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Like a number of the other crustaceans, burrowing crayfish live in a situation that tends to lead to prolonged associations between mother and offspring, and even overlapping generations in some species. Under these situations, social behaviors are likely to evolve, but at this stage the only ones that have been identified among burrowing crayfish are between mother and offspring, in terms of defense and grooming. Burrowing was a pre-adaptation that has allowed crayfish to move out of open waters onto land, but it has also imposed severe restrictions on their movements and dispersal. The development of social behaviors may compensate for these restrictions to some extent. Present knowledge on the behavioral ecology of semi-terrestrial crayfish is scarce, but initial observations suggest that future studies on the reproductive biology of burrowing crayfish may improve our understanding of social evolution in crustaceans.

Isopods are the only crustacean taxon with many truly terrestrial species, including desert inhabitants. These species show a highly developed social behavior that is crucial for survival under the harsh conditions in desert environments. The desert-living Hemilepistus spp. depend on burrows that are costly to produce, can only be dug anew in spring, and have to be continuously defended against competitors. This is achieved by division of labor between the sexually and socially monogamous pair partners, and later with the progeny's participation. Using a comparative approach, this chapter draws inferences about the probable evolutionary route to the strict monogamous mating system found in one of the best studied and highly social species, H. reaumuri. It concludes that the narrow temporal window during which the extremely valuable family burrow can be constructed has resulted in the sophisticated social behavior found in this semelparous oniscoid isopod.

Homes are for protection, so the benefit they provide may be measurable as some consequence of the failure to invest in protection. Costs may still readily be measured in terms of energy consumption or time, but appropriate measures of benefit may vary. For homes that are largely concerned with raising young, an appropriate measure of benefit may be reproductive success; for individual homes it could be survivorship. This chapter uses bird nest building as the basis for a study on the costs of home building to raise young, and caddis larval case building to examine the costs of building for personal security.

This chapter presents three lectures intended as an introduction to locomotion at low Reynolds numbers. It covers swimming, crawling, and burrowing. For those who desire a more in-depth treatment, references throughout the text are included. These notes are written in an informal tone to match the lectures, which included a mix of chalk talks and PowerPoint presentations. Many of the PowerPoint slides have been reproduced here, although some copyrighted images have been omitted.

This chapter looks into the clinical aspects of the relationship between the doctor and the family, and establishes that doctors were intellectually dependent on the information provided by the families despite the fervent aspiration to scientific autonomy expressed in the printed pages of medical treatises. George Man Burrows was one of the most successful psychiatric practitioners in London. The chapter first examines his theory and practice, focusing particularly on the contradiction between what Burrows preached and what he actually did—a contradiction which largely echoed that between medical science and medical practice. It then shows that the two cases of wrongful confinement in which Burrows was involved were outcomes of this contradiction. The chapter concludes by assessing some impacts the Burrows case had, suggesting that English alienists at this time became clearly aware of the indispensable but troublesome role of the family in their business.

Prairie dogs were in many ways as central to the prairie economy as bison, but unlike bison they lived not just on the prairie but in it as well. Prairie dogs spent their lives literally under the feet of bison. A prairie dog town is more dug than built. They create tunnels too small for most predators to enter and so make homes that are more secure and also, being underground, more temperate. The closer the blade is to the roots, the higher the percentage of protein and the lower the percentage of cellulose it contains. Closely cropped grass is a necessity for prairie dogs and a treat for bison. So bison spend a lot of time in prairie dog towns. Meanwhile, prairie dogs depend on bison to get the grass short enough for them to live there.

Betty Comden and Adolph Green received a summons in May 1949 to California from MGM producer Arthur Freed about a movie he needed them to start writing immediately. The project, which would become Singin’ in the Rain, would contain a host of the songs he had written with Nacio Herb Brown. They balked at the assignment, believing their contract did not require them to pen movies that used songs by other writers (except for a handful, such as Richard Rodgers or Cole Porter). Their agreement with the studio contained no such clause, and so they developed the now iconic scenario about the transition from silent movies to talkies and early movie musicals. After they finished this assignment they returned to New York to write sketches and lyrics for the revue Two on the Aisle, which starred Bert Lahr and Dolores Gray.

This chapter presents a tribute given at Lord Rodger's memorial service held in St Giles' Cathedral, Edinburgh on 25 November 2011. Andrew Burrows, Professor of the Law of England in the University of Oxford, talks about Alan's extraordinary career and the qualities that made him the scholar, the lawyer, and person that he was. He also details Alan's close relationship with Oxford.

This chapter addresses soil disturbance, seed dispersal, granivory, and herbivory from a historical perspective as well as within the context of modern-day understanding of grasslands in California. Emphasis is given to the ecological relations of small mammals, particularly burrowing rodents, because a large amount of natural history information on them exists and they have been studied rather intensively by scientists for several decades. The chapter also discusses interactions between native animals and invasive non-native plants, because these plants dominate today's grassland vegetation and are, therefore, habitat components that influence many aspects of animal ecology.

This chapter provides an up-to-date checklist of the species and higher taxa of the burrowing mayfly family Ephemeridae, with their original and selected secondary reference sources and known distributional data for further revisionary studies of the family. The checklist includes 96 species, seven genera and two subfamilies. The chapter explains that the members of the Ephemeridae family are nearly cosmopolitan and that they inhabit fine substrates such as gravel, sand, and silt.

This chapter describes how Royce's personalism fits within the American personalist tradition. It notes that Royce is definitely a personalist based on The Personalist Forum, formerly the official slogan of contemporary American personalism, and Erazim Kohak's articulation of personalism. The chapter argues that Royce's personalism is more similar to Boston personalism than Howison's. It analyzes Royce's personalism in light of Rufus Burrow Jr.'s account of Boston personalism in his Personalism: A Critical Introduction. The chapter ends with a discussion of the continued significance of a Roycean personalism in today's intellectual climate.

Animals can be considered as drought evaders, drought evaporators, or drought endurers. Evaders are small desert animals that avoid overheating of the body on hot sunny days and minimize the need for cooling by evaporative water loss. Evaporators depend on sufficient water intake to enable them to cool their body temperatures by evaporation. Few of these can survive in deserts, and those that do live on the edges of deserts. Endurers are usually very large animals that can endure high temperatures. Many desert animals employ heat shock proteins to minimize the effects of overheating and also use unique strategies to increase excretion of salts. Many related desert taxa employ a suite of characteristics that make them tolerant of high temperatures. To determine whether these characteristics are adaptive requires removing the effects of phylogeny to know which characteristics are special to desert environments.

This chapter examines Vietnam War imagery. It focuses on the work of two photographers who produced fresh and influential visual documentations of the war, though their work differs greatly in style and motivation. The first is Larry Burrows, whose work for Life magazine constitutes a remarkable documentary chronicle of the war’s shifting contours and his sensitivities to this, and reflects his development of a “compassionate vision” that reflected the moral ambiguities of his role. The second photographer is Philip Jones Griffiths whose more independent body of work boldly illustrates and indicts the destructive military and cultural presence of the United States in South East Asia both during and after the war. Griffiths put together his book Vietnam Inc in 1971, a benchmark of war reporting, and returned regularly to Vietnam for many years after the war to document the effects of Agent Orange and socio-economic changes in the country.

In this chapter, filmmaker Adam Roberts discusses three of his films, Hands (1995), blue yellow (1995) and Pieces of the Quiet Dance (2006). Meditating on the intimate relationship between the filmmaker and dancers in movement, he touches upon recurrent influences or concerns in his work, including carved funerary objects (‘stelae’), still life versus portraiture, and the forest glade as a cleared space (a space made and filled with light). In his films, he explains, the body of the filmed dancer is apprehended as a storehouse of infinite potential, a gesture into the past and the future. To film the human figure, he asserts, is to unveil a body in all its virtuality, in a celebration of the moment of discovery.

It was after breaking with Jessie in the summer of 1910 that Lawrence wrote the first draft of Sons and Lovers, which he initially called Paul Morel. All that survives of this attempt is a sketchy chapter plan. In August his mother fell ill and under the strain of her illness he abandoned work on the novel. In December his mother died, throwing him into emotional chaos. He saw Jessie at this time and confessed to her the Oedipal nature of his feelings for his mother. Remarkably, while attending her deathbed, he wrote a comedy about a dying mother and her excessively attached son, The Merry-go-Round, which reads like an attempt to exorcise his feelings, though it was probably in reality little more than a distraction. This play strikingly counterpoints the poems that Lawrence was writing at the time, such as 'The Virgin Mother', which are symptomatic of the emotional condition that he confessed to Jessie. He impulsively proposed to another old friend, Louie Burrows. Louie was also a teacher, whom Lawrence described as 'swarthy and passionate as a gypsy' but 'awfully good, churchy'. This last was the most irksome fly in the ointment during their year-long engagement.

Throughout 1911 Lawrence was living in Croydon, still working as a teacher, and separated from his fiancée Louie Burrows, towards whom he felt increasing frustration because of her conventional sexual morality. During this period he made a second more sustained attempt at the novel, ‘Paul Morel II’, which has been published as Paul Morel. Although Louie was intelligent and literary she did not have the insight or deep commitment to Lawrence’s development as a writer that Jessie had shown during the composition of The White Peacock, and was to show again. There are signs of strain and reluctance in Lawrence’s writing at this time. Paul’s relationship with his mother is more sentimentalised than in the final text, and his father is melodramatically demonised—the story includes his murder of one of his sons, which actually happened in the family of Lawrence’s uncle After having abandoned the novel again, in October he sent it to Jessie, which turned out to be critical to its development.

Hannah Burrows discusses the riddles found in Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks, a thirteenth-century fornaldarsaga. Little scholarly attention has been directed toward the riddles from the Old Norse-Icelandic tradition. Hervarar saga contains thirty seven riddles in eddic meters, incorporated into the prose narrative as an exchange of wisdom between King Heiðrekr and the god Óðinn. Burrows argues that the riddles were collected by the saga author (or redactor) who then wrote this episode for the express purpose of incorporating them into the narrative. The riddles resist categorization and classification. Burrows calls them “beyond eddic.” They are composed in “eddic” meters, but they also have affinity with skaldic poetry. Burrows shows how the thematic content of the riddles situates them both within and outside the eddic tradition, and her detailed study of the ordering of the riddles in relationship to one another offers clues to the intentions of the saga author who inserted them into his prosimetrical narrative. Those interested in the wider medieval tradition of riddling will welcome her discussion of how this Nordic manifestation fits into it.

This chapter discusses the life and legend of two train robbers active in Alabama in the 1890s – Railroad Bill and Rube Burrow. While there is a tendency to see train robbers as embodiments of resistance to capitalism, this chapter argues that it is more useful to see these men as personification of the dangers of capitalism. In their train robbing careers, Rube Burrow and Railroad Bill both exploited the increasing systemization, expansion, connectivity, and circulation of the southern railroad network. The crimes of these men touched off panicky reactions that revealed southerners anxieties about the railroad itself. In the end, these anxieties were obscured by the mythmaking that occurred after their violent deaths. Railroad Bill faded into legend as the subject of a folk song that stretched the truth about his deeds and popular memory and the media conflated Rube Burrow’s legend with that of Jesse James and sought to portray him as an anti-capitalist and neo-confederate avenger.

Developing the critique of Schaeffer’s ontology of the sound object, presented in chapter 1, this chapter describes the ontology of acousmatic sound. This is developed through a reading of Kafka’s tale “The Burrow,” which prominently features an acousmatic sound. Two main theses are developed. First, acousmatic sound only comes into being through the “spacing” (espacement) of a sound’s source, cause, and effect. When the effect is separated from its source and cause, the “acousmaticity” of a sound disappears. Thus, the ontology of acousmatic sound depends on a gap, or lack. Second, the sonic effect alone underdetermines its source or cause. Underdetermination can be a source of anxiety or uncertainty. These two theses are developed through cases studies (R. Murray Schafer, Adriana Cavarero on the voice, Singin’ in the Rain, Poe’s “Tell-Tale Heart”) that show how attempts to overcome acousmatic underdetermination evade acousmatic spacing.

Burrows represent a prominent example of animal architecture that fundamentally alters the surrounding physical environment, often with important consequences for social life. Crustaceans, in particular, offer a model system for understanding the adaptive functions of burrows, their ecological costs and benefits, and their long-term evolutionary impacts on sociality. In general, burrows are central to the life history of many species, functioning as protective dwellings against predators and environmental extremes. Within the refuge of a burrow, one or multiple inhabitants can feed, molt, grow, mate, and raise offspring in relative safety. Depending on the substratum, substantial construction costs can be incurred to excavate a burrow de novo or enlarge a preexisting natural crevice. This investment has been evolutionarily favored because the benefits afforded by the burrow outweigh these costs, making the burrow an “extended phenotype” of the architect itself. Yet even after a burrow is fully constructed, the architect must incur continued costs over its life history, both in maintenance and defense, if it is to reap further benefits of its burrow. Indeed, because burrows accumulate value based on the work involved in their construction, they can attract conspecific intruders who seek to shortcut the cost of construction by evicting an existing occupant and usurping its burrow. Consequently, a burrowing lifestyle can lead to escalating social competition, with many crustaceans evolving elaborate weapons and territorial signals to resolve conflicts over burrow ownership. Some burrows even outlast the original architect as an “ecological inheritance,” serving as a legacy that impacts social evolution among subsequent generations of kin and nonkin. Comparative studies, using cutting-edge technology to dig deeper into the natural history of crustacean burrows, can provide powerful tests of general theoretical models of animal architecture and social evolution, especially the extended phenotype and niche construction.