Mike Barry
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780197265536
- eISBN:
- 9780191760327
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265536.003.0018
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
We are reaching a time when several underlying assumptions about good business practice are becoming undermined. The environment is not tolerant, governments will not back up forever, and customers ...
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We are reaching a time when several underlying assumptions about good business practice are becoming undermined. The environment is not tolerant, governments will not back up forever, and customers and citizens are merging. There will be no spare publicly financed money to bail out our environmental damage and social decay. Businesses will have to take their share of these responsibilities and create their sustainability accounts accordingly. Consumers will be more selective, regulation will tighten, and the more farsighted businesses will survive.Less
We are reaching a time when several underlying assumptions about good business practice are becoming undermined. The environment is not tolerant, governments will not back up forever, and customers and citizens are merging. There will be no spare publicly financed money to bail out our environmental damage and social decay. Businesses will have to take their share of these responsibilities and create their sustainability accounts accordingly. Consumers will be more selective, regulation will tighten, and the more farsighted businesses will survive.
Kshama V. Kaushik and Kaushik Dutta
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198072614
- eISBN:
- 9780199081592
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198072614.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
This chapter describes various indigenous financial and business practices. A unique social innovation developed in ancient India, a merchant guild or sreni or nigama was akin to a corporate ...
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This chapter describes various indigenous financial and business practices. A unique social innovation developed in ancient India, a merchant guild or sreni or nigama was akin to a corporate self-governing entity with its own regulations which were duly recognized and even registered by the local authorities. Some other practices prevalent in ancient India were hundis, which were part of a sophisticated financial system for safe transfer of funds to carry out business transactions; loan deed forms called rnpatra or rnlekhya; nidhis or chit funds which were designed to cultivate the habit of thrift and savings amongst its members, and the bahi-khata and parta systems of bookkeeping and management. The authors suggest that rather than dismissing these ancient practices as outmoded, Indian businesses may gain from modifying them to suit modern commerce.Less
This chapter describes various indigenous financial and business practices. A unique social innovation developed in ancient India, a merchant guild or sreni or nigama was akin to a corporate self-governing entity with its own regulations which were duly recognized and even registered by the local authorities. Some other practices prevalent in ancient India were hundis, which were part of a sophisticated financial system for safe transfer of funds to carry out business transactions; loan deed forms called rnpatra or rnlekhya; nidhis or chit funds which were designed to cultivate the habit of thrift and savings amongst its members, and the bahi-khata and parta systems of bookkeeping and management. The authors suggest that rather than dismissing these ancient practices as outmoded, Indian businesses may gain from modifying them to suit modern commerce.
C. A. Bayly
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198077466
- eISBN:
- 9780199081110
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198077466.003.0026
- Subject:
- History, Economic History
This chapter considers the merchant family in north India during pre-colonial and early periods as a business enterprise. It suggests that many of the patterns of behaviour which seem to characterise ...
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This chapter considers the merchant family in north India during pre-colonial and early periods as a business enterprise. It suggests that many of the patterns of behaviour which seem to characterise the family firm of nineteenth-century north India can be understood as tactics to avoid the risks of operating in a peculiarly hostile business climate. It explains that from early youth, children in merchant families were taught that good business involved the constant division of capital into small, manageable portfolios. It also discusses business management practices including double entry bookkeeping and the use of a central daily cash book.Less
This chapter considers the merchant family in north India during pre-colonial and early periods as a business enterprise. It suggests that many of the patterns of behaviour which seem to characterise the family firm of nineteenth-century north India can be understood as tactics to avoid the risks of operating in a peculiarly hostile business climate. It explains that from early youth, children in merchant families were taught that good business involved the constant division of capital into small, manageable portfolios. It also discusses business management practices including double entry bookkeeping and the use of a central daily cash book.
Kshama V. Kaushik and Kaushik Dutta
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198072614
- eISBN:
- 9780199081592
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198072614.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
Providing an overview of events, policies, and practices relating to commerce and business prevailing in the country from 1800s to the present, this chapter introduces the reader to factors that ...
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Providing an overview of events, policies, and practices relating to commerce and business prevailing in the country from 1800s to the present, this chapter introduces the reader to factors that shaped India's economic and business landscape, historical events that formulated its business practices, and political ideology that affected Indian businesses. It highlights the British influence on the Indian landscape and evaluates the impact of the American Civil War and World Wars I and II on Indian business. The chapter also discusses the diversification of Indian companies from the textile business into machine-based industries, such as sugar, jute, coal, and tea and coffee plantations. It also examines how Indian businessmen used the Indian National Council and other budding trade organizations to ensure business-friendly measures from the government.Less
Providing an overview of events, policies, and practices relating to commerce and business prevailing in the country from 1800s to the present, this chapter introduces the reader to factors that shaped India's economic and business landscape, historical events that formulated its business practices, and political ideology that affected Indian businesses. It highlights the British influence on the Indian landscape and evaluates the impact of the American Civil War and World Wars I and II on Indian business. The chapter also discusses the diversification of Indian companies from the textile business into machine-based industries, such as sugar, jute, coal, and tea and coffee plantations. It also examines how Indian businessmen used the Indian National Council and other budding trade organizations to ensure business-friendly measures from the government.
Kshama Kaushik and Kaushik Dutta
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198072614
- eISBN:
- 9780199081592
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198072614.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
This book traces the evolution of business in India from the pre-British Raj days to look at the forces that have shaped Indian commerce and economy. It presents a well-rounded picture of the ...
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This book traces the evolution of business in India from the pre-British Raj days to look at the forces that have shaped Indian commerce and economy. It presents a well-rounded picture of the country's position in the global business scenario: from indigenous business and financial practices to the role of family business and state-owned public sector enterprises, the influence of global business on India, successful business practices of modern India, and the Indian story in modern times. Looking at the sustainability of the Indian dream, the narrative is supported by case studies of organizations like ITC Limited, ICI India Limited, HCL Limited, and Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited.Less
This book traces the evolution of business in India from the pre-British Raj days to look at the forces that have shaped Indian commerce and economy. It presents a well-rounded picture of the country's position in the global business scenario: from indigenous business and financial practices to the role of family business and state-owned public sector enterprises, the influence of global business on India, successful business practices of modern India, and the Indian story in modern times. Looking at the sustainability of the Indian dream, the narrative is supported by case studies of organizations like ITC Limited, ICI India Limited, HCL Limited, and Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited.
Richard F. Kuisel
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691151816
- eISBN:
- 9781400839971
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691151816.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
In 1990s, the French saw America as both an incentive for change and an example to be shunned. If the New World's successes—for example, in economic growth—were admired, the ways Americans employed ...
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In 1990s, the French saw America as both an incentive for change and an example to be shunned. If the New World's successes—for example, in economic growth—were admired, the ways Americans employed to attain such prosperity were to be avoided. In short, America was simultaneously a model and an antimodel. What the French accomplished in the 1990s was to adapt features of the American way, without admitting it, in an effort to find their own way forward. This chapter addresses policies of the Fifth Republic that were explicitly, or in some instances only implicitly, inspired by the American model. It deals with economic and social policy, business practice, and cultural affairs. In economic and social policy, the focus is on issues like economic and technological competitiveness, unemployment, and the welfare state. In cultural affairs, the focus will be on language—that is, the spread of American English—and on the audiovisual sector.Less
In 1990s, the French saw America as both an incentive for change and an example to be shunned. If the New World's successes—for example, in economic growth—were admired, the ways Americans employed to attain such prosperity were to be avoided. In short, America was simultaneously a model and an antimodel. What the French accomplished in the 1990s was to adapt features of the American way, without admitting it, in an effort to find their own way forward. This chapter addresses policies of the Fifth Republic that were explicitly, or in some instances only implicitly, inspired by the American model. It deals with economic and social policy, business practice, and cultural affairs. In economic and social policy, the focus is on issues like economic and technological competitiveness, unemployment, and the welfare state. In cultural affairs, the focus will be on language—that is, the spread of American English—and on the audiovisual sector.
Kshama V. Kaushik and Kaushik Dutta
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198072614
- eISBN:
- 9780199081592
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198072614.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
This chapter describes several business practices that have proved successful in modern India. These include the cooperative movement, microcredit or micro-financing, and off-shoring. Indian ...
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This chapter describes several business practices that have proved successful in modern India. These include the cooperative movement, microcredit or micro-financing, and off-shoring. Indian companies have developed a reputation for work efficiency, information technology (IT) capability, and cost-effectiveness. The word BPO (business process outsourcing) has become synonymous with India and has even spawned idiomatic expressions like 'being Bangalored'. This chapter also discusses solutions to bridge the digital divide, such as ITC's e-choupal, an Internet-based intervention in rural India launched in 2000, the Drishtee rural network for delivering services and related information to the village community, and the C-DAC research and development institution set up by the Ministry of Communication and Information and Technology.Less
This chapter describes several business practices that have proved successful in modern India. These include the cooperative movement, microcredit or micro-financing, and off-shoring. Indian companies have developed a reputation for work efficiency, information technology (IT) capability, and cost-effectiveness. The word BPO (business process outsourcing) has become synonymous with India and has even spawned idiomatic expressions like 'being Bangalored'. This chapter also discusses solutions to bridge the digital divide, such as ITC's e-choupal, an Internet-based intervention in rural India launched in 2000, the Drishtee rural network for delivering services and related information to the village community, and the C-DAC research and development institution set up by the Ministry of Communication and Information and Technology.
David Faure
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789622097834
- eISBN:
- 9789882206694
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789622097834.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This book provides an original, clear approach to the development of business in China from 1500 to the 1990s, and sheds new light on the strengths and weaknesses of Chinese business today. The book ...
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This book provides an original, clear approach to the development of business in China from 1500 to the 1990s, and sheds new light on the strengths and weaknesses of Chinese business today. The book assumes little background in China or Chinese business practice.Less
This book provides an original, clear approach to the development of business in China from 1500 to the 1990s, and sheds new light on the strengths and weaknesses of Chinese business today. The book assumes little background in China or Chinese business practice.
Chris Noonan
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199207527
- eISBN:
- 9780191708817
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199207527.003.0006
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law, Competition Law
This chapter analyses the case for an international obligation for countries to enact and enforce a competition law to prevent anticompetitive conduct that creates market access barriers. It examines ...
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This chapter analyses the case for an international obligation for countries to enact and enforce a competition law to prevent anticompetitive conduct that creates market access barriers. It examines Japanese business practices that allegedly created market access barriers in several major industries, including soda ash, steel, stevedoring, semiconductors, and supercomputers. It is argued that anticompetitive conduct may restrict market access and that an international remedy should be available in limited circumstances. While there may be mutual gains from states agreeing to prohibit private anticompetitive conduct that restricts market access, the case for a common set of rules is weak.Less
This chapter analyses the case for an international obligation for countries to enact and enforce a competition law to prevent anticompetitive conduct that creates market access barriers. It examines Japanese business practices that allegedly created market access barriers in several major industries, including soda ash, steel, stevedoring, semiconductors, and supercomputers. It is argued that anticompetitive conduct may restrict market access and that an international remedy should be available in limited circumstances. While there may be mutual gains from states agreeing to prohibit private anticompetitive conduct that restricts market access, the case for a common set of rules is weak.
Rebecca DeWinter-Schmitt
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199574124
- eISBN:
- 9780191721816
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199574124.003.007
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration, Public International Law
This chapter examines the evolution of regulatory regimes in the apparel industry as a comparison with efforts to regulate PMSCs. Lessons learned from the efforts of the Fair Labor Association and ...
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This chapter examines the evolution of regulatory regimes in the apparel industry as a comparison with efforts to regulate PMSCs. Lessons learned from the efforts of the Fair Labor Association and the Workers Rights Consortium might provide a road map for creating a hybrid public-private regulatory regime for PMSCs that contains all the necessary elements of high standards, implementation guidelines, independent monitoring, an enforcement mechanism, and public reporting. Incentives could be established by giving companies an industry seal of approval that would indicate their adherence to ethical business practices. This could be attractive to non-state customers, like NGOs and other companies that need security and are worried about the reputations of their providers. The existence of a hybrid regulatory regime would not, however, alleviate the state's responsibility to conduct ongoing assessments of the human rights impact of such an effort, including by examining the global structure and operations of the PMSC industry.Less
This chapter examines the evolution of regulatory regimes in the apparel industry as a comparison with efforts to regulate PMSCs. Lessons learned from the efforts of the Fair Labor Association and the Workers Rights Consortium might provide a road map for creating a hybrid public-private regulatory regime for PMSCs that contains all the necessary elements of high standards, implementation guidelines, independent monitoring, an enforcement mechanism, and public reporting. Incentives could be established by giving companies an industry seal of approval that would indicate their adherence to ethical business practices. This could be attractive to non-state customers, like NGOs and other companies that need security and are worried about the reputations of their providers. The existence of a hybrid regulatory regime would not, however, alleviate the state's responsibility to conduct ongoing assessments of the human rights impact of such an effort, including by examining the global structure and operations of the PMSC industry.
Francisca Ninik Yudianti
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780823267309
- eISBN:
- 9780823272334
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823267309.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Do the principles and frameworks provided by Catholic Social Teaching (CST) have any effect today on the processes of democratic practices and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in Catholic-owned ...
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Do the principles and frameworks provided by Catholic Social Teaching (CST) have any effect today on the processes of democratic practices and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in Catholic-owned businesses? The results of Yudianti’s economic analysis indicate that, in fact, yes, the democratic practices of Catholic Social Teaching (CST) do have a positive effect on the adoption of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) as a business practice in the corporate culture of the Yogyakarta Special Region in Indonesia. While this is particularly true for the Small and Medium sized Enterprises (SME) in the Yogyakarta Special Region whose owners identify as Catholic, it remains to be seen the extent to which such practices have an impact on the Small and Medium sized Enterprises (SME) in the Yogyakarta Special Region whose owners identify as Muslim. While more research needs to be conducted in these areas, Yudianti’s contribution to the conversation suggests that such research ought to be undertaken, given that her preliminary findings show positive results for the practice of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR).Less
Do the principles and frameworks provided by Catholic Social Teaching (CST) have any effect today on the processes of democratic practices and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in Catholic-owned businesses? The results of Yudianti’s economic analysis indicate that, in fact, yes, the democratic practices of Catholic Social Teaching (CST) do have a positive effect on the adoption of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) as a business practice in the corporate culture of the Yogyakarta Special Region in Indonesia. While this is particularly true for the Small and Medium sized Enterprises (SME) in the Yogyakarta Special Region whose owners identify as Catholic, it remains to be seen the extent to which such practices have an impact on the Small and Medium sized Enterprises (SME) in the Yogyakarta Special Region whose owners identify as Muslim. While more research needs to be conducted in these areas, Yudianti’s contribution to the conversation suggests that such research ought to be undertaken, given that her preliminary findings show positive results for the practice of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR).
Alfred D. Chandler, Peter Hagstrom, and Örjan Sölvell (eds)
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198296041
- eISBN:
- 9780191596070
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198296045.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
Business strategy is becoming increasingly ’pluralist’, drawing on the insights of different disciplines and business practice in different parts of the world. This book brings together, under three ...
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Business strategy is becoming increasingly ’pluralist’, drawing on the insights of different disciplines and business practice in different parts of the world. This book brings together, under three main headings, the work and ideas of leading international scholars working in the field: Part I, Technology in the firm (4 chapters); Strategy/organization (6 chapters); and Part III, Regions (8 chapters). The purpose of the book is to explore, from different perspectives, the dynamic interplay between the technology of a firm, its strategies, organizational choices, and issues of place, region, and location. The volume is an edited version of the revised papers that were originally presented at the Third Prince Bertil Symposium on the Dynamic Firm, in Stockholm, in June 1994.Less
Business strategy is becoming increasingly ’pluralist’, drawing on the insights of different disciplines and business practice in different parts of the world. This book brings together, under three main headings, the work and ideas of leading international scholars working in the field: Part I, Technology in the firm (4 chapters); Strategy/organization (6 chapters); and Part III, Regions (8 chapters). The purpose of the book is to explore, from different perspectives, the dynamic interplay between the technology of a firm, its strategies, organizational choices, and issues of place, region, and location. The volume is an edited version of the revised papers that were originally presented at the Third Prince Bertil Symposium on the Dynamic Firm, in Stockholm, in June 1994.
Larry Cohen
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- December 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780190623821
- eISBN:
- 9780190623852
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190623821.003.0009
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
This chapter discusses taking actions against harmful business practices. Once people accept that there are businesses whose core practices and products lines are fundamentally harmful to health and ...
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This chapter discusses taking actions against harmful business practices. Once people accept that there are businesses whose core practices and products lines are fundamentally harmful to health and safety, they can take collective action to protect themselves from further harm. This move can be controversial—but it is needed to prevent needless illness and injury—and health leaders can be catalysts for this kind of action. Part of the solution is to bring communities and consumers together, cultivating a groundswell of activity to control bad businesses and build a movement for change. A variety of strategies can be adopted to protect health, including policy and regulatory action, changing consumer buying practices and norms, strikes, legal action, grassroots advocacy, and of course directing support—and purchasing power—toward businesses that promote health. This supports these businesses and also sends a powerful message to health-harming businesses that their practices need to change.Less
This chapter discusses taking actions against harmful business practices. Once people accept that there are businesses whose core practices and products lines are fundamentally harmful to health and safety, they can take collective action to protect themselves from further harm. This move can be controversial—but it is needed to prevent needless illness and injury—and health leaders can be catalysts for this kind of action. Part of the solution is to bring communities and consumers together, cultivating a groundswell of activity to control bad businesses and build a movement for change. A variety of strategies can be adopted to protect health, including policy and regulatory action, changing consumer buying practices and norms, strikes, legal action, grassroots advocacy, and of course directing support—and purchasing power—toward businesses that promote health. This supports these businesses and also sends a powerful message to health-harming businesses that their practices need to change.
Michael Gerlach
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520208896
- eISBN:
- 9780520919105
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520208896.001.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Asian Cultural Anthropology
Business practices in Japan inspire fierce and even acrimonious debate, especially when they are compared to American ones. This book attempts to explain the remarkable economic success of Japan in ...
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Business practices in Japan inspire fierce and even acrimonious debate, especially when they are compared to American ones. This book attempts to explain the remarkable economic success of Japan in the postwar period—a success it is crucial for us to understand in a time marked by controversial trade imbalances and concerns over competitive industrial performance. It focuses on what it calls the intercorporate alliance, the innovative and increasingly pervasive practice of bringing together a cluster of affiliated companies that extends across a broad range of markets. The best known of these alliances are the keiretsu, or enterprise groups, which include both diversified families of firms located around major banks and trading companies, and vertical families of suppliers and distributors linked to prominent manufacturers in the automobile, electronics, and other industries. In providing a key link between isolated local firms and extended international markets, the intercorporate alliance has had profound effects on the industrial and social organization of Japanese businesses. The book casts its net widely. It not only provides a rigorous analysis of intercorporate capitalism in Japan, making useful distinctions between Japanese and American practices, but also develops a broad theoretical context for understanding Japan's business networks. Addressing economists, sociologists, and other social scientists, the book argues that the intercorporate alliance is as much a result of overlapping political, economic, and social forces as are such traditional Western economic institutions as the public corporation and the stock market.Less
Business practices in Japan inspire fierce and even acrimonious debate, especially when they are compared to American ones. This book attempts to explain the remarkable economic success of Japan in the postwar period—a success it is crucial for us to understand in a time marked by controversial trade imbalances and concerns over competitive industrial performance. It focuses on what it calls the intercorporate alliance, the innovative and increasingly pervasive practice of bringing together a cluster of affiliated companies that extends across a broad range of markets. The best known of these alliances are the keiretsu, or enterprise groups, which include both diversified families of firms located around major banks and trading companies, and vertical families of suppliers and distributors linked to prominent manufacturers in the automobile, electronics, and other industries. In providing a key link between isolated local firms and extended international markets, the intercorporate alliance has had profound effects on the industrial and social organization of Japanese businesses. The book casts its net widely. It not only provides a rigorous analysis of intercorporate capitalism in Japan, making useful distinctions between Japanese and American practices, but also develops a broad theoretical context for understanding Japan's business networks. Addressing economists, sociologists, and other social scientists, the book argues that the intercorporate alliance is as much a result of overlapping political, economic, and social forces as are such traditional Western economic institutions as the public corporation and the stock market.
Keith Roberts
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231153270
- eISBN:
- 9780231526852
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231153270.003.0015
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
This introductory chapter first explains the rationale behind the present volume. The author briefly recounts the events leading up to his realization that nobody has yet described the ancient ...
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This introductory chapter first explains the rationale behind the present volume. The author briefly recounts the events leading up to his realization that nobody has yet described the ancient origins of business practices and how it developed into a significant part of economic life. The chapter then provides an overview of the history of business, the origins of which can be traced back to Mesopotamia about five thousand years ago. Business became more than a marginal activity through the Greek combination of coins and markets. From the sixth century b.c.e. an entrepreneurial market system became central to the urban economy of Athens and other democratic city-states. By 200 b.c.e. Alexander the Great and his followers had spread this economic system to hundreds of cities throughout Western Asia and the Mediterranean region. The Romans established entrepreneurial market systems in the parts of Africa and Western Europe they conquered. They invented multinational business corporations, and between 200 b.c.e. and 200 c.e.their empire's favorable business environment allowed firms to attain considerable influence and importance.Less
This introductory chapter first explains the rationale behind the present volume. The author briefly recounts the events leading up to his realization that nobody has yet described the ancient origins of business practices and how it developed into a significant part of economic life. The chapter then provides an overview of the history of business, the origins of which can be traced back to Mesopotamia about five thousand years ago. Business became more than a marginal activity through the Greek combination of coins and markets. From the sixth century b.c.e. an entrepreneurial market system became central to the urban economy of Athens and other democratic city-states. By 200 b.c.e. Alexander the Great and his followers had spread this economic system to hundreds of cities throughout Western Asia and the Mediterranean region. The Romans established entrepreneurial market systems in the parts of Africa and Western Europe they conquered. They invented multinational business corporations, and between 200 b.c.e. and 200 c.e.their empire's favorable business environment allowed firms to attain considerable influence and importance.
Masahiko Aoki and Ronald Dore (eds)
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198288152
- eISBN:
- 9780191684579
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198288152.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This book seeks to explain and understand aspects of the firm in the Japanese economic system, and to explain the corporate success of Japan. The book is interdisciplinary, uses theoretical and ...
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This book seeks to explain and understand aspects of the firm in the Japanese economic system, and to explain the corporate success of Japan. The book is interdisciplinary, uses theoretical and empirical work, and features contributions from the fields of institutional economics, organizational theory, economic history, and sociology. Major themes are the recognition of business practices and the recognition of the diversity of experience within Japan, for example, analysing small or medium-sized firms separately from large companies. Several chapters deal with the transferability or adaptability of the Japanese experience to the Nordic or Anglo-American context.Less
This book seeks to explain and understand aspects of the firm in the Japanese economic system, and to explain the corporate success of Japan. The book is interdisciplinary, uses theoretical and empirical work, and features contributions from the fields of institutional economics, organizational theory, economic history, and sociology. Major themes are the recognition of business practices and the recognition of the diversity of experience within Japan, for example, analysing small or medium-sized firms separately from large companies. Several chapters deal with the transferability or adaptability of the Japanese experience to the Nordic or Anglo-American context.
Nancy S. Kim
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199336975
- eISBN:
- 9780199356003
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199336975.003.0007
- Subject:
- Law, Company and Commercial Law
This chapter explains how companies strategically use wrap contracts to acquire rights without bargaining and to establish and embed by stealth practices before users and regulators realize what has ...
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This chapter explains how companies strategically use wrap contracts to acquire rights without bargaining and to establish and embed by stealth practices before users and regulators realize what has happened. The discussions cover how wrap agreements create their own laws that are contrary to what a reasonable user expects; how businesses use wrap contracts to legitimate practices lacking in transparency; and the problems with relying upon the doctrine of unconscionability to prevent enforcement of nonnegotiated agreements.Less
This chapter explains how companies strategically use wrap contracts to acquire rights without bargaining and to establish and embed by stealth practices before users and regulators realize what has happened. The discussions cover how wrap agreements create their own laws that are contrary to what a reasonable user expects; how businesses use wrap contracts to legitimate practices lacking in transparency; and the problems with relying upon the doctrine of unconscionability to prevent enforcement of nonnegotiated agreements.
Frank J. Byrne
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813124049
- eISBN:
- 9780813134857
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813124049.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
This chapter examines the reputation and societal standing of the antebellum merchant family in the antebellum American South. It explains that the business activities that ordered the internal lives ...
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This chapter examines the reputation and societal standing of the antebellum merchant family in the antebellum American South. It explains that the business activities that ordered the internal lives of merchant families also helped fashion their public identity. Many white Southerners viewed merchants with suspicion because they believe that merchants love money too much and their sharp business practices violated community standards. However, there are those successful merchants who understood the sundry ways their public behavior could affect profits and made sure they and their families acted accordingly.Less
This chapter examines the reputation and societal standing of the antebellum merchant family in the antebellum American South. It explains that the business activities that ordered the internal lives of merchant families also helped fashion their public identity. Many white Southerners viewed merchants with suspicion because they believe that merchants love money too much and their sharp business practices violated community standards. However, there are those successful merchants who understood the sundry ways their public behavior could affect profits and made sure they and their families acted accordingly.
Patrick L. Anderson
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804758307
- eISBN:
- 9780804783224
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804758307.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This chapter presents three competing definitions of the firm, including a common definition of any organization that has a profit motive, a modern neoclassical definition of a transaction ...
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This chapter presents three competing definitions of the firm, including a common definition of any organization that has a profit motive, a modern neoclassical definition of a transaction institution whose incentives differ from those of its owners, and a new three-part definition. The elements of the new definition of the firm include an organization with a profit motive for its investors, a separate identity, and replicable business practices.Less
This chapter presents three competing definitions of the firm, including a common definition of any organization that has a profit motive, a modern neoclassical definition of a transaction institution whose incentives differ from those of its owners, and a new three-part definition. The elements of the new definition of the firm include an organization with a profit motive for its investors, a separate identity, and replicable business practices.
David Faure
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789622097834
- eISBN:
- 9789882206694
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789622097834.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This book outlines the history of Chinese business and argues that business practices in China have been shaped by broader trends in the evolution of the Chinese state and society since 1500. It ...
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This book outlines the history of Chinese business and argues that business practices in China have been shaped by broader trends in the evolution of the Chinese state and society since 1500. It discusses three changes that provided the backbone of long-lasting development in the late imperial state of the Ming (1368–1644) and the Qing (1644–1911) dynasties. Firstly, the Chinese economy was increasingly monetarized from the sixteenth century onwards as silver was imported into China in large quantities from abroad in return for Chinese exports. Secondly, the recruitment of a bureaucracy by examination was consistently applied from the early Ming into the last years of the Qing dynasty, and it created a class of administrators who prided themselves on their scholarship. Thirdly, the scholar-official class from the 1500s saw their political interests vested in the maintenance of ritual order which assigned all members of the state, including the emperor, rights and responsibilities.Less
This book outlines the history of Chinese business and argues that business practices in China have been shaped by broader trends in the evolution of the Chinese state and society since 1500. It discusses three changes that provided the backbone of long-lasting development in the late imperial state of the Ming (1368–1644) and the Qing (1644–1911) dynasties. Firstly, the Chinese economy was increasingly monetarized from the sixteenth century onwards as silver was imported into China in large quantities from abroad in return for Chinese exports. Secondly, the recruitment of a bureaucracy by examination was consistently applied from the early Ming into the last years of the Qing dynasty, and it created a class of administrators who prided themselves on their scholarship. Thirdly, the scholar-official class from the 1500s saw their political interests vested in the maintenance of ritual order which assigned all members of the state, including the emperor, rights and responsibilities.
