset. Powerful theater sometimes leads to an altar call that draws the audience into sacred space and converts them from watchers to participants, closing down the theatrical nature of the event while opening something new.Less
Theater is the heir of a tradition that makes spaces sacred for religious ritual; only people who have been consecrated may enter such a space without transgression, that is, without a violation of reverence. The art of theater divides the watchers from the watched by placing the watched in a measured or defined space, such as a stage, a sanctuary, or a playing field. Space is usually defined externally in theater, but it may be defined more fluidly by actors as they move, especially if they are seen as consecrated in such a way that they change the meaning of the space they enter. Transgression of performers into watching space, or of audience into performing space, can be electrifying, but only if it is seen as transgressive, and occurs only if the space has been fairly well defined at the outset. Powerful theater sometimes leads to an altar call that draws the audience into sacred space and converts them from watchers to participants, closing down the theatrical nature of the event while opening something new.
Roberto A. Delgado, Adriano R. Lameira, Marina Davila Ross, Simon J. Husson, Helen C. Morrogh-Bernard, and Serge A. Wich
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199213276
- eISBN:
- 9780191707568
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213276.003.0014
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
Information on geographic variation in vocal signalling is important because it complements data used to infer phylogenetic relationships, has the potential to help understand call development, and ...
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Information on geographic variation in vocal signalling is important because it complements data used to infer phylogenetic relationships, has the potential to help understand call development, and may provide insights into social organization. A quantitative acoustic analysis of orangutan long calls was undertaken to compare males from six distinct sites across Borneo and Sumatra and revealed consistent differences among populations and between islands. Several acoustic parameters proved reliable for distinguishing among individuals, among sites, and between islands; populations differed significantly in the number of pulses per call, call speed, call duration, pulse duration and dominant frequency. The chapter discusses these findings in relation to proposed hypotheses that include the influence of ecological, genetic, and social factors. The findings suggest that the patterns of observed differences among orangutan populations are probably best explained by differences in either genetic characteristics and/or forest structure, but these hypotheses remain to be tested more rigorously.Less
Information on geographic variation in vocal signalling is important because it complements data used to infer phylogenetic relationships, has the potential to help understand call development, and may provide insights into social organization. A quantitative acoustic analysis of orangutan long calls was undertaken to compare males from six distinct sites across Borneo and Sumatra and revealed consistent differences among populations and between islands. Several acoustic parameters proved reliable for distinguishing among individuals, among sites, and between islands; populations differed significantly in the number of pulses per call, call speed, call duration, pulse duration and dominant frequency. The chapter discusses these findings in relation to proposed hypotheses that include the influence of ecological, genetic, and social factors. The findings suggest that the patterns of observed differences among orangutan populations are probably best explained by differences in either genetic characteristics and/or forest structure, but these hypotheses remain to be tested more rigorously.
Tatang Mitra Setia, Roberto A. Delgado, S. Suci Utami Atmoko, Ian Singleton, and Carel P. van Schaik
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199213276
- eISBN:
- 9780191707568
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213276.003.0017
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
Despite their semi-solitary nature, associations among orangutans are more common than expected by chance for most combinations of age-sex classes. Variation in party size is due to variation in food ...
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Despite their semi-solitary nature, associations among orangutans are more common than expected by chance for most combinations of age-sex classes. Variation in party size is due to variation in food availability or sexual activity, reflecting the two main types of parties encountered in orangutans. Parties may involve mating or are formed around mothers and immatures of various ages, in which social play is the main social activity. Beyond direct association, Sumatran females tend to remain within audible range of the dominant flanged males, using his long calls to adjust their ranging. Females tend to be more philopatric than males, although it is not clear whether males disperse away from their natal range or end up including their natal range within a much larger home range. The accumulating evidence suggests that orangutans live in more than mere neighbourhoods, but in loose communities in which related females form clusters, share a preference for the same dominant flanged male, within whose earshot they tend to remain and whose ranging is more limited. Further study should reveal whether this Sumatra-derived picture also holds for Borneo.Less
Despite their semi-solitary nature, associations among orangutans are more common than expected by chance for most combinations of age-sex classes. Variation in party size is due to variation in food availability or sexual activity, reflecting the two main types of parties encountered in orangutans. Parties may involve mating or are formed around mothers and immatures of various ages, in which social play is the main social activity. Beyond direct association, Sumatran females tend to remain within audible range of the dominant flanged males, using his long calls to adjust their ranging. Females tend to be more philopatric than males, although it is not clear whether males disperse away from their natal range or end up including their natal range within a much larger home range. The accumulating evidence suggests that orangutans live in more than mere neighbourhoods, but in loose communities in which related females form clusters, share a preference for the same dominant flanged male, within whose earshot they tend to remain and whose ranging is more limited. Further study should reveal whether this Sumatra-derived picture also holds for Borneo.
James Matthews
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199655748
- eISBN:
- 9780199949953
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199655748.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This book is a comparative study of Nationalist and Republican conscripts during Spanish Civil War 1936–1939. It analyses the conflict from the perspective of those who did not embrace one or other ...
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This book is a comparative study of Nationalist and Republican conscripts during Spanish Civil War 1936–1939. It analyses the conflict from the perspective of those who did not embrace one or other side’s ideologies and were involved against their will. While militants on both sides joined the conflict voluntarily, the large majority of combatants went to war as conscripts.The book firstly examines the manner in which both sides implemented mass conscription. It then analyses the process of conscription from call‐up to placement in a unit. It also looks at the methods employed to motivate and maintain the morale of drafted men, as well as the approaches to discipline in the two armies. Finally, it examines situations in which men avoided military service. These accounted for constant manpower losses on both sides and were particularly marked for the Republic. The Nationalist Army managed its conscripted men better than the Popular Army, and this is vital to understand the outcome of the war. Despite lower wages, Nationalist soldiers suffered fewer shortages and their families were better cared for in the rearguard. The Nationalists used an effective combination of threats and rewards to ensure the adequate service of their conscript soldiers. The same technique was also used to turn more than half of Republican prisoners of war and incorporate them into the Nationalist Army. Republican wartime mobilization, however, should also be considered relatively successful given the severe strains imposed by the civil nature of the conflict.Less
This book is a comparative study of Nationalist and Republican conscripts during Spanish Civil War 1936–1939. It analyses the conflict from the perspective of those who did not embrace one or other side’s ideologies and were involved against their will. While militants on both sides joined the conflict voluntarily, the large majority of combatants went to war as conscripts.The book firstly examines the manner in which both sides implemented mass conscription. It then analyses the process of conscription from call‐up to placement in a unit. It also looks at the methods employed to motivate and maintain the morale of drafted men, as well as the approaches to discipline in the two armies. Finally, it examines situations in which men avoided military service. These accounted for constant manpower losses on both sides and were particularly marked for the Republic. The Nationalist Army managed its conscripted men better than the Popular Army, and this is vital to understand the outcome of the war. Despite lower wages, Nationalist soldiers suffered fewer shortages and their families were better cared for in the rearguard. The Nationalists used an effective combination of threats and rewards to ensure the adequate service of their conscript soldiers. The same technique was also used to turn more than half of Republican prisoners of war and incorporate them into the Nationalist Army. Republican wartime mobilization, however, should also be considered relatively successful given the severe strains imposed by the civil nature of the conflict.
