Sacha Stern
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198270348
- eISBN:
- 9780191600753
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198270348.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism
Traces the development of the Jewish calendar—how months and years were reckoned—from its earliest descriptions in the second century b.c.e. until it reached, in the tenth century c.e., to its ...
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Traces the development of the Jewish calendar—how months and years were reckoned—from its earliest descriptions in the second century b.c.e. until it reached, in the tenth century c.e., to its present form. Solar and lunar calendars are attested in the early period, but by the first century c.e., the Jewish calendar had become predominantly lunar. A wide range of sources (literary, documentary/epigraphic, Jewish, Graeco‐Roman, and Christian) reveals, however, that Jewish communities in Palestine and the diaspora reckoned their lunar calendar independently from one another, and hence, would often celebrate the same festivals at different times. This diversity persisted until the end of antiquity, although some general trends can be identified. Until the first century c.e., Jewish lunar calendars tended to be late in relation to the solar year, and Passover would always occur after the spring equinox; whereas, by the fourth century, intercalations were adjusted in such a way that Passover was frequently earlier. In the fourth century, moreover, many communities began to calculate the day of the new moon instead of relying on observation of the new crescent, as had previously been the norm. The change from observation to calculation is particularly evident in the case of the rabbinic calendar, for which there is more evidence than any other Jewish calendar. Largely under pressure from the Babylonian rabbinic community, the rabbinic calendar gradually evolved from the third century c.e. into a fixed, calculated calendar, which became dominant in the Jewish world by the tenth century. The general evolution of the Jewish calendar throughout our period, from considerable diversity (solar and lunar calendars) to unity (a single, normative rabbinic calendar), can be explained as epitomizing the emerging solidarity and communitas of the Jewish communities of late antiquity and the early medieval world.Less
Traces the development of the Jewish calendar—how months and years were reckoned—from its earliest descriptions in the second century b.c.e. until it reached, in the tenth century c.e., to its present form. Solar and lunar calendars are attested in the early period, but by the first century c.e., the Jewish calendar had become predominantly lunar. A wide range of sources (literary, documentary/epigraphic, Jewish, Graeco‐Roman, and Christian) reveals, however, that Jewish communities in Palestine and the diaspora reckoned their lunar calendar independently from one another, and hence, would often celebrate the same festivals at different times. This diversity persisted until the end of antiquity, although some general trends can be identified. Until the first century c.e., Jewish lunar calendars tended to be late in relation to the solar year, and Passover would always occur after the spring equinox; whereas, by the fourth century, intercalations were adjusted in such a way that Passover was frequently earlier. In the fourth century, moreover, many communities began to calculate the day of the new moon instead of relying on observation of the new crescent, as had previously been the norm. The change from observation to calculation is particularly evident in the case of the rabbinic calendar, for which there is more evidence than any other Jewish calendar. Largely under pressure from the Babylonian rabbinic community, the rabbinic calendar gradually evolved from the third century c.e. into a fixed, calculated calendar, which became dominant in the Jewish world by the tenth century. The general evolution of the Jewish calendar throughout our period, from considerable diversity (solar and lunar calendars) to unity (a single, normative rabbinic calendar), can be explained as epitomizing the emerging solidarity and communitas of the Jewish communities of late antiquity and the early medieval world.
Sacha Stern
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199589449
- eISBN:
- 9780191746178
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199589449.001.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Asian and Middle Eastern History: BCE to 500CE
This book offers a study of the calendars of ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, Persia, Greece, Rome, Gaul, and all other parts of the Mediterranean and the Near East, from the origins up to and including ...
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This book offers a study of the calendars of ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, Persia, Greece, Rome, Gaul, and all other parts of the Mediterranean and the Near East, from the origins up to and including Jewish and Christian calendars in late Antiquity. Particular attention is given to the structure of calendars and their political context. Most ancient calendars were set and controlled by political rulers; they served as expressions of political power, as mechanisms of social control, and sometimes, on the contrary, as assertions of political independence and dissidence. Ancient calendars were very diverse, but they all shared a common history, evolving on the whole from flexible, lunar calendars to fixed, solar schemes. The Egyptian calendar played an important role in this process, most notably inspiring the institution of the Julian calendar in Rome, the forerunner of our modern Gregorian calendar. In this book it is argued that the rise of fixed calendars was not the result of scientific or technical progress, but of major political and social changes that transformed the ancient world under the great Near Eastern, Hellenistic, and Roman Empires. The institution of standard, fixed calendars served the administrative needs of these extensive empires, but also contributed to their cultural and political cohesion. This ultimately led, conversely, to late antique perceptions of calendar diversity as an expression of heresy and cause of social schism.Less
This book offers a study of the calendars of ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, Persia, Greece, Rome, Gaul, and all other parts of the Mediterranean and the Near East, from the origins up to and including Jewish and Christian calendars in late Antiquity. Particular attention is given to the structure of calendars and their political context. Most ancient calendars were set and controlled by political rulers; they served as expressions of political power, as mechanisms of social control, and sometimes, on the contrary, as assertions of political independence and dissidence. Ancient calendars were very diverse, but they all shared a common history, evolving on the whole from flexible, lunar calendars to fixed, solar schemes. The Egyptian calendar played an important role in this process, most notably inspiring the institution of the Julian calendar in Rome, the forerunner of our modern Gregorian calendar. In this book it is argued that the rise of fixed calendars was not the result of scientific or technical progress, but of major political and social changes that transformed the ancient world under the great Near Eastern, Hellenistic, and Roman Empires. The institution of standard, fixed calendars served the administrative needs of these extensive empires, but also contributed to their cultural and political cohesion. This ultimately led, conversely, to late antique perceptions of calendar diversity as an expression of heresy and cause of social schism.
Ronald Hutton
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198205708
- eISBN:
- 9780191676758
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205708.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History, British and Irish Early Modern History
From the Twelve Days of Christmas to the Spring traditions of Valentine, Shrovetide, and Easter eggs, through May Day revels and Midsummer fires, and on to the waning of the year, Harvest Home, and ...
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From the Twelve Days of Christmas to the Spring traditions of Valentine, Shrovetide, and Easter eggs, through May Day revels and Midsummer fires, and on to the waning of the year, Harvest Home, and Halloween, this book takes us on a journey through the ritual year in Britain. It presents the results of a comprehensive study that covers all the British Isles and the whole sweep of history from the earliest written records to the present day. Great and lesser, ancient and modern, whether performed by Christians or pagans, all rituals are treated with the same attention. The result is an account that illuminates the history of the calendar we live by, and challenges many commonly held assumptions about the customs of the past and the festivals of the present. The first work to cover the full span of British rituals, the book challenges the work of specialists from the late Victorian period onwards, reworking our picture of the field and raising issues for historians of every period.Less
From the Twelve Days of Christmas to the Spring traditions of Valentine, Shrovetide, and Easter eggs, through May Day revels and Midsummer fires, and on to the waning of the year, Harvest Home, and Halloween, this book takes us on a journey through the ritual year in Britain. It presents the results of a comprehensive study that covers all the British Isles and the whole sweep of history from the earliest written records to the present day. Great and lesser, ancient and modern, whether performed by Christians or pagans, all rituals are treated with the same attention. The result is an account that illuminates the history of the calendar we live by, and challenges many commonly held assumptions about the customs of the past and the festivals of the present. The first work to cover the full span of British rituals, the book challenges the work of specialists from the late Victorian period onwards, reworking our picture of the field and raising issues for historians of every period.
Steven Kepnes
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195313819
- eISBN:
- 9780199785650
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195313819.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism
This chapter attends to Rosenzweig's attempt to reestablish the relationship God–word–world, which was shattered in modernity. This provides the basis to rehabilitate a notion of miracle and the ...
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This chapter attends to Rosenzweig's attempt to reestablish the relationship God–word–world, which was shattered in modernity. This provides the basis to rehabilitate a notion of miracle and the signs of liturgy for contemporary Jews. For Rosenzweig, liturgy is a form of reasoning about time that provides answers to the age‐old aporias that Augustine exposed in his Confessions. The first part of the chapter ends with an analysis of the psalms that are chanted in the Hallel service as keys to the liturgical relation to eternity. The second part of this chapter focuses on Rosenzweig's liturgical reasoning with each of the central festivals of the yearly Jewish calendar. These festivals are presented as expressions of three theological terms (creation, revelation, redemption) and the temporal tenses (past, present, future). The chapter concludes with an attempt to revise Rosenzweig's theology of Christianity through the Jewish‐Christian‐Islamic movement of “Scriptural Reasoning.”Less
This chapter attends to Rosenzweig's attempt to reestablish the relationship God–word–world, which was shattered in modernity. This provides the basis to rehabilitate a notion of miracle and the signs of liturgy for contemporary Jews. For Rosenzweig, liturgy is a form of reasoning about time that provides answers to the age‐old aporias that Augustine exposed in his Confessions. The first part of the chapter ends with an analysis of the psalms that are chanted in the Hallel service as keys to the liturgical relation to eternity. The second part of this chapter focuses on Rosenzweig's liturgical reasoning with each of the central festivals of the yearly Jewish calendar. These festivals are presented as expressions of three theological terms (creation, revelation, redemption) and the temporal tenses (past, present, future). The chapter concludes with an attempt to revise Rosenzweig's theology of Christianity through the Jewish‐Christian‐Islamic movement of “Scriptural Reasoning.”
Andrew R. Holmes
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199288656
- eISBN:
- 9780191710759
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199288656.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
This chapter describes and assesses the various customs and beliefs in which Presbyterians indulged at springtime, Halloween, and Christmas. Presbyterians observed holidays because they marked the ...
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This chapter describes and assesses the various customs and beliefs in which Presbyterians indulged at springtime, Halloween, and Christmas. Presbyterians observed holidays because they marked the passing of the seasons and allowed them the opportunity to relax. They utilized alternative beliefs and practices because they made practical sense and accorded with a belief in God who was omnipresent, omniscient, and omnipotent. The efforts of reformers to eradicate anti-social and superstitious aspects are addressed, and comments are made about the persistence of these customs and beliefs.Less
This chapter describes and assesses the various customs and beliefs in which Presbyterians indulged at springtime, Halloween, and Christmas. Presbyterians observed holidays because they marked the passing of the seasons and allowed them the opportunity to relax. They utilized alternative beliefs and practices because they made practical sense and accorded with a belief in God who was omnipresent, omniscient, and omnipotent. The efforts of reformers to eradicate anti-social and superstitious aspects are addressed, and comments are made about the persistence of these customs and beliefs.
John R Curran
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199254200
- eISBN:
- 9780191715150
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199254200.001.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Ancient Religions
The critical century between the arrival of Constantine and the advance of Alaric in the early 5th century witnessed dramatic changes in the city of Rome. This book breaks away from the usual notions ...
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The critical century between the arrival of Constantine and the advance of Alaric in the early 5th century witnessed dramatic changes in the city of Rome. This book breaks away from the usual notions of religious conflict between Christians and pagans, to focus on a number of approaches to the Christianization of Rome. The author surveys the laws and political considerations which governed the building policy of Constantine and his successors, the effect of papal building and commemorative constructions on Roman topography, the continuing ambivalence of the Roman festal calendar, and the conflict between Christians over asceticism and ‘real’ Christianity. Thus using analytical, literary, and legal evidence, he explains the way in which the landscape, civic life, and moral values of Rome were transformed by complex and sometimes paradoxical forces, laying the foundation for the capital of medieval Christendom. Through a study of Rome as a city, the author explores the rise of Christianity and the decline of paganism in the later Roman Empire.Less
The critical century between the arrival of Constantine and the advance of Alaric in the early 5th century witnessed dramatic changes in the city of Rome. This book breaks away from the usual notions of religious conflict between Christians and pagans, to focus on a number of approaches to the Christianization of Rome. The author surveys the laws and political considerations which governed the building policy of Constantine and his successors, the effect of papal building and commemorative constructions on Roman topography, the continuing ambivalence of the Roman festal calendar, and the conflict between Christians over asceticism and ‘real’ Christianity. Thus using analytical, literary, and legal evidence, he explains the way in which the landscape, civic life, and moral values of Rome were transformed by complex and sometimes paradoxical forces, laying the foundation for the capital of medieval Christendom. Through a study of Rome as a city, the author explores the rise of Christianity and the decline of paganism in the later Roman Empire.
Romila Thapar
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195637984
- eISBN:
- 9780199081912
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195637984.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Indian History
This chapter discusses different ideas about time in early India. It discusses how cyclical theories of time arise from the observance of rhythm based on the sequences in relation to the sun and the ...
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This chapter discusses different ideas about time in early India. It discusses how cyclical theories of time arise from the observance of rhythm based on the sequences in relation to the sun and the moon or the seasons. Time reckoning was generally based on a luni-solar calendar. The earliest sense of a calendar had to do with time-markers, both of the individual life cycle and involving the environment, which were gradually ritualized. The precision of the solar calendar was useful in agricultural activities and also in horoscopy, and in either case it became an agency of social control. Time measurement was required by astrology in the making of horoscopes. Indian interest in astronomy is revealed in texts dating to the fifth century BC. The mingling of Indian and Graeco–Babylonian ideas enhanced activity in astronomy and mathematics in India. This took the form of extensive calculations relating to planets, orbits, eclipses and the like.Less
This chapter discusses different ideas about time in early India. It discusses how cyclical theories of time arise from the observance of rhythm based on the sequences in relation to the sun and the moon or the seasons. Time reckoning was generally based on a luni-solar calendar. The earliest sense of a calendar had to do with time-markers, both of the individual life cycle and involving the environment, which were gradually ritualized. The precision of the solar calendar was useful in agricultural activities and also in horoscopy, and in either case it became an agency of social control. Time measurement was required by astrology in the making of horoscopes. Indian interest in astronomy is revealed in texts dating to the fifth century BC. The mingling of Indian and Graeco–Babylonian ideas enhanced activity in astronomy and mathematics in India. This took the form of extensive calculations relating to planets, orbits, eclipses and the like.
Sacha Stern
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198270348
- eISBN:
- 9780191600753
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198270348.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism
Ancient sources including the books of Enoch and Jubilees, Qumran and related literature, Philo, Josephus, Graeco‐Roman, and early Christian sources, reveal that a variety of solar and lunar ...
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Ancient sources including the books of Enoch and Jubilees, Qumran and related literature, Philo, Josephus, Graeco‐Roman, and early Christian sources, reveal that a variety of solar and lunar calendars were used by Jews in the second century b.c.—first century c.e. From the first century c.e., however, lunar calendars became the norm throughout the Jewish world. This stands in contrast with the development of non‐Jewish calendars in the Roman Empire, and especially in the Roman Near East: after the arrival of the Romans, the lunar, Seleucid calendar was generally abandoned in favour of solar calendars modelled on the Julian. Thus the Jewish lunar calendar would appear to have become, in the context of the Roman Empire, a marker of Jewish identity and distinctiveness.Less
Ancient sources including the books of Enoch and Jubilees, Qumran and related literature, Philo, Josephus, Graeco‐Roman, and early Christian sources, reveal that a variety of solar and lunar calendars were used by Jews in the second century b.c.—first century c.e. From the first century c.e., however, lunar calendars became the norm throughout the Jewish world. This stands in contrast with the development of non‐Jewish calendars in the Roman Empire, and especially in the Roman Near East: after the arrival of the Romans, the lunar, Seleucid calendar was generally abandoned in favour of solar calendars modelled on the Julian. Thus the Jewish lunar calendar would appear to have become, in the context of the Roman Empire, a marker of Jewish identity and distinctiveness.
Alden A. Mosshammer
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199543120
- eISBN:
- 9780191720062
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199543120.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity, Early Christian Studies
The standard chronological reference in many ancient cities was the eponymous year—the name of the chief magistrate who served during that year. Some ancient historians also dated by reference to a ...
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The standard chronological reference in many ancient cities was the eponymous year—the name of the chief magistrate who served during that year. Some ancient historians also dated by reference to a numbered Olympiad, beginning with the first Olympic observance, traditionally dated to the summer of 776 BC. Where kings ruled, it was customary to number the years of the monarch. Numbering the years from the foundation of a city or an epochal date in its history was also common. A system of numbering the years by reference to a 15‐year period known as the Indiction, with a base‐date in AD 312/13 emerged in the eastern Empire. Some Christian writers numbered the years from the Creation of the cosmos, others from the Passion of Jesus. Each city had its own calendar, with different names for the month and a different point for the beginning of the year.Less
The standard chronological reference in many ancient cities was the eponymous year—the name of the chief magistrate who served during that year. Some ancient historians also dated by reference to a numbered Olympiad, beginning with the first Olympic observance, traditionally dated to the summer of 776 BC. Where kings ruled, it was customary to number the years of the monarch. Numbering the years from the foundation of a city or an epochal date in its history was also common. A system of numbering the years by reference to a 15‐year period known as the Indiction, with a base‐date in AD 312/13 emerged in the eastern Empire. Some Christian writers numbered the years from the Creation of the cosmos, others from the Passion of Jesus. Each city had its own calendar, with different names for the month and a different point for the beginning of the year.
Alden A. Mosshammer
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199543120
- eISBN:
- 9780191720062
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199543120.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity, Early Christian Studies
Dionysius Exiguus appended to his 95‐year table a set of rules (argumenta) for working with the data. Of the sixteen rules included in the manuscripts, only the first ten derive genuinely from ...
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Dionysius Exiguus appended to his 95‐year table a set of rules (argumenta) for working with the data. Of the sixteen rules included in the manuscripts, only the first ten derive genuinely from Dionysius, with the possible exception of the seventh rule. In his examples, Dionysius uses what he calls the present year—the consulship of Probus, AD 525. The rules are clearly of Alexandrian origin. Dionysius has adapted them to the Roman calendar, but some of them are explicable only as formulae based on the Alexandrian calendar.Less
Dionysius Exiguus appended to his 95‐year table a set of rules (argumenta) for working with the data. Of the sixteen rules included in the manuscripts, only the first ten derive genuinely from Dionysius, with the possible exception of the seventh rule. In his examples, Dionysius uses what he calls the present year—the consulship of Probus, AD 525. The rules are clearly of Alexandrian origin. Dionysius has adapted them to the Roman calendar, but some of them are explicable only as formulae based on the Alexandrian calendar.
Nathan MacDonald
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199546527
- eISBN:
- 9780191720215
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199546527.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies
In the book of Deuteronomy there is a close relationship between memory and food. To examine this relationship use is made of the anthropological work by David Sutton, Remembrance of Repasts. The ...
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In the book of Deuteronomy there is a close relationship between memory and food. To examine this relationship use is made of the anthropological work by David Sutton, Remembrance of Repasts. The book of Deuteronomy is rhetorically poised between the wilderness and the Promised Land, and at this liminal point Deuteronomy uses food as a vehicle for articulating Israel's memory of Exodus, wilderness and Conquest. In doing so it makes a number of radical developments from the book of Exodus in its description of the Canaanite cult and in defining Israelite religion focused around pilgrimage feasts to the chosen cultic centre. It also defines the identity of the chosen people through narratives of hospitality or inhospitality that underline the Deuteronomic requirement to offer food to the poor and vulnerable.Less
In the book of Deuteronomy there is a close relationship between memory and food. To examine this relationship use is made of the anthropological work by David Sutton, Remembrance of Repasts. The book of Deuteronomy is rhetorically poised between the wilderness and the Promised Land, and at this liminal point Deuteronomy uses food as a vehicle for articulating Israel's memory of Exodus, wilderness and Conquest. In doing so it makes a number of radical developments from the book of Exodus in its description of the Canaanite cult and in defining Israelite religion focused around pilgrimage feasts to the chosen cultic centre. It also defines the identity of the chosen people through narratives of hospitality or inhospitality that underline the Deuteronomic requirement to offer food to the poor and vulnerable.
Bernard Green
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199534951
- eISBN:
- 9780191715990
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199534951.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Early Christian Studies
Between the mid-4th and mid-5th centuries, the papacy consolidated its ascendancy in Rome; the process of the Christianization of the city depended on the building of great basilicas and pilgrimage ...
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Between the mid-4th and mid-5th centuries, the papacy consolidated its ascendancy in Rome; the process of the Christianization of the city depended on the building of great basilicas and pilgrimage centres as well as the construction of a Christian calendar, all of which Leo was to use as the basis for his preaching. Leo's own early exposure to the Pelagian controversy introduced him to the thought of Augustine of Hippo.Less
Between the mid-4th and mid-5th centuries, the papacy consolidated its ascendancy in Rome; the process of the Christianization of the city depended on the building of great basilicas and pilgrimage centres as well as the construction of a Christian calendar, all of which Leo was to use as the basis for his preaching. Leo's own early exposure to the Pelagian controversy introduced him to the thought of Augustine of Hippo.
Bernard Green
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199534951
- eISBN:
- 9780191715990
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199534951.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Early Christian Studies
Leo preached about twelve sermons a year in a cycle through the Church's calendar. The first cycle, preached in 440-1, reveals both some of Leo's leading ideas but also the gaps in his thought at ...
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Leo preached about twelve sermons a year in a cycle through the Church's calendar. The first cycle, preached in 440-1, reveals both some of Leo's leading ideas but also the gaps in his thought at that stage. His message is that salvation is ecclesial and sacramental, sharpening the ideas of Augustine. His soteriology is an expression of an Augustinian Christology in which Christ is the mediating union of divine and human, though his appreciation of the role of the divinity in salvation needed further exploration.Less
Leo preached about twelve sermons a year in a cycle through the Church's calendar. The first cycle, preached in 440-1, reveals both some of Leo's leading ideas but also the gaps in his thought at that stage. His message is that salvation is ecclesial and sacramental, sharpening the ideas of Augustine. His soteriology is an expression of an Augustinian Christology in which Christ is the mediating union of divine and human, though his appreciation of the role of the divinity in salvation needed further exploration.
William Kostlevy
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195377842
- eISBN:
- 9780199777204
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195377842.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
The defection of the MCA mission in Los Angeles to Pentecostalism in 1906 played an important role in the Azusa Street Revival. MCA evangelist A. G. Garr urged MCA adherents in Los Angeles to attend ...
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The defection of the MCA mission in Los Angeles to Pentecostalism in 1906 played an important role in the Azusa Street Revival. MCA evangelist A. G. Garr urged MCA adherents in Los Angeles to attend nearby revival meetings led by William Seymour. A. G. and Lillian Anderson Garr embraced the Pentecostal experience and spread the message to India where Garr played a key role spreading Pentecostalism and in the reinterpretation of the meaning of the Pentecostal his experience. Other central emphasize of the MCA entered early Pentecostalism including the notion of restitution and the rejection of divorce and remarriage. In Wisconsin F. M. Messenger invented the Scripture Text Calendar, a decorative art calendar, to fund the MCA and spread the gospel.Less
The defection of the MCA mission in Los Angeles to Pentecostalism in 1906 played an important role in the Azusa Street Revival. MCA evangelist A. G. Garr urged MCA adherents in Los Angeles to attend nearby revival meetings led by William Seymour. A. G. and Lillian Anderson Garr embraced the Pentecostal experience and spread the message to India where Garr played a key role spreading Pentecostalism and in the reinterpretation of the meaning of the Pentecostal his experience. Other central emphasize of the MCA entered early Pentecostalism including the notion of restitution and the rejection of divorce and remarriage. In Wisconsin F. M. Messenger invented the Scripture Text Calendar, a decorative art calendar, to fund the MCA and spread the gospel.
Sacha Stern
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199589449
- eISBN:
- 9780191746178
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199589449.003.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Asian and Middle Eastern History: BCE to 500CE
This introductory chapter presents a summary of the book's argument, a definition of ‘calendar’, an account of the scope of the work, a survey of the sources, a discussion of methodology, and a brief ...
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This introductory chapter presents a summary of the book's argument, a definition of ‘calendar’, an account of the scope of the work, a survey of the sources, a discussion of methodology, and a brief review of the literature. A substantial section surveys and critically assesses a number of assumptions, models, and theoretical approaches that have been commonly, but not very convincingly, used in the study of ancient calendars: for example, the assumption that calendars were products of technical or scientific knowledge, the dual model of ‘civil’ and ‘religious’ calendars, and theories of evolutionism, functionalism, and cultural relativism.Less
This introductory chapter presents a summary of the book's argument, a definition of ‘calendar’, an account of the scope of the work, a survey of the sources, a discussion of methodology, and a brief review of the literature. A substantial section surveys and critically assesses a number of assumptions, models, and theoretical approaches that have been commonly, but not very convincingly, used in the study of ancient calendars: for example, the assumption that calendars were products of technical or scientific knowledge, the dual model of ‘civil’ and ‘religious’ calendars, and theories of evolutionism, functionalism, and cultural relativism.
Sacha Stern
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199589449
- eISBN:
- 9780191746178
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199589449.003.0005
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Asian and Middle Eastern History: BCE to 500CE
This chapter examines how fixed calendars rose in importance in the ancient world during the second half of the first millennium bce, largely as a result of the spread and adoption of the Egyptian ...
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This chapter examines how fixed calendars rose in importance in the ancient world during the second half of the first millennium bce, largely as a result of the spread and adoption of the Egyptian calendar or derivatives of it, and in the context of extensive empires. The early Achaemenid rulers appropriated it as one of their official imperial calendars, in the form of a Persian, later known as Zoroastrian, calendar. The Egyptian calendar was later disseminated by the Ptolemies in parts of their eastern Mediterranean empire, possibly leading to the creation of the 364-day Judaean calendar. Finally, the Egyptian calendar was used as a model for the institution in Rome of the Julian calendar. In this context, attention is given to the Roman calendar that preceded it, and to the reasons why Julius Caesar instituted a new calendar. It is generally argued that calendar change was not driven by ‘progress’, but rather by political and imperialist motivations.Less
This chapter examines how fixed calendars rose in importance in the ancient world during the second half of the first millennium bce, largely as a result of the spread and adoption of the Egyptian calendar or derivatives of it, and in the context of extensive empires. The early Achaemenid rulers appropriated it as one of their official imperial calendars, in the form of a Persian, later known as Zoroastrian, calendar. The Egyptian calendar was later disseminated by the Ptolemies in parts of their eastern Mediterranean empire, possibly leading to the creation of the 364-day Judaean calendar. Finally, the Egyptian calendar was used as a model for the institution in Rome of the Julian calendar. In this context, attention is given to the Roman calendar that preceded it, and to the reasons why Julius Caesar instituted a new calendar. It is generally argued that calendar change was not driven by ‘progress’, but rather by political and imperialist motivations.
Katherine Clarke
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199291083
- eISBN:
- 9780191710582
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199291083.001.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
This book is about time and local history in the Greek world. It argues that choices concerning the articulation and expression of time reflect the values of both those who ‘make’ it and their ...
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This book is about time and local history in the Greek world. It argues that choices concerning the articulation and expression of time reflect the values of both those who ‘make’ it and their audiences. This study ranges from the widespread awareness of time's malleability and the perceived value of the past by the citizens of the Greek polis to the formal analysis of time-systems in Hellenistic scholarship. It addresses the development by historians of ways to articulate the long span of historical time, from the chronologies developed by those who wrote universal narratives to those whose stories were about the individual polis. The negotiation of time is of interest in any social context, but it carries particular resonance in the world of Greek poleis, where each community had its own calendar and ran to its own time. Both the articulation of time and the establishment of ‘shared’ histories have been seen as modes of self-expression for communities. An exploration of their intersection is, therefore, especially illuminating. By focusing on city-history, the creation of the past within a restricted community, it is possible to examine more closely the dynamics of how time and the past were ‘made’. Therefore, this study brings together the wider theme of ‘managing time’, with an exploration of how history was created at a local level, within a civic context. It looks at the construction of the past as a social activity, which both reflects and contributes towards the sense of a shared, civic identity.Less
This book is about time and local history in the Greek world. It argues that choices concerning the articulation and expression of time reflect the values of both those who ‘make’ it and their audiences. This study ranges from the widespread awareness of time's malleability and the perceived value of the past by the citizens of the Greek polis to the formal analysis of time-systems in Hellenistic scholarship. It addresses the development by historians of ways to articulate the long span of historical time, from the chronologies developed by those who wrote universal narratives to those whose stories were about the individual polis. The negotiation of time is of interest in any social context, but it carries particular resonance in the world of Greek poleis, where each community had its own calendar and ran to its own time. Both the articulation of time and the establishment of ‘shared’ histories have been seen as modes of self-expression for communities. An exploration of their intersection is, therefore, especially illuminating. By focusing on city-history, the creation of the past within a restricted community, it is possible to examine more closely the dynamics of how time and the past were ‘made’. Therefore, this study brings together the wider theme of ‘managing time’, with an exploration of how history was created at a local level, within a civic context. It looks at the construction of the past as a social activity, which both reflects and contributes towards the sense of a shared, civic identity.
Robert Parker
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780197265062
- eISBN:
- 9780191754173
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265062.003.0002
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
The main part of this chapter reviews the role of texts and writing within the practice of ancient Greek religion, and seeks to modify the common view that oral tradition provided most Greek ritual ...
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The main part of this chapter reviews the role of texts and writing within the practice of ancient Greek religion, and seeks to modify the common view that oral tradition provided most Greek ritual knowledge. True, most information from inscribed ‘sacred laws’ is administrative and financial: written information — which exists in quantity, especially with the so-called ‘calendars of sacrifices’ — tends to specify exceptions and innovations or to provide precise detail in response to unusual needs. Documentation from the Aegean (Kos) and Asia Minor (Miletos) is cited to illustrate the former, while inscriptions from Sicily (Selinous) and N. Africa (Kyrene) are quoted to show that rituals of purification could occasionally require ‘how to’ instructions.Less
The main part of this chapter reviews the role of texts and writing within the practice of ancient Greek religion, and seeks to modify the common view that oral tradition provided most Greek ritual knowledge. True, most information from inscribed ‘sacred laws’ is administrative and financial: written information — which exists in quantity, especially with the so-called ‘calendars of sacrifices’ — tends to specify exceptions and innovations or to provide precise detail in response to unusual needs. Documentation from the Aegean (Kos) and Asia Minor (Miletos) is cited to illustrate the former, while inscriptions from Sicily (Selinous) and N. Africa (Kyrene) are quoted to show that rituals of purification could occasionally require ‘how to’ instructions.
Katherine Clarke
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199291083
- eISBN:
- 9780191710582
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199291083.003.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
This chapter discusses different forms of temporal calibration and articulation, as well as the complementary nature of natural time and culturally-determined time. After introducing some ...
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This chapter discusses different forms of temporal calibration and articulation, as well as the complementary nature of natural time and culturally-determined time. After introducing some philosophical problems concerning the nature of time, it examines evidence for the proposition that time as a malleable and constructed concept was familiar within the everyday life of the Greek polis, through the plays of Aristophanes and publicly displayed inscriptions. The connections between time as mapped out on a recurring annual cycle through the calendar and historical time which spans the past of a place are also considered.Less
This chapter discusses different forms of temporal calibration and articulation, as well as the complementary nature of natural time and culturally-determined time. After introducing some philosophical problems concerning the nature of time, it examines evidence for the proposition that time as a malleable and constructed concept was familiar within the everyday life of the Greek polis, through the plays of Aristophanes and publicly displayed inscriptions. The connections between time as mapped out on a recurring annual cycle through the calendar and historical time which spans the past of a place are also considered.
Katherine Clarke
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199291083
- eISBN:
- 9780191710582
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199291083.003.0002
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
This chapter focuses on chronography, that is, the scholarly field which concerns the organization and articulation of time. It examines the extant fragments of the ancient chronographic tradition, ...
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This chapter focuses on chronography, that is, the scholarly field which concerns the organization and articulation of time. It examines the extant fragments of the ancient chronographic tradition, which was initially dominated by competitive culture of Hellenistic scholarship, and by figures such as Eratosthenes of Cyrene and Apollodorus of Athens. Methodological problems, such as that of generic classification, are addressed throughout. The chapter deals first with works concerning Greek city-calendars, especially the festival calendars, before moving on to those which focus on the articulation and expression of linear, historical time. Here are treated issues of synchronism; the establishment of important dates, such as that of the fall of Troy and the acme of Homer; the correlation of fixed chronological markers with continuous systems, such as lists of eponymous magistrates, kings, or Olympic victors; the development of universal chronologies; and the notion of literary time-frames.Less
This chapter focuses on chronography, that is, the scholarly field which concerns the organization and articulation of time. It examines the extant fragments of the ancient chronographic tradition, which was initially dominated by competitive culture of Hellenistic scholarship, and by figures such as Eratosthenes of Cyrene and Apollodorus of Athens. Methodological problems, such as that of generic classification, are addressed throughout. The chapter deals first with works concerning Greek city-calendars, especially the festival calendars, before moving on to those which focus on the articulation and expression of linear, historical time. Here are treated issues of synchronism; the establishment of important dates, such as that of the fall of Troy and the acme of Homer; the correlation of fixed chronological markers with continuous systems, such as lists of eponymous magistrates, kings, or Olympic victors; the development of universal chronologies; and the notion of literary time-frames.
